• 대한환경공학회지
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• 제37권12호
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• pp.682-688
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• 2015

하수슬러지를 처리하는 미생물전기분해전지(Microbial electrolysis cell, MEC)의 성능에 미치는 전극간 거리의 영향에 관한 실험실 규모 실험을 수행하였다. 각각 다른 전극간 거리(16, 32 mm)를 가진 두 쌍의 전극이 설치된 MEC 반응기가 안정적으로 이루어질 때 전류발생량, 메탄발생량, 메탄수율 등 MEC 성능에 미치는 전극간 거리의 영향을 분석하였다. 전극간 거리가 16 mm일 때, 전류밀도와 메탄발생량은 각각 $3.74A/m^3$과 $0.616{\sim}0.804Nm^3/m^3$으로 전극간 거리가 32 mm인 조건에서의 $1.50{\sim}1.82A/m^3$과 $0.529{\sim}0.664Nm^3/m^3$보다 높게 나타났다. COD 및 VSS의 제거효율은 각각 34~40%와 32~38%의 범위를 가지는 것으로 나타났다. 전류밀도가 증가함에 따라 MEC의 생물전기화학적 성능이 향상되어 VSS 감소와 메탄생성이 증가하는 것으로 나타났으며 전류밀도는 VSS 제거효율보다 메탄수율에 상대적으로 큰 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다.

• 한국수소및신에너지학회논문집
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• 제24권5호
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• pp.401-412
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• 2013

The paper is to study on the simulation of the micro/macroscale thermo-electrochemical model of a single cell of anode-supported SOFC with direct internal reforming. The coupled heat and mass transport, electrochemical and reforming reactions, and fluid flow were simultaneously simulated based on mass, energy, charge conservation. The micro/macroscale model first calculates the detailed electrochemical and direct internal reforming processes in porous electrodes based on the comprehensive microscale model and then solve the macroscale processes such as heat and mass transport, and fluid flow in SOFCs with assumption of fully-developed flow in gas channel. The simulation results evaluate the overall performance by analyzing distributions of mole fraction, current density, temperature and microstructural design in co/counter flow configurations.

• Corrosion Science and Technology
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• 제11권6호
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• pp.275-279
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• 2012

Ni-W alloy deposits have lately attracted the interest as an alternative surface treatment method for hard chromium electrodeposits because of higher wear resistance, hardness at high temperature, and corrosion resistance. This study deals with influences of process variables, such as electodeposition current density, plating temperature and pH, on the internal stress of Ni-W nanocrystalline deposits. The internal stress was increased with increasing the applied current density. With increasing applied current density, the grain size of the deposit decreases and concentration of hydrogen in the deposit increases. The subsequent release of the hydrogen results in shrinkage of the deposit and the introduction of tensile stress in the deposit. Consequently, for layers deposited at high current density, cracking occurs readily owing to high tensile stress value. By increasing the temperature of the electrodeposition from $60^{\circ}C$ to $80^{\circ}C$, the internal stress was decreased. It seems that an increase in the number of active ions overcoming the activation energy at elevated temperature caused a decline in the concentration polarization and surface diffusion. It decreased the level of hydrogen absorption due to the lessened hydrogen evolution reaction. Therefore, the lower level of hydrogen absorption degenerated the hydride on the surface of the electrode, resulting in the reduction of the internal stress of the deposits. By increasing the pH of the electrodeposition from 5.6 to 6.8, the internal stress in the deposits were slightly decreased. It is considered that the decrease in internal stess of deposits was due to supply of W complex compound in cathode surface, and hydrogen ion resulted from decrease of activity.

• 한국정밀공학회지
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• 제31권1호
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• pp.83-90
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• 2014

EHD (electro-hydro-dynamics) patterning was performed under atmospheric pressure at room temperature in a single step. The drop diameter smaller than nozzle diameter and applied high viscosity conductive ink in EHD patterning method provide a clear advantage over the piezo and thermal inkjet printing techniques. The micro electrode pattern was printed by continuous EHD patterning method using 3-type control parameters (input voltage, patterning speed, nozzle pressure). High viscosity (1000cps) conductive ink with 75wt% of silver nanoparticles was used. EHD cone type nozzle having an internal diameter of $50{\mu}m$ was used for experimentation. EHD jetting mode by input voltage and applied 1st order linear regression in stable jet mode was analyzed. The stable jet was achieved at the amplitude of 1.4~1.8 kV. $10{\mu}m$ micro electrode pattern was created at optimized parameters (input voltage 1.6kV, patterning speed 25mm/sec and nozzle pressure -2.3kPa).

• 전기화학회지
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• 제5권2호
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• pp.79-85
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• 2002

열역학적 관점에서 몬테 카를로 방법의 전기화학적 리튬 인터칼레이션에로의 응용에 대하여 다루었다. 우선 통계 열역학의 앙상블, Ising 및 lattice gas 모델의 기본 개념을 간단히 소개하였고, lattice gas 모델에 근거한 몬테카를로 방법을 사용하여 전이금속 산화물내로의 리튬 인터칼레이션의 열역학을 해석하였다. 특히 $LiMn_2O_4$전극에 대해 전극 포텐셜 곡선과 리튬 이온의 부분 몰 내부에너지와 엔트로피와 같은 열역학적 특성을 다루었고, 이로부터 리튬 인터칼레이션의 전기화학분야에서 몬테 카를로 방법의 유용성을 확인하였다

• 대한의용생체공학회:의공학회지
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• 제38권6호
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• pp.277-284
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• 2017

This paper presents an implantable pH measurement electrode for wireless gastroesophageal reflux measurement. Usually, gastroesophageal reflux is diagnosed by a catheter-type wire connection between the esophagus and the diagnostic device which brings many side effects such as restriction of daily living, pain, and discomfort in the nasal cavity and pharynx of patients. In order to solve these issues, researchers have been studied a wireless measurement method and a micro-sized pH electrode for human body insertion is necessary. Commercial glass packaged pH meter is formed by a sensing and a reference electrodes in a KCl solution. However, if the glass meter is inserted into the human body, there are risks of leakage of the solution, breakage of the glass package, injury of the body elements. Therefore, the solution should be solidified on the micro-sized noble metal wire which has a characteristic of biocompatible. After solidified wire fabrication, the designed meter was tested for feasibility of measurement and the result was well agreed with pH values of commercial pH meter. Potentials in pH 1 to 12 solution was measured to obtain the sensitivity of the sensor with linearity. And we have designed a simulation of gastroesophageal reflux with symptom frequency, interval, and duration time in pH 2 solution. The proposed sensor has capable to get the same potential for 24 measurements in 3 days, and it has sensed same pH values of 2 for one hour with every 10 minutes. Furthermore, the sensor was survived for 48 hours with reasonable potentials in the acid solution.

• 대한환경공학회지
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• 제39권2호
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• pp.82-88
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• 2017

최근, 미생물전기화학기술(microbial electrochemical technology, MET)을 혐기성 소화에 적용하여 바이오가스 발생량을 증대시키는 연구가 활발하게 이루어지고 있다. 하지만, 내부저항에 따른 Scale-up 측면에서는 아직 활발한 연구가 필요하며, 내부저항을 최소화하기 위한 방안으로는 전류밀도가 높은 전극의 선정, 이온강도 및 전기전도도의 증가, 다양한 전극의 형태 및 재질 선정 등이 보고되고 있다. 최근 Stainless steel은 내구성이 강할 뿐만 아니라 비용 역시 저렴하고, 특히 음극으로 사용되는 경우 백금 금속이나 탄소기반의 섬유재질의 전극과 유사한 효율이 나타남에 따라 그 관심이 높아지고 있다. 따라서, 본 연구에서는 Graphite carbon에 전기전도도 및 전류밀도, 내구성을 향상시킬 수 있는 Ni, Cu, Fe의 코팅 여부와 최근 주목받고 있는 Stainless steel 재질의 판형과 그물망 형태의 전극을 사용하여 전기화학적 특성과 바이오가스 발생량을 비교함으로서 그 효율을 평가하였다. 그 결과, 각 전극 재질에 따른 전류밀도는 $GC-C_M$, GC, SUS-P, SUS-M이 각각 2.03, 1.36, 1.04, $1.13A/m^2$으로 나타났으며, 메탄수율은 $GC-C_M$, GC, SUS-P, SUS-M이 각각 0.27, 0.14, 0.19, 0.21 $L-CH_4/g-COD_{rem.}$로 나타났다. 즉, Stainless 재질의 금속이 코팅된 Graphite carbon과 유사한 전류밀도와 메탄수율을 나타냄을 확인할 수 있었다.

• 전기화학회지
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• 제19권3호
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• pp.87-94
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• 2016

나노 크기에 비해 부피 변화가 상대적으로 더 큰 서브마이크로미터 크기의 실리콘 음극의 성능 향상을 위해 도전재 역할을 하는 3,6-poly(phenanthrenequinonone) (PPQ) 전도성 고분자 바인더와 카복시기를 가져 결착력이 좋은 poly(acrylic acid) (PAA)를 블렌딩 한 복합 바인더를 도입하였다. PAA를 PPQ와 블렌딩하여 전극을 제조했을 때 결착력이 월등히 증가하였고 충방전실험 결과 PPQ 바인더를 단독으로 사용한 전극보다 안정된 수명 특성을 나타냈다. PPQ와 PAA의 함량 비율을 2:1, 1:1, 1:2(무게비)로 하여 각 전극의 수명 특성을 비교했을 때, PPQ의 함량이 가장 큰 전극(2:1, QA21)이 50번째 사이클에서 가장 좋은 용량 유지율을 보였다. 이는 PPQ가 입자 간 또는 입자와 집전체 사이에서 도전재로서 존재하여 전자가 이동할 수 있는 통로를 제공해 주고 PAA가 적절한 결착력을 제공해주어 전극의 내부 저항이 가장 작았기 때문이다. PPQ-PAA 복합 바인더를 사용한 전극은 입자 형태의 도전재인 super-P를 전체 전극 무게 대비 20%를 첨가하여 제조한 전극보다도 더 안정적인 수명 특성을 나타내었다.

• Korean Journal of Radiology
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.179-188
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• 2021

Objective: This study aimed to prospectively compare the efficacy, safety, and mid-term outcomes of dual-switching monopolar (DSM) radiofrequency ablation (RFA) to those of conventional single-switching monopolar (SSM) RFA in the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Materials and Methods: This single-center, two-arm, parallel-group, randomized controlled study was approved by the Institutional Review Board. Written informed consent was obtained from all patients upon enrollment. A total of 80 patients with 94 HCC nodules were randomized into either the DSM-RFA group or SSM-RFA group in a 1:1 ratio, using a blocked randomization method (block size 2). The primary endpoint was the minimum diameter of the ablation zone per unit time. The secondary endpoints included other technical parameters, complication rate, technique efficacy, and 2-year clinical outcomes. Results: Significantly higher ablation energy per unit time was delivered to the DSM-RFA group than to the SSM-RFA group (1.7 ± 0.2 kcal/min vs. 1.2 ± 0.3 kcal/min; p < 0.001). However, no significant differences were observed between the two groups for the analyzed variables, including primary endpoint, regarding size of the ablation zone and ablation time. Major complication rates were 4.9% in the DSM-RFA group and 2.6% in the SSM-RFA group (p = 1.000). The 2-year local tumor progression (LTP) rates of the HCC nodules treated using DSM-RFA and SSM-RFA were 8.5% and 4.7%, respectively (p = 0.316). The 2-year LTP-free survival rates of patients in the DSM-RFA and SSM-RFA groups were 90.0% and 94.4%, respectively (p = 0.331), and the 2-year recurrence-free survival rates were 54.9% and 75.7%, respectively (p = 0.265). Conclusion: Although DSM-RFA using a separable clustered electrode delivers higher ablation energy than SSM-RFA, its effectiveness failed to show superiority over SSM-RFA in the treatment of HCC.

• The Korean Journal of Ceramics
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• 제5권4호
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• pp.357-362
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• 1999

ZnO varistors containing cobalt, praseodymium and calcium oxides were prepared. The current-voltage charcteristics and microstructures of the specimens were investigated with respect to calcium addition and sintering temperature. The potential barrier heights and the carrier densities were estimated from C-V relations. The compatibility of Ag-Pd as an internal electrode for multilayer chip varistor was also examined.