• Journal of the Korean Geotechnical Society
• /
• v.20 no.9
• /
• pp.167-176
• /
• 2004

Underground structures will be affected by the additional surcharge loads such as traffic load et al. Terzaghi (1956) suggested the equation on the influences of surcharge loads in vertically backfilled spaces. In field, the shapes of backfill spaces are not always formed vertically. Then the Terzagi (1956) equation is not suitable to use because of boundary condition. This study suggests equation to calculate the stress in backfilled space caused by surcharge loads when the backfilled space is sloped symmetrically. The suggested equation is verified by carbon box test and numerical analysis. The experimental results show good agreement with the suggested equation but the numerical analysis result shows a little disagreement. The differences are estimated to be caused by the fact that ground made by carbon rod has become more dense and internal frction and wall friction has increased itself as surcharge load is added but that this increase can not be considered in the numerical analysis. The suggested equation shows good agreement with Terzaghi (1956) equation in case of sloped backfill ground. According to the results, it is considered that the suggested equation can be applied not only to sloped space but also to vertical space. Further investigation using full scale experiment is needed.

• Fire Science and Engineering
• /
• v.32 no.3
• /
• pp.67-75
• /
• 2018

To reduce the number of casualties in the case of fire, an alarm sound needs to be delivered to the people who remain in the apartment unit. On the other hand, it was reported that the fire alarm sound generated in the elevator hall was not delivered sufficiently to the people staying in the apartment units. In this study, the background noise level and noise level generated in an apartment unit were measured during the day and night time. In addition, the transmission of the fire alarm sound into the each room of apartment units was simulated and compared with the background noise level. The fire alarm sound generated in the elevator halls was reduced by the fire door and doors, and was not transmitted sufficiently into the internal spaces of the apartment units. Starting evacuation action was difficult after hearing the fire alarm sound generated outside the apartment units. To improve the transmission of an alarm sound to the inner spaces of apartment units, an acoustic simulation was carried out for cases where the alarm sound generator was installed on a wall-pad in the living room and the alarm sound generator was installed on the ceiling of each rooms in apartment units. Background noise of + 15 dB and 75 dB (A) were satisfied when alarm sound generator was installed on the ceiling of each room.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
• /
• v.42 no.1
• /
• pp.58-66
• /
• 1995

Background: Acute interstitial pneumonia is a relatively rare form of interstitial pneumonia, since the vast majority of interstitial pneumonia have a more chronic course. It corresponds to the lesion described by Hamman and Rich, as Hamman-Rich disease in 1944. Another name in the clinical literature is accelerated interstitial pneumonia, idiopathic acute respiratory distress syndrome (idiopathic ARDS), and the organizing stage of diffuse alveolar damage. Acute interstitial pneumonia differs from chronic interstitial pneumonia by clinical and pathologic features. Clinically, this disease is characterized by a sudden onset and a rapid course, and reversible disease. Method and Purpose: Five cases of pathologically proven acute interstitial pneumonia were retrospectively studied to define the clinical, radiologic, and pathologic features. Results: 1) The five cases ranged in age from 31 to 77 years old. The onset of illness was acute in all patients, it began with viral-like prodrome 6~40 days prior to shortness of breath, and respiratory failure eventually developed in all patients. In 2 cases, generalized skin rash was accompanied with flu-like symptoms. Etiologic agent could not be identified in any case. 2) All patients had leukocytosis and severe hypoxemia. Pulmonary function test of 3 available cases shows restrictive ventilatory defect, and one survived patient(case 5) has a complete improvement of pulmonary function after dismissal. 3) Diffuse bilateral chest infiltrates were present radiologically. Theses were the ground-glass, consolidation, and reticular densities without honeycomb fibrosis in all patients. The pathologic abnormalities were the presence of increased numbers of macrophages and the formation of hyaline membranes within alveolar spaces. There was also interstitial thickening with edema, proliferation of immature fibroblast, and hyperplasia of type II pneumocyte. In the survived patient(case5), pathologic findings were relatively early stage of acute interstitial pneumonia, such as hyaline membrane with mild interstitial fibrosis. 4) Of the 5 patients, four patients died of respiratory failure 14~90 days after onset of first symptom, and one survived and recovered in symptoms, chest X ray, and pulmonary function test Conclusion: These results emphasize that acute interstitial pneumonia is clinically, radiologically, and pathologically distinct form of interstitial pneumonia and should be separated from the group of chronic interstitial pneumonia. Further studies will be needed to evaluate the pathogenesis and the treatment of acute interstitial pneumonia.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
• /
• v.22 no.2
• /
• pp.90-93
• /
• 2005

Itraconazole was found to be an effective antifungal for the treatment of canine Malassezia dermatitis (MD). MD was diagnosed in 18 dogs, which were treated with itraconazole administered orally at 5 mg/kg of body weight, q12hrs, for 21 to 30 days. High prevalence breeds of MD were Maltese $(22\%)$, Cocker Spaniel $(17\%)$, Pekingese $(11\%)$, and Vizsla $(11\%)$. The dermatological signs of Malassezia dermatitis were crust $(31\%)$, alopecia $(25\%)$, hyperpigmentation $(25\%)$, scales$(19\%)$, erythema $(13\%)$, lichenification $(11\%)$, pustule $(11\%)$, ear swelling$(11\%)$, papules $(5\%)$, and offensive odor $(5\%)$. Commonly affected areas were ear canal $(41\%)$, axillae $(18\%)$, groin $(15\%)$, perianal $(12\%)$, ventral aspect of the neck $(9\%)$, interdigital spaces$(1\%)$, and muzzle $(1\%)$. Sixty seven percent of dogs with MD had cocci. Clinical responses of itraconazole were seen good, moderate, no responses of itraconazole, in $89\%,\;0\%,\;and\;11\%$, respectively, according to the owner's satisfaction to follow up call. Recurrence was detected on five good responsive dogs and adverse effects of the treatment were detected in only one dog. On the basis of this clinical study, itraconazole is a good choice in the treatment of canine Malassezia dermatitis. Efficacy, frequency of administration and veterinary approval are the major advantages.

• Journal of The Korea Institute of Healthcare Architecture
• /
• v.18 no.4
• /
• pp.53-65
• /
• 2012

Purpose: With the increasing national interest in health, the number of health examination centers is growing rapidly, and it is growing as independent medical institutes separated from hospitals. With the growing functions and size of health examination institutes, considerations for testees, who are the most important users of the health examination centers, have taken the back seat. In particular, for health examination programs that take on a sequential traffic line, it is important to be aware of the space of each examination room, but the lack of a scientific evaluation method for this has resulted in great discomforts for testees using the health examination center. Method: Thus, this study proposes risk evaluation indices (RCF TCF, RC3, RR, ARR), and set a standard health examination program based on the national health examination program. This was applied to 11 different sized health examination centers to find their features, and together with identifying the trends of the indices, the following results were deduced. Result: 1) ARR showed a wide-range feature as the number of unit spaces increased, while RR were discovered regardless of the size, thus displaying local features. 2) The increase of ARR is affected more by internal factors in the health examination center than from outside factors. 3) By gender, when separating the basic health examination fields, the connective relation of the comprehensive health examination fields had a big effect on ARR. 4) By becoming larger, the fields of function become independent and the waiting space that results from it increases the number of total movement, so there is space for improvement in this.

• Journal of the Korean housing association
• /
• v.26 no.4
• /
• pp.75-82
• /
• 2015

Although the government has revised the child welfare act, institutionalized the establishment of local children's centers, and given financial support for them, there are a number of problems with respect to their operation. Specifically, one of main problems is their limited space. Diverse problems that go with the arrangement of limited space and usability have occurred, however there are only a few strategies to use limited space flexibly. This study assumed variability as one of the methods to solve spatial problems. As a basic research for the assumption, Analyzing the variable method and characteristics of domestic and foreign child-care facility guidelines was performed trying to take advantage of as a basic data in order to seek a variable scheme of local children centers' indoor space. For this purpose, study analysed the methods and characteristics of variability centering on aspects related to variability which are environmental design elements required by local children's centers as suggested in previous studies. The results are as follows. First, the variability of space should be planned according to activity and time, and consider the methods of division, storage, and other facilities necessary. Second, methods of variability in space can be classified into creating areas and structures that are variable. Third, as a result of analysing the environmental design elements required by local children's centers, this study discovered the following characteristics: multi-purpose usability through a combination of variable devices, transition through a variable space medium and setting up areas and expansion of indoor variability assuming usability through internal and external connections.

• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
• /
• v.21 no.1
• /
• pp.78-85
• /
• 2012

The relevance between organisms and their external environment covers everything including humans, natural and artificial surroundings, regarding which academic and scientific understanding has continued. Relevant elements established by inter-dependence between humans and environment and the unity of life should be translated from the perspective of a whole, not of unit elements or reduction. That is, a space is formed by its own program and assumes sustainable relevance based on interactions between internal and external spaces, not building an independent system. The present study aims to present the feasibility of a potential mutant space formed by invisible arenas between individuals and evolutionary space formation based on an ecological paradigm Accordingly, this study suggested that evolutionary attributes as the major power source of biological changes could verify the virtual multiplicity of a new space formation, and that the potential form generation of hybrid mutant space of emergence and infinite formative capability could be supported. The suggestions made here will hopefully contribute to extending applicability of evolutionary space generation in the field of space design. To derive the potential mutant forms from biological space, a preliminary study was conducted regarding the characteristics of evolutionary form generation. For the purpose of this study, three evolutionary perspectives of reproduction, mutation (variation) and selection were taken. First, the theory of evolution was defined and characterized. Also, the relevance between the characteristics generated and hybrid mutant space was analyzed to consider relevant characteristics. The present study helped to understand that the hybrid mutant space had an evolutionary space structure based on a biological paradigm. It was also found that the mutant space structure built by mutant polymorphism assumed a systematic correlation between space and environment.

• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
• /
• v.26 no.3
• /
• pp.101-112
• /
• 2017

Based on an analysis of the characteristics of "Ecute" of the East Japan Railway Company (JR East) that planned the world's first large scale commercial facilities inside a ticket gate (paid-area including waiting room and platforms), the present study proposes a brand development of commercial facilities inside aged railway stations, where only basic railway business have been provided focusing on passenger transportation, by renewing the definition of railway commercial facilities and presenting a detailed planning and the direction of the operation system. A list of practical tasks that can be carried out in academia, planning and operation / management to facilitate the revitalization of the use of commercial facilities inside railway stations are as follows: 1) the setting of a wide scope for the revitalization of railway commercial facilities around the railway station focusing on private-funded stations in addition to existing stations; a setup of the direct scope of commercial development in the practical railway operation for passengers and stations in terms of external research, and a corresponding shift in thinking in terms of internal research 2) development of under used spaces such as the transfer area (Gongdeok Seoul Wangsimri Station are first target stations where more than four subway lines intersect) 3) brand establishment through improvement strategies for image and symbolism specialized for railway stations 4) rent of suitable business stores and layout of commercial facilities by analysis of passenger move pattern 5) development of commercial facilities which can attract customers by displaying various products, as well as finding a way to develop them in to a base facility that connects to local infrastructures 6) providing advertisement and management system for continual maintenance, and 7) brand specialization through unique storytelling and design plan that stimulates sensibility. The above study results can be utilized as a starting point for design brand awareness about commercial facilities in railway stations in Korea, which can be developed further to improve station image and passenger convenience, as well as to increase the revenue of railway businesses.

• Conservation Science in Museum
• /
• v.9
• /
• pp.31-49
• /
• 2008

We have investigated and conserved three small Buddha statues dating from Joseon period that were purchased by the National Museum of Korea. Chemical analysis and investigation of internal structures were enabled us to identify its compositions and hollow spaces which have various materials just like fabrics, silver ornaments, beads and wood fragments. The fabrics date from the early years of the Joseon dynasty to the middle one. The compositions of matrix of the Buddha statues vary 80-90 wt% Ag and 7-15 wt% Cu. And its surface layers were gilt with amalgam. Mechanical and chemical cleaning with EDTA-2Na were applied together during the cleaning process.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
• /
• v.8 no.3
• /
• pp.146-155
• /
• 2008

As the residential culture of Korea is transformed from house oriented to apartment oriented residential environment these days, the bedroom closets are changing into the built-in furniture such as built-in closets. As the life style of consumers become richer and wealthy, the bedroom furniture is changing to respond for the forms, function, and design characteristics of the consumer's demand. Therefore, in this study, the characteristics of the built-in closets such as structure, function and material were studied to analyze the basic changes and compared the normal closet to the built-in closet to analyze the elements in terms of environment and convenience. Moreover, to develop forms and designs to fit various characteristics and differences of the consumers, various forms of consumer demand were analyzed. Therefore, this study intended to provide the basic information for providing the efficient form and structure that enables the use of internal space as the consumer wishes to change the design elements, and other spaces to fit the changed residential environment.