• 동의신경정신과학회지
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.145-167
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• 2000

Jiu Qi(九氣) was shown at Ju Tong Lun(擧痛論) in Shao Wen(素問) Huang Ti Nei Ching(黃帝內經), and is nine important factors that affect the function of human body. Jiu Qi concludes endogenous, exogenous, non-endo-exogenous factors. I do the bibliographical study on the Jiu Qi, the results were as follows; 1. The Qi of Jiu Qi has two opposite meanings. one is genuine vital energy(正氣), and the other is the factors causing abnormal state in vital energy. Jiu Qi is nine factors concluding coldness-heat(exogenous factors). six emotional factors(endogenous factor), overworking(non -endo-exogenous factor). 2. Anger may lead to abnormal rising of vital energy. Anger causes Qi of the liver to go perversely upward, and perverted flow of exuberant Qi of the liver lead to dysfunction of the spleen, so resulted in hematemesis, diarrhea, indigestion. 3. Joy can promote the harmony of vital energy and blood, so do the circulation of nutrient and defensive energy in physiological state. But an excessive joy may lead to the sluggishness of vital energy. 4. The lung keeps the pathway of air unconstructed, disseminates vital energy, cleanses the inspired air and keeps vital energy flowing downward. Sorrow affects on the function of the lung and the heart, so could result in obstruction of the circulation of nutrient and defensive energy. An excessive sorrow after stagnation may lead to the consumption of vital energy. 5. Fear makes vital energy and essence of the kidney sink to inward and downside, makes Yang-Qi can't go upward, so causes obstruction of triple wanner. An excessive fear can obstructs the ascending of Yang-Qi, so may lead to the abnormal falling of vital energy. 6. Coldness makes the sweat pore be contracted, so obstructs the circulation of triple warmer, causes sluggishness of defensive energy or Qi of the internal organ. 7. Heat makes the sweat pore be open, much amount of sweat is excreted with Yang-Qi, defensive energy, vital energy. Heat may consume vital energy. 8. Sudden fright affects on spirits of the heart and liver, causes disorder of the mental faculties and separation of blood and vital energy. Fright may lead to disorder of Qi. 9. Overwork concludes overfatigue and exhaustion caused by intemperance in sexual life. Overwork renders vital energy consumed, and hence results in lassitude and listlessness. 10. Thinking affects on the function of the heart and the spleen. Over thinking may lead to depression of vital energy. Through the bibliographical study on Jiu Qi, I got smallest amount of it, and this must be more investigated correlating with clinical study.

• 한국의학물리학회지:의학물리
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• 제27권4호
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• pp.203-212
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• 2016

Dose differences between three-dimensional (3D) and four-dimensional (4D) doses could be varied according to the geometrical relationship between a planning target volume (PTV) and an organ at risk (OAR). The purpose of this study is to evaluate the correlation between the overlap volume histogram (OVH), which quantitatively shows the geometrical relationship between the PTV and OAR, and the dose differences. 4D computed tomography (4DCT) images were acquired for 10 liver cancer patients. Internal target volume-based treatment planning was performed. A 3D dose was calculated on a reference phase (end-exhalation). A 4D dose was accumulated using deformation vector fields between the reference and other phase images of 4DCT from deformable image registration, and dose differences between the 3D and 4D doses were calculated. An OVH between the PTV and selected OAR (duodenum) was calculated and quantified on the basis of specific overlap volumes that corresponded to 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, and 50% of the OAR volume overlapped with the expanded PTV. Statistical analysis was performed to verify the correlation with the OVH and dose difference for the OAR. The minimum mean dose difference was 0.50 Gy from case 3, and the maximum mean dose difference was 4.96 Gy from case 2. The calculated range of the correlation coefficients between the OVH and dose difference was from -0.720 to -0.712, and the R-square range for regression analysis was from 0.506 to 0.518 (p-value <0.05). However, when the 10% overlap volume was applied in the six cases that had OVH value ${\leq}2$, the average percent mean dose differences were $34.80{\pm}12.42%$. Cases with quantified OVH values of 2 or more had mean dose differences of $29.16{\pm}11.36%$. In conclusion, no significant statistical correlation was found between the OVH and dose differences. However, it was confirmed that a higher difference between the 3D and 4D doses could occur in cases that have smaller OVH value.

• 대한기계학회논문집B
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• 제37권9호
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• pp.807-814
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• 2013

소화기 내시경에 장착된 808 nm 파장의 고출력 근적외선 레이저를 장벽에 조사하여 병변을 제거할 수 있는 치료용 의료기기의 개발을 목적으로 레이저-조직 상호작용에 관한 기초 실험을 진행했다. 레이저 출력 3~12 W, 조사 시간 5~20 s 범위에서 각 변수의 증가에 따라 천공 깊이가 1~4 mm 범위에서 선형적으로 증가했다. 돼지에서 적출한 각 장기에 대한 레이저 조사 시 천공 깊이가 조직 특성에 따라 달라짐을 확인했다. 온도 측정 결과로부터 열에너지가 레이저 조사 지점에 집중되고 심부로 전달되어 주변 조직의 열손상은 방지됨을 알 수 있었다. 본 연구 결과는 위, 대장 등의 소화기 조직에서 일정한 절개 깊이를 얻기 위해 필요한 근적외선 레이저의 구동 조건을 결정하는데 활용될 수 있다.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제5권4호
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• pp.169-176
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• 1972

male female 80 마리의 흰쥐를 저지방식, 고지방식, 무지방식, 표준식이를 주어 16주간 동안 사육한 결과는 다음과 같다. 동물의 체중증가율 질소의 이용율, 간과 serum 내의 성분의 변화를 분석 시험한 결과를 요약하연 다음과 같다 지방의 식이내 함량에 따라서 체내 질소 대사에 미치는 영향으로 총 질소 보유율과 serum 내의 총단백질 albumin, globulin 의 함량, 각 장기 내의 질소 함유량들을 보았으나 대체적으로 현저한 변화를 가져오지 않는 것으로 본다. 그러나 각 장기에 있어서 총 질소 함유량을 보면 liver 와 spleen 이 식이 성분에 대해서 예민한 반응을 보였으며, brain 이 가장 적은 변화를 나타내었다. 한편 serum 내 glucose함량에는 식이 함유된 지방 함량에 따라서 큰 변화를 나타내지는 않았다. 각 군간의 유의적인 차이는 산발적으로 나타났지만 저지방군과 표준군을 male female에서 비교해 보면 다 같이 유의적인 차이를 나타내지는 않았다 . 이로 미루어 보면 2% 저지방군이 serum 내의 glucsoe 양에는 영향을 크게 미치지는 않는다고 볼 수 있다. serum 내 lipid 와 cholesterol 의 함량은 식이내 함유된 지방량에 따라서 현저한 차이를 나타냈다. 고지방군인 30% 지방 첨가로 serum 내의 lipid 와 cholesterol 의 함량이 증가되었으며 저지방군인 2% 의 식이내 지방 첨가는 표준군과 큰 차이를 나타내지 않는 것으로 보아 2%의 저지방군이 지방질 체내 축척에 있어서는 유리하다고 볼 수 있다 . 한국 영양 섭취 실정으로 미루어 보면 지방의 섭취량을 우선 일정량으로 올리는 것이 중요한 일이라고 보는데 본 실험의 결과에 따르면 식사내 2% 지방 첨가가 표준군과 모든 면에서 유사하였다. 반면 대부분의 구미 각국에서는 총열량에 대한 지방량의 비율이 $30{\sim}40%^{7)}$로서 상당히 많은 량의 지방을 섭취하고 있으나, 이들 각국은 지방 섭취량을 저하시키는 경향이므로 지방 섭취량의 대한 권장을 고려해야 할 필요가 있는 것으로 본다.

• 동의생리병리학회지
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• 제23권3호
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• pp.540-547
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• 2009

There needs disease-predictable signs in order to enable preventive diagnosis and therapy. Then traditional Chinese medicine applies various medical diagnostic equipments used in western medicine to diagnosing sub-healthy state. But such data are not originated from inherent oriental medicine, and not obtained easily in ordinary clinical practice. This paper is to provide synopsis of the ante-disease diagno-therapeutics partly and to show predictable data based on the facial shapes and signs, especially of gall bladder's versus bladder's body and masculine versus feminine shape. Ante-disease means not only the complete healthy state, but also the state unseen any symptoms in macrographically in the course of outbreak of disease. It contains two stages, first one is the former state of disease and second one is untransmitted state of disease. The patterns of ante-disease consist of latent disease, pre-disease, transmission type like senescent syndrome, abnormal reactive syndrome(變證), syndrome of transmission and transmutation. The classification with gall bladder and bladder type manifests the differences of shape, color and size of each organ in comparison of the universal and standard figures of the human being. On the other hand, the classification with masculine and feminine shape contrasts the innate sexual difference and the shape, characteristics originated from in itself. These two classification theories have their own pathologic types and syndrome types with each disease so that disease-predictable data can be constructed based on such a relationship. In addition, this diagnostic method by facial shapes and signs is able to be applied to whole stages from prenatal to present state of disease even if the cause and inducement are not clear. Ante-disease diagno-theraputic system by Gall Bladder's versus Bladder's Body and Masculine versus Feminine Shape is getting more important in the chronic and internal disease in comparison of the acute and traumatic disease. So this study is able to make up for the limit of diagnosis on ante-disease in the field of oriental medicine clinic.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• 제27권3호
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• pp.203-212
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• 1989

실험실에서 사육한 수종 패류를 이용하여 Echinostoma cinetorchis의 생활환을 형성시키 며 발육과정을 관찰하였다. 성충체(흰쥐에서 얻음)에서 분리한 충란을 배양하여 miracidium을 얻고 제 1중간숙주인 Hippeutis sp. 우렁이에 20개씩 감염시킨 바 58.3%(12개 중 7)는 cercaria 유출 전에 감염사하였고 나머지는 25일 째부터 7∼9일간 cercaria를 유출하였다. 이 cercaria를 수종의 패류에 접촉감염(패당 40∼50마리)시켰더니 피낭유충 형성은 Hippeutis sp.에서 100%(접촉 cercaria에 대한 피낭 비율은 56.7%), Radix auricuzaria coreana 100% (66.4%), Phyla acute 66.7% (37.3%) 및 자연산 Cipangopaludina sp. 50% (8%) 감염으로 전 실험 패류가 피낭유충을 형성하였다. Cercaria는 침입시 노출부인 두부, 족부에 부착한 후 포복하여 외투강 내로 이행하며, 패 체내의 피낭부위는 외투막, 원체강내, 내부 기관 및 조직 사이였다. 그리고 이를 흰쥐에 감염시켜 성충을 검출할 수 있었다. 이상의 결과로 한국에 있어서 E. cinetorchis의 주요 인체 감염원 역할을 할 것으로 믿어지는 논우렁이(Cipnngopaludina sp.)에 있어서 피낭유충 형성을 확인할 수 있었고 이 극구흡충은 타종(특히 E. hortense)과 달리 여러 담수 패류가 제2중간숙주 역할을 하고 있음을 확인하였다.

• 대한한방종양학회지
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.23-35
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• 2002

This study was carried out to investigate the oral toxicity of HAD in mice. The results were summarized as follows: 1. HAD did not induced any toxicological effect in the body weight changes of mice. 2. HAD(2.5g/kg, 0.25g/kg) treated group were increased as compared with control group in the hematological values of mice. 3. ALT, AST, BUN, creatinine, CPK were not increased in HAD(2.5g/kg, 0.25g/kg) treated group as compared with control group in the serological values of mice. 4. Brain, Heart, Liver, Spleen, Kidney's weight were not increased in HAD(2.5g/kg, 0.25g/kg) treated group as compared with control group in the organ's weight of mice. 5. HAD(2.5g/kg, 0.25g/kg) treated group did not induced any toxicological effect in the gross findings in mice's any organs. 6. HAD(10g/kg , 5g/kg, 2.5g/kg, 1.25g/kg) treated group did not induced any toxicological effect in the histopathological findings in mice's any organs. 7. HAD(2.5g/ kg, 0.25g/ kg) treated group did not induced any toxicological effect in the histopathological findings in mice's any organs. From above results, HAD has not toxicological effects to mice.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.168-172
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• 2003

Radiation synovectomy is one of the most useful methods for treating patients with refractory synovitis because of its convenience, long-term effects, repeatability and the avoidance of surgery. In this study, we investigated the toxicity, stability and biodistribution of a rhenium-188 ($^{188}$Re)-tin colloid to evaluate its suitability as a synovectomy agent. Twenty four hours after injecting the $^{188}$Re-tin colloids (74 KBq/0.1 mL) into the tail vein of ICR mice, most of the $^{188}$Retin colloidal particles was found in the lungs. In addition, there were no particle size changes at either room temperature or at $37^{\circ}C$ after injecting the $^{188}$Re-tin colloids in human plasma and synovial fluid. In vitro stability tests showed that the $^{188}$Re-tin colloid remained in a colloidal form without a critical size variation over a 2-day period. We investigated the leakage of $^{188}$Retin colloids from the intraarticular injection site with gamma counting in New Zealand white rabbits. The $^{188}$Re-tin colloids (55.5 MBq/0.15 mL) were injected at the cavum articular and the mean retention percentage of the $^{188}$Re-tin colloid was 98.7% for 1 day at the injection site, which suggests that there was neither change in the particle size nor leakage at the injection sites. In the biodistribution study with the SD rats, the liver showed the highest radioactivity (0.0427% ID/organ) except for the injected knees (99.49%). In the SD rats, mild toxicities including the skin or a synovium inflammation were observed as a result of a radioactivity of 15 mCi/kg at the intraarticular injection site. However, there was no systemic toxicity. In the Ovalbumin (OVA)-induced arthritic rabbits, the $^{188}$Re-tin colloid improved the macroscopic, the histological score and reduced the knee joint diameter when compared to the arthritic control. In conclusion, a $^{188}$Re-tin-colloid is considered as a strong candidate for radiation synovectomy with a superior efficacy and safety.

• 한국임상수의학회지
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• 제37권5호
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• pp.242-248
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• 2020

An intestinal strigeiid trematode, Apharyngostrigea pipientis, was detected from Ardea cinerea jouyi, Egretta intermedia and Nycticorax nycticorax between July, 2006 and June, 2020 in Daejeon metropolitan city and Kangwon-do, Republic of Korea. It was observed with a light and scanning electron microscope (SEM), and molecularly analyzed with 18S rRNA genes. The infection rate of the strigeiid trematode was 25.9% (7/27). The body is cylindrical in whole mount, greatly elongated in outline and shows a strong dorsal curvature. The overall measurements are: length 4.1-4.8 mm; fore-body 1.00-1.20 mm by 0.8-0.9 mm; hind-body 3.2-3.6 mm by 0.43-0.46 mm. The body is covered by a relatively thick cuticle, devoid of spines. The oral sucker leads into a short esophagus that is devoid of a muscular pharynx. The holdfast organ is enormously developed. The vitelline follicles distributed dorsal wall of fore-body and hind-body. This strigeiid trematode especially differs from other species of genus Apharyngostrigea in morphology. Although these A. pipientis are several morphological distinctions from Apharyngostrigea cornu, the partial sequence of 18S rRNA showed the sequence homology of A. pipientis (99.9%) and A. cornu (99.8%), and this result revealed their conspecific relationship between A. cornu and A. pipientis. This is the first report of A. pipientis in the Republic of Korea.

• 대한방사선치료학회지
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• 제26권1호
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• pp.115-126
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• 2014

목 적 : 다양한 치료 부위에 따라 MVCT(Megavoltage computed tomography)를 이용하여 치료 중(Intrafraction), 치료 간(Interfraction)의 장기 위치 변화를 측정하여 평가하고자 한다. 대상 및 방법 : 본 연구에서 두 경부(Head & neck), 흉부(Thorax), 간(Liver), 전립선(Prostate) 종양을 가진 48명 환자들은 전체 치료 과정동안 다양한 MVCT scan을 시행하였다. 평균 환자 당 60개의 MVCT 영상을 획득하여 분석하였다. 결 과 : 치료 간(Interfraction)오차는 흉부와 복부 그리고 골반이 종 방향(Longitudinal, Y)에서 3 mm 이상의 차이를 보였다. 치료 중(Intrafraction) 변화를 알아보기 위해 치료가 끝난 후에 MVCT를 찍어 확인한 후 치료 중(Intrafraction) 움직임 차이는 종 방향에서 2 mm 내외로 나타났다. 또한 치료 전과 후의 움직임의 변화로 인해 치료 간 그리고 치료 중의 차이를 확인하였다. 결 론 : 본 연구에서도 두 경부(Head & neck), 흉부(Thorax), 간(Liver), 전립선암(Prostate cancer) 환자들의 치료 간(Interfraction) 변화와 치료 중(Intrafraction)변화를 통해 적절한 고정 기구와 표적 여백의 윤곽을 완성하는데 도움이 될 거라 사료된다.