• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.89-98
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• 2021

The paper presents an experimental study on the strength behaviour of a coral gravelly sand from Vietnam subjected to monotonic and cyclic loading. A series of direct shear tests were carried out to investigate the shear strength behaviour and the factors affecting the shear strength of the sand such as relative density, cyclic load, amplitude of the cyclic load and loading rate. The study results indicate that the shear strength parameters of the coral gravelly sand include not only internal friction angle but also apparent cohesion. These parameters vary with the relative density, cyclic load, the amplitude of the cyclic load and loading rate. The shear strength increases with the increase of the relative density. The shear strength increases after subjecting to cyclic loading. The amplitude of the cyclic load affects the shear strength of coral gravelly sand, the shear strength increases as the amplitude of the cyclic load increases. The loading rate has insignificantly effect on the shear strength of the coral gravelly sand.

• 대한치과보철학회지
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• 제55권2호
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• pp.151-155
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• 2017

목적: 이 연구의 목적은 새로운 타이타늄 구성요소를 가진 지르코니아 지대주의 나사 제거력의 변화에 대해 알아보는 것이다. 내부연결 임플란트를 위한 새로운 지르코니아 지대주의 동적하중 후 지대주 나사의 제거력을 기존의 타이타늄 지대주와 비교하여 분석하였다. 재료 및 방법: 내측연결 임플란트와 타이타늄 지대주, 타이타늄 구성요소를 가진 지르코니아 지대주를 준비하였다. 12개의 내부연결형 임플란트에 6개의 타이타늄 지대주를 연결하고(대조군), 6개의 타이타늄 구성요소를 가진 지르코니아 지대주(실험군)를 30 Ncm의 토크로 연결한 후 동적하중 전후의 나사 제거력을 측정하였다. 동적 만능재료시험기를 사용하여 연결체의 장축과 30도 각도를 이루도록 하고 300 N 하중크기로 100만번의 하중이 가해졌다. 동적하중 전후의 지대주 나사 제거력을 t검정을 통해 신뢰구간 95%로 통계적 유의성을 검증하였다. 결과: 두 그룹 모두에서 동적하중 후 나사 풀림을 보이지 않았다. 동적 하중 전후의 나사 제거력은 두 그룹 모두에서 통계적으로 유의한 차이가 있게 나타났다(P < .05). 동적 하중 전후의 나사 제거력 차이는 대조군에서 $-7.25{\pm}1.50Ncm$, 실험군에서 $-7.33{\pm}0.93Ncm$ 로 나타났다. 통계분석 결과 두 군간에 나사 제거력 차이에서는 유의한 차이를 보이지 않았다(P > .05). 결론: 이 실험의 결과에 한하여 타이타늄 구성요소를 사용한 지르코니아 지대주의 동적하중 후 지대주 나사 제거력의 변화는 타이타늄 지대주와 통계학적으로 유의한 차이를 보이지 않았다.

• 대한치과보철학회지
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• 제44권2호
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• pp.207-216
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• 2006

Statement of Problem: To conduct a successful function of implant prosthesis in oral cavity for a long time, it is important that not only structure materials must have the biocompatibility, but also the prosthesis must be designed for the stress, which is occurred in occlusion, to scatter adequately within the limitation of alveolar bone around implant and bio-capacity of load support. Now implant which is used in clinical part has a very various shapes, recently the fixture that has tapered form of internal connection is often selected. However the stress analysis of fixtures still requires more studies. Purpose: The purpose of this study is to stress analysis of the implant prosthesis according to the different implant systems using finite element method. Material and methods: This study we make the finite element models that three type implant fixture ; $Br{\aa}nemark$, Camlog, Frialit-2 were placed in the area of mandibular first premolar and prosthesis fabricated, which we compared with stress distribution using the finite element analysis under two loading condition. Conclusion: The conclusions were as follows: 1. In all implant system, oblique loading of maximum Von mises stress of implant, alveolar bone and crown is higher than vertical loading of those. 2. Regardless of loading conditions and the type of system. cortical bone which contacts with implant fixture top area has high stress, and cancellous bone has a little stress. 3. Under the vertical loading, maximum Von mises stress of $Br{\aa}nemark$ system with external connection type and tapered form is lower than Camlog and Frialit-2 system with internal connection type and tapered form, but under oblique loading Camlog and Frialit-2 system is lower than $Br{\aa}nemark$ system.

• 펄프종이기술
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• 제40권1호
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• pp.29-34
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• 2008

The charcoal has been used not only as fuel but also as human health care material since it was used. Charcoal's performances were generally investigated in aspects of energy efficiency and caloric values. This study was conducted in order to increase charcoal's application area and to develop functional paper. Five types of charcoal were used on a basis of gas absorption properties from previous study. Handsheets were made by two methods by internal loading and surface spray on interlayer. Strength properties of internal loading and interlayer spray handsheets were decreased as the charcoal loading increased. Ethylene gas absorption property was higher in both of oak's black charcoal and white charcoal than others. In terms of strength, 5-10% charcoal loading was efficient. Above 10% loading, a rate of strength decrease was higher than that of ethylene gas absorption rate. Formaldehyde absorption property was higher at both of oak's black charcoal and mixed charcoal than others. However, to guarantee enough charcoal loading should be higher than 95 $g/m^2$ for sufficient formaldehyde absorption.

• 환경영향평가
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• 제26권6호
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• pp.553-562
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• 2017

최근 농업용 저수지는 용수공급과 함께 지역의 관광, 문화, 위락시설 등으로 활용되고 있다. 그러나 많은 농업용 저수지들은 부영양호로 분류되며 높은 유기물 오염도를 보이고 있다. 특히, 1945년 이전에 준공된 노후화된 농업용 저수지의 44.7%는 농업용수 수질 환경기준을 초과하고 있다. 노후화된 저수지의 경우 외부기원 오염부하 이외에 누적된 퇴적물로부터 발생하는 내부부하는 영양염류 공급에 중요한 역할을 한다. 본 연구의 목적은 수심이 얕은 M 저수지(평균 수심 약 1.7 m)를 대상으로 2015년과 2016년에 수심별 수온과 저층 용존산소(DO) 농도를 연속 측정하여 저층 수환경의 동적변화를 모니터링함으로써 영양염류의 내부 부하 가능성을 조사하는데 있다. 또한, 물질수지해석을 통해 내부 인부하가 저수지 전체 인부하량에 미치는 영향에 대해 평가하였다. 연구결과 수심이 얕은 M 저수지에서 약한 수온성층과 강한 DO 성층 현상이 나타났다. 그리고, 저수지 저층에서 DO의 동적변화를 관찰한 결과, 여름철 무강우 기간동안 지속적인 저산소 (DO 2 mg/L 미만) 상태가 2015년과 2016년에 각각 87일과 98일간 발생하였다. DO 농도는 대기온도 강하와 강우발생 기간 동안 간헐적으로 증가하였다. 물질수지분석결과, 수온상승과 함께 조류성장이 촉진되는 8월에는 $PO_4-P$ 내부 부하량이 무강우시 전체 부하량 대비 2015년과 2016년에 각각 37.9%와 39.7%로써 큰 비중을 차지하였다. 따라서 지속적인 저층 저산소 상태가 유지되는 경우에는, 퇴적층의 영양염류 용출을 억제하기 위한 DO 공급 대책이 유효 할 것으로 판단된다.

• Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology
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• 제6권5호
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• pp.693-696
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• 2011

In this work, an exponentially tapered microstrip antenna was implemented using a resistive loading technique in order to suppress the internal reflections. The inductive loading was realized by introducing slits on the antenna to improve radiation efficiency. Compared with a resistive-loaded antenna, the proposed antenna had an average improvement of about 6.2% in radiation efficiency within the range of 2-10.5 GHz. In addition, the highest peak of the radiated short pulse from the proposed antenna became 45% greater than that of an antenna with resistive loading only.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제88권3호
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• pp.287-299
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• 2023

This article describes experimental and numerical analyses of eccentrically loaded over the axially loaded circular concrete filled double-skinned steel tubular (CFDST) short columns. Tests on circular CFDST short columns under eccentric and concentric loading were conducted to assess their responses to the frequent intensity of 5-30 mm at the interval of each 5 mm eccentric loading conditions with constant cross-sectional proportions and width-to-thickness ratios of the outside and internal tubes. The non-linear finite-element analysis of circular CFDST short columns of eccentrically loaded over the axially loaded was performed using the ABAQUS to predict the structural behavior and compare the concentric loading capacity over the various eccentric loading conditions. The comparison outcomes show that the axial compressive strength of the circular CDFST short columns was 2.38-32.86%, lesser than the concentrically loaded short column with the inner circular section. Also, the influence of computer simulation employed is more efficient in forecasting the experimentally examined performance of circular CFDST stub columns.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제46권1호
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• pp.53-73
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• 2013

Prediction of prestressed concrete girder integral abutment bridge (IAB) load effect requires understanding of the inherent uncertainties as it relates to thermal loading, time-dependent effects, bridge material properties and soil properties. In addition, complex inelastic and hysteretic behavior must be considered over an extended, 75-year bridge life. The present study establishes IAB displacement and internal force statistics based on available material property and soil property statistical models and Monte Carlo simulations. Numerical models within the simulation were developed to evaluate the 75-year bridge displacements and internal forces based on 2D numerical models that were calibrated against four field monitored IABs. The considered input uncertainties include both resistance and load variables. Material variables are: (1) concrete elastic modulus; (2) backfill stiffness; and (3) lateral pile soil stiffness. Thermal, time dependent, and soil loading variables are: (1) superstructure temperature fluctuation; (2) superstructure concrete thermal expansion coefficient; (3) superstructure temperature gradient; (4) concrete creep and shrinkage; (5) bridge construction timeline; and (6) backfill pressure on backwall and abutment. IAB displacement and internal force statistics were established for: (1) bridge axial force; (2) bridge bending moment; (3) pile lateral force; (4) pile moment; (5) pile head/abutment displacement; (6) compressive stress at the top fiber at the mid-span of the exterior span; and (7) tensile stress at the bottom fiber at the mid-span of the exterior span. These established IAB displacement and internal force statistics provide a basis for future reliability-based design criteria development.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제55권4호
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• pp.215-219
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• 2015

Cardiopulmonary depression of long-term constant rate infusion (CRI) administration of multiple analgesic drugs is important, especially in critically ill dogs. Therefore, this study was conducted to evaluate the effects of lidocaine, ketamine or combined lidocaine-ketamine combination CRI treatment on vital signs and left ventricular (LV) function in healthy dogs. Six adult Beagle dogs were administered either ketamine (initial loading dose of 0.5 mg/kg followed by $10{\mu}g/kg/min$ CRI), lidocaine (initial loading dose of 2 mg/kg followed by 0.025 mg/kg/min CRI), or combined lidocaine-ketamine intravenously. Arterial blood pressure (BP), heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (RR), body temperature (BT) and echocardiographic LV dimensions were measured before administration of medications, immediately after administration of drugs, and then every 10 min for 2 h. There were no significant changes in HR, RR, BT and BP after the administration of either lidocaine CRI, ketamine CRI, or combined lidocaine and ketamine CRI. There were also no significant changes in LV dimensions and stroke volume. The results revealed that treatment with either lidocaine, ketamine or combined lidocaine-ketamine may not cause cardiopulmonary suppression in healthy dogs.

• 대한치과보철학회지
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• 제50권2호
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• pp.119-127
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• 2012

연구 목적: 본 연구는 3차원 유한요소분석을 통해 특징적인 내부연결구조를 갖는5종의 임플란트의 고정체와 지대주의 연결방식에 따른 응력분산을 알아보고자 하였다. 연구 재료 및 방법: 본 실험을 위한 유한요소모델은 하악 제1대구치부에 임플란트가 식립되고 상부구조물로 3형 금합금을 사용하는 것으로 가정하였다. 응력분산은 200 N의 하중이 교합면의 중심, 중심에 1.5 mm 외측, 중심에서 3.0 mm 외측에 수직으로 가해지고 임플란트의 장축과 $30^{\circ}$의 각도로 경사하중이 가해지도록 하여 분석하였다. 유한요소모델에 대한 해석작업은 3G.Author (PlassoTech, California, USA)를 사용하여 이뤄졌다. 결과: 경사가 없는 내부계단 구조를 가지는 DAS tech의 임플란트의 경우, 내부연결구조를 갖는 다른 임플란트에 더 유리한 응력분산을 보였다. 하중이 임플란트 고정체의 외형선 이내에 가해지는 경우와 비교하여 외형선 바깥이나 경사력으로 전해지는 경우 더 높은 응력을 보였으며 하중조건과 관계없이 임플란트 고정체보다는 지대주에 더 큰 응력이 집중되었다. 결론: 교합력이 가해졌을 때 응력분산은 임플란트의 연결부의 형태와 하중이 가해지는 위치에 따라 달라졌으며 내부계단 구조를 가지는 DAS tech의 임플란트를 사용한 경우와 고정체의 외형선 이내에 하중이 가해졌을 경우에 더 유리한 응력분산을 보였다.