• KDI Journal of Economic Policy
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• 제46권2호
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• pp.45-74
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• 2024

The import content of export (ICE) has served as an indicator of global integration for several decades. It is defined as the share of imported products embodied in exports and can be interpreted as the relative degree of the utilization of global production network (GPN) over the domestic supply chain (DSC) in terms of 'value-added.' This paper proposes two new indicators of global integration. They are defined as the ratios of imports (foreign products) to gross output (domestic products) generated by exports and can be interpreted as the relative degrees of the utilization of GPN over DSC in terms of 'production.' Both indicators are easy to compute and can be compared between years, between countries, between industries, and between groups of industries. The paper applies the new indicators to the recent edition of the OECD's Input-Output Database. Finally, the paper shows that the recent slowdown in international trade is mostly due to the decrease in the international trade of intermediate goods, with significant implications regarding the future of global integration.

• 한국운동역학회지
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.197-204
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• 2016

Objective: The purpose of this study was to analyze the kinematic factors of motion during air pistol shooting. Method: This study aimed to investigate changes in forces during movement and determine the factors that affect changes in force during the first, middle, and last periods of shooting an air pistol. Two ground reaction force systems (force platform), SCATT (a shooting training system), and EMG (electromyogram) to measure the action potentials in the muscles of the upper body were used in this study. Four university air pistol players (age: 19.75 years, height: 175.50 cm, body mass: $69.55{\pm}11.50kg$, career length: $6.25{\pm}6years$) who are training to progress to a higher rank were enrolled. Results: In terms of the actual shooting results, the mean score in the middle section was $42.48{\pm}1.74$ points, higher than those in the first and the last periods when using SCATT. The gunpoint moved 13.48 mm more vertically than horizontally in the target trajectory. With respect to action potentials of muscles measured using EMG, the highest action potentials during the aiming-shooting segments, in order higher to lower, were seen in the trapezius (intermediate region), trapezius (superior region), deltoid (lateral), and triceps brachii (long head). The action potentials of biceps brachii and brachioradialis turned out to be high during grasping motion, which is a preparatory stage. During the final segment, muscle fatigue appeared in the deltoid (lateral), biceps brachii (long head), brachioradialis, and trapezius (intermediate region). In terms of the ground reaction force, during the first period of shooting, there was a major change in the overall direction (left-right $F_x$, forward-backward $F_y$, vertical $F_z$) of the center of the mass. Conclusion: The development and application of a training program focusing on muscle groups with higher muscle fatigue is required for players to progress to a higher rank. Furthermore, players can improve their records in the first period if they take part in a game after warming up sufficiently before shooting in order to heighten muscle action potentials, and are expected to maintain a consistent shooting motion continuously by restoring psychological stability.

• 응용통계연구
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• 제30권4호
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• pp.539-553
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• 2017

본 논문에서는 사망과 같은 종말사건의 발생 유무는 알고 있지만 치매 발병과 같은 중간사건이 구간중도절단 되었거나 연구 기간 도중에 추적이 끊겨 결측된 준경쟁적위험 자료에 대해 다중상태모형을 적용하여 모수를 추정하는 방법을 제안하였다. 이를 위해 본 논문에서는 상태 간의 전이강도는 로그정규 프레일티를 랜덤효과로 가진 Lin과 Ying(1994)의 가산위험모형을 따른다고 가정하였다. 다섯 가지 상태를 가진 다중상태모형에서 가능한 여섯 가지 경로별로 조건부우도를 정의하였고, 주변우도를 구하기 위해 조정중요표본추출법을 적용하였으며 반복유사뉴튼 방법으로 최적해를 구하였다. 소표본 모의실험을 통해 모수의 95% 신뢰구간 포함률이 명목값에 얼마나 가까운지 살펴보았으며, 제안한 모형을 Persones $Ag{\acute{e}}es$ Quid (PAQUID) 자료 (Helmer 등, 2001)에 적용하고 그 결과를 해석하였다.

• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.67-74
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• 2005

Objectives : This study was carried to identify the component of the Pericardium Meridian Muscle in human. Methods : The regional muscle group was divided into outer, middle, and inner layer. The inner part of body surface were opened widely to demonstrate muscles, nerve, blood vessels and to expose the inner structure of the Pericardium Meridian Muscle in the order of layers. Results We obtained the results as follows; He Perfcardium Meridian Muscle composed of the muscles, nerves and blood vessels. In human anatomy, it is present the difference between terms (that is, nerves or blood vessels which control the muscle of the Pericardium Meridian Muscle and those which pass near by the Pericardium Meridian Muscle). The inner composition of the Pericardium Meridian Muscle in human is as follows ; 1) Muscle P-1 : pectoralis major and minor muscles, intercostalis muscle(m.) P-2 : space between biceps brachialis m. heads. P-3 : tendon of biceps brachialis and brachialis m. P-4 : space between flexor carpi radialis m. and palmaris longus m. tendon(tend.), flexor digitorum superficialis m., flexor digitorum profundus m. P-5 : space between flexor carpi radialis m. tend. and palmaris longus m. tend., flexor digitorum superficialis m., flexor digitorum profundus m. tend. P-6 : space between flexor carpi radialis m. tend. and palmaris longus m. tend., flexor digitorum profundus m. tend., pronator quadratus m. H-7 : palmar carpal ligament, flexor retinaculum, radiad of flexor digitorum superficialis m. tend., ulnad of flexor pollicis longus tend. radiad of flexor digitorum profundus m. tend. H-8 : palmar carpal ligament, space between flexor digitorum superficialis m. tends., adductor follicis n., palmar interosseous m. H-9 : radiad of extensor tend. insertion. 2) Blood vessel P-1 : lateral cutaneous branch of 4th. intercostal artery, pectoral br. of Ihoracoacrornial art., 4th. intercostal artery(art) P-3 : intermediate basilic vein(v.), brachial art. P4 : intermediate antebrachial v., anterior interosseous art. P-5 : intermediate antebrarhial v., anterior interosseous art. P-6 : intermediate antebrachial v., anterior interosseous art. P-7 : intermediate antebrachial v., palmar carpal br. of radial art., anterior interosseous art. P-8 : superficial palmar arterial arch, palmar metacarpal art. P-9 : dorsal br. of palmar digital art. 3) Nerve P-1 : lateral cutaneous branch of 4th. intercostal nerve, medial pectoral nerve, 4th. intercostal nerve(n.) P-2 : lateral antebrachial cutaneous n. P-3 : medial antebrachial cutaneous n., median n. musrulocutaneous n. P-4 : medial antebrachial cutaneous n., anterior interosseous n. median n. P-5 : median n., anterior interosseous n. P-6 : median n., anterior interosseous n. P-7 : palmar br. of median n., median n., anterior interosseous n. P-8 : palmar br. of median n., palmar digital br. of median n., br. of median n., deep br. of ulnar n. P-9 : dorsal br. of palmar digital branch of median n. Conclusions : This study shows some differences from already established study on meridian Muscle.

• 자원환경지질
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• 제54권5호
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• pp.573-580
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• 2021

본 연구는 산업연관표를 이용하여 골재 및 석재부문의 유발효과를 분석하였다. 먼저 골재 및 석재부문의 부가가치에 관해 정리하였으며, 이어 중간투입구조와 유발효과를 분석하였다. 부가가치구조 측면에서 골재 및 석재는 제조업에 비해 높은 피용자보수율을 보였으며, 영업잉여에 대해서도 그 외 광업에 비해 높은 비율을 보였다. 중간투입구조는 골재 및 석재 생산품을 중간투입물로 이용하는 부문과 그 투입비율을 정리하였는데, 골재 및 석재의 배분구조와 산업부문에서 골재 및 석재를 투입하는 구조를 정리하였으며, 레미콘, 콘크리트 제품 등 주요 수요자의 중간요소 투입구조 중 비중을 확인하였다. 아울러 골재 및 석재의 최대 수요자인 레미콘의 주요 투입부문에 대해서도 정리하였다. 골재 및 석재의 생산유발효과는 2015년 기준으로 0.774의 값을 보인 감응도계수에 비해 0.984의 값을 보인 영향력계수가 전체 산업에서 높은 순위를 보여 상대적으로 후방연쇄효과를 크게 갖는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 산업연관표를 재구성하여 생산유발 효과를 검토하였는데, 한국은행의 기본부문분류에 따른 도출결과와 유사하게 영향력계수 측면에서 상대적 우위를 보이는 것으로 나타났다.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제6권2호
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• pp.120-127
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• 1996

The characteristics of cell growth and poly-$\beta$-hydroxybutyrate biosynthesis of Alcaligenes latus ATCC 29713 were investigated. The PHB accumulation pattern of A. latus followed a growth-associated type where the cell growth and PHB accumulation were carried out simultaneously. Various intermediate compounds such as metabolites involved in the TCA cycle, amino acids, and saturated and unsaturated fatty acids were added to examine their effect on cell growth and PHB accumulation. Citrate, tyrosine, and palmitic acid showed the most significant increase both on cell growth and PHB accumulation. Maximum PHB concentrations were noticeably increased about 1.4 to 1.6 times higher than that of control, corresponding to 5.54, 6.45, and 6.45 g/l for citrate, tyrosine, and palmitic acid, respectively. The stimulatory effects of the supplemented metabolites were analyzed in terms of the increment of enzyme activities related to sugar catabolism and PHB biosynthesis.

• Journal of Communications and Networks
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• 제6권4호
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• pp.376-386
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• 2004

In ad hoc networks, loss-based congestion window progression by the traditional means of duplicate ACKs and timeouts causes high network buffer utilization due to large bursts of data, thereby degrading network bandwidth utilization. Moreover, network-oriented feedbacks to handle route disconnection events may impair packet forwarding capability by adding to MAC layer congestion and also dissipate considerable network resources at reluctant intermediate nodes. Here, we propose a new TCP scheme that does not require the participation of intermediate nodes. It is a purely end-to-end scheme using TCP timestamps to deduce link conditions. It also eliminates spurious reductions of the transmission window in cases of timeouts and fast retransmits. The scheme incorporates a receiver-oriented rate controller (rater), and a congestion window delimiter for the 802.11 MAC protocol. In addition, the transient nature of medium availability due to medium contention during the connection time is addressed by a freezing timer (freezer) at the receiver, which freezes the sender whenever heavy contention is perceived. Finally, the sender-end is modified to comply with the receiver-end enhancements, as an optional deployment. Simulation studies show that our modification of TCP for ad hoc networks offers outstanding performance in terms of goodput, as well as throughput.

• 제어로봇시스템학회논문지
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• 제8권9호
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• pp.719-727
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• 2002

We proposed a decoupled adaptive fuzzy sliding-mode control scheme for a class of fourth-order nonlinear systems. The system is decoupled into two second-order systems such that each subsystem has a separate control target expressed in terms of sliding surface. For these sliding surfaces, we define main and sub target conditions. and, we made intermediate variables which are interconnected both surface conditions from the sub target sliding surface. Then, Two sets of fuzzy rule bases are utilized to represent the equivalent control input with unknown system functions of the main target sliding surface including intermediate variables. The membership functions of the THEN-part, which is used to construct a suitable equivalent control of sliding-mode control, are changed according to the adaptive law. With such a design scheme, we not only maintain the distribution of membership functions over state space but also reduce the computing time considerably. We apply the decoupled adaptive sliding-mode control to a nonlinear Cart-Pole system and confirms the validity of the proposed approach.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.727-746
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• 2018

The hash function RIPEMD-160 is a worldwide ISO/IEC standard and the hash function HAS-160 is the Korean hash standard and is widely used in Korea. On the basis of differential meet-in-the-middle attack and biclique technique, a preimage attack on 34-step RIPEMD-160 with message padding and a pseudo-preimage attack on 71-step HAS-160 without message padding are proposed. The former is the first preimage attack from the first step, the latter increases the best pseudo-preimage attack from the first step by 5 steps. Furthermore, we locate the linear spaces in another message words and exchange the bicliques construction process and the mask vector search process. A preimage attack on 35-step RIPEMD-160 and a preimage attack on 71-step HAS-160 are presented. Both of the attacks are from the intermediate step and satisfy the message padding. They improve the best preimage attacks from the intermediate step on step-reduced RIPEMD-160 and HAS-160 by 4 and 3 steps respectively. As far as we know, they are the best preimage and pseudo-preimage attacks on step-reduced RIPEMD-160 and HAS-160 respectively in terms of number of steps.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• 제18권6호
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• pp.1331-1351
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• 2015

Cold-formed built-up members are compression members that are common in multiple areas of steel construction, which include cold-formed steel joints and stud walls. These members are vulnerable to unique buckling behaviors; however, limited experimental research has been done in this area. Give this gap, experimental testing of 71 built-up members was conducted in this study. The variations of the test specimens include multiple lengths, intermediate welds, orientations, and thicknesses. The experimental testing was devised to observe the different buckling modes of the built-up C-channels and the effects of the geometrical properties; to check for applicability of multiple intermediate welding patterns; and to evaluate both the 2001 and 2007 editions of the American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI) Specification for built-up members in pure compression. The AISI-2001 and AISI-2007 were found to give inconsistent results that at times were un-conservative or overly conservative in terms of axial strength. It was also found that orientation of the member has an important impact on the maximum failure load on the member.