• Journal of Sensor Science and Technology
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.240-245
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• 2019

Phase interpolation is widely adopted in frequency synthesizers and clock-and-data recovery systems to produce an intermediate phase from two existing phases. The intermediate phase is typically generated by combining two input phases with different weights. Unfortunately, this results in non-uniform phase steps. Alternatively, the intermediate phase can be generated by successive approximation, where the interpolated phase at each approximation stage is obtained using the same weight for the two intermediate phases. As a proof of concept, this study presents a 2-GHz 8-bit successive approximation digital-to-phase converter that is designed using 65-nm CMOS technology. The converter receives an 8-phase clock signal as input, and the most significant bit (MSB) section selects four phases to create two sinusoidal waveforms using a harmonic rejection filter. The remaining least significant bit (LSB) section applies the successive approximation to generate the required intermediate phase. Monte-Carlo simulations show that the proposed converter exhibits 0.46-LSB integral nonlinearity and 0.31-LSB differential nonlinearity with a power consumption of 3.12 mW from a 1.2-V supply voltage.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.31 no.10
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• pp.2877-2883
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• 2010

The folding kinetics of $WT^*$ ubiquitin variant with valine to alanine mutation at sequence position 26 (HubWA) was studied by stopped-flow fluorescence spectroscopy. While unfolding kinetics showed a single exponential phase, refolding reaction showed three exponential phases. The semi-logarithmic plot of urea concentration vs. rate constant for the first phase showed v-shape pattern while the second phase showed v-shape with roll-over effect at low urea concentration. The rate constant and the amplitude of the third phase were constant throughout the urea concentrations, suggesting that this phase represents parallel process due to the configurational isomerization. Interestingly, the first and second phases appeared to be coupled since the amplitude of the second phase increased at the expense of the amplitude of the first phase in increasing urea concentrations. This observation together with the roll-over effect in the second folding phase indicates the presence of intermediate state during the folding reaction of HubWA. Quantitative analysis of Hub-WA folding kinetics indicated that this intermediate state is on the folding pathway. Folding kinetics measurement of a mutant HubWA with hydrophobic core residue mutation, Val to Ala at residue position 17, suggested that the intermediate state has significant amount of native interactions, supporting the interpretation that the intermediate is on the folding pathway. It is considered that HubWA is a useful model protein to study the contribution of residues to protein folding process using folding kinetics measurements in conjunction with protein engineering.

• Korean Journal of Applied Biomechanics
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.19-26
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• 2014

This study investigated foot pressure patterns between experienced skiers and intermediate skiers during alpine skiing. Five experienced skiers and five intermediate skiers participated in this study. Foot pressure measurement system was used to measure vertical ground reaction force (vGRF) and contact area under the six plantar regions. Each participant was asked to perform basic parallel turns and carved turns on a $18^{\circ}$ groomed slope. Each right turn was divided into the initiation phase, the steering phase 1 and 2. For the initiation phase of the basic parallel turns, significantly greater contact area was found on the LRF and RRF of the intermediate skiers (p<.05) and significantly greater vGRF was found on the LRF of the intermediate skiers (p<.05). Also significantly greater vGRF and contact area were found on the LRF and RRF of the intermediate skiers at the steering phase 1 (p<.05) and on the LRF of the intermediate skiers at the steering phase 2 (p<.05). For the carved turns, significantly greater vGRF and contact area were found on the LRF and RRF of the intermediate skiers at all three phase (p<.05). On the other hand, significantly greater vGRF was found on the RFF of the experienced skiers at the steering phase 1 (p<.05). Also significantly greater vGRF and contact area were found on the RMF of the experienced skiers at the steering phase 2 (p<.05). In order to increase performance, we suggest that the intermediate skiers should be unweighted at the initiation phase and shift the body weight to the forefoot of the outer foot at the steering phase 1. Also, the outer ski should be loaded more than the both skis at the steering phase 1 and 2.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.95-116
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• 2017

Objective: Middle school girls who belonged to the concerned group in their school assessment were treated by sandplay for relieving their emotional and behavioral difficulties. The purpose of this study was to explore the change of the internal world of the girls through sandplay. Methods: Analytical psychology and sandplay theories were used for this exploration, especially Turner's (2005) content themes in sandplay. The participants were four first-grade girls. Pre-test measures, a 12-session sandplay program, and post-test measures were administered. Results: For the first girl, the initial phase was 1-6 (time trip), the intermediate phase was 7-9 (seeking for an inner island), and the final phase was 10-12 (seeking for a real stone). For the second girl, the initial phase was 1-5 (my heart was like cold weather), the intermediate phase was 6-10 (fallen, sick, and risen), and the final phase was 11-12 (trophy given to me). For the third girl, the initial phase was 1-5 (seeking for oasis), the intermediate phase was 6-10 (difficult trip for climbing with camel), and the final phase was 11-12 (discovering oasis). For the fourth girl, the initial phase was 1-3 (an island drowning shortly ), the intermediate phase was 4-10 (my unknowable mind), and the final phase was 11-12 (a tree growing well). Conclusion: This study showed psychological phenomena in the sandplay of four girls such as opposites and the union of masculinity and femininity as they explored their own identity. Drawing tests and counselling objects indicated positive changes; thus, these findings support the effectiveness of sandplay therapy for transforming the psyche of middle school girls.

• Advances in nano research
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.93-103
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• 2013

An ultrasonic-mediated assisted stepwise method has been developed for depositing transparent ZnO films from aqueous solution. Rinsing in low ethylene glycol temperature was easy to produce intermediate phase of $Zn(OH)_2$, rinsing in $120^{\circ}C$ ethylene glycol was observed the diffraction peak of intermediate $Zn(OH)_2$ in early report, the rinsing temperature plays an important role in the process of $Zn(OH)_2$ phase transformed to ZnO, high rinsing temperature actually improved the intermediate phase. However, the effect of rinsing on the intermediate phase is yet to be understood clearly. The effect of different rinsing procedures, involving either of or a combination of successive ionic layer adsorption and reaction (SILAR) and ultrasonic-assisted rinsing, prior to hydrolysis in ethylene glycol was found to improve the occurrence $Zn(OH)_2$ in ZnO thin films. In the zinc complex ($[Zn(NH_3)_4]^{2+}$) solution, excess ($[Zn(NH_3)_4]^{2+}$) absorbed in glass substrate transformed incompletely to ZnO and exist as $Zn(OH)_2$ phase in thin films. In films deposited at low temperature, rinsing procedure is applied to improve excess $Zn(OH)_2$ and obtain smoother transparent thin films.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.14-24
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• 1986

The interrelation of secondary defects, intermediate S' phase and aging condition in Al-2.0 wt% Cu-1.1 wt% Mg alloy is studied by transmission electron microscope. The results obtained in this study are as follows. 1. High density of dislocation loops, helices and stacking faults are observed in this specimen with aging treatment. 2. The number of dislocation loops and the width of loop free zone (LFZ) are increased with aging time. 3. The intermediate S' phase precipitates and grows on the dislocations and secondary defects. 4. The misfit dislocations are formed around intermediate S' phase. 5. It is thought that the helices appear to be produced by the climb of screw dislocations, while the dislocation loops appear to be formed both by condensation of vacancies into collapsed discs and by interaction of helices with screw of opposite sign.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers Conference
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• 2006.11a
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• pp.390-391
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• 2006

A high Tc superconducting with a nominal composition of $Bi_2Sr_2Ca_2Cu_3O_y$ was prepared by the citarte method. The solid precursor produced by the dehydration of the gel at $120^{\circ}C$ for 12h is not in the amorphous state as expected but in a crystalline state X-ray diffraction peaks of nearly the same angular position as the peaks of high Tc phase were observed in the precursor. After pyrolysis at $400^{\circ}C$ and calcination at $840^{\circ}C$ for 4h, the (001)peak of the high Tc phase was cleary observed. Experimental results suggest that the intermediate phase formed before the formation of the superconducting phase may be the most important factor in determining whether it is easy to form the high Tc phase or not, because the nucleation bafflers of the two superconducting phase may be altered by the variation of the crystal structures of those Intermediate phase.

• Proceedings of the KIEE Conference
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• 2005.11a
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• pp.77-78
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• 2005

A high Tc superconducting with a nominal composition of $Bi_{2}Sr_{2}Ca_{2}Cu_{3}O_{Y}$ was prepared by the citarte method. The solid precursor produced by the dehydration of the gel at $120^{\circ}C$ for 12h is not in the amorphous state as expected but in a crystalline state. X-ray diffraction peaks of nearly the same angular position as the peaks of high Tc phase were observed in the precursor. After pyrolysis at $400^{\circ}C$ and calcination at $840^{\circ}C$ for 4h, the (001)peak of the high Tc phase was cleary observed. Experimental results suggest that the intermediate phase formed before the formation of the superconducting phase may be the most important factro in determining whether it is easy to form the high Tc phase or not, because the nucleation barriers of the two superconducting phase may be altered by the variation of the crystal structures of those intermediate phase.

• Proceedings of the KIEE Conference
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• 2006.07c
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• pp.1335-1336
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• 2006

A high Tc superconducting with a nominal composition of YBCO wasprpared by the citarte method. The solid precursor produced by the dehydration of the gel at $120^{\circ}C$ for 12h is not in the amorphous state as expected but in a crystalline state. X-ray diffraction peaks of nearly the same angular position as the peaks of high Tc phase were observed in the precursor. After pyrolysis at $400^{\circ}C$ and calcination at $840^{\circ}C$ for 4h, the (001)peak of the high Tc phase was cleary observed. Experimental results suggest that the intermediate phase formed before the formation of the superconducting phase may be the most important factro in determining whether it is easy to form the high Tc phase or not, because the nucleation barriers of the two superconducting phase may be altered by the variation of the crystal structures of those intermediate phase.

• Proceedings of the KIEE Conference
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• 2005.07c
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• pp.1962-1963
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• 2005

A high Tc superconducting with a nominal composition of $Bi_2Sr_2Ca_2Cu_3O_Y$ was Prepared by the citarte method. The solid Precursor produced by the dehydration of the gel at $120^{\circ}C$ for 12h is not in the amorphous state as expected but in a crystalline state. X-ray diffraction peaks of nearly the same angular position as the peaks of high Tc phase were observed in the precursor. After pyrolysis at $400^{\circ}C$ and calcination at $840^{\circ}C$ for 4h, the (001)peak of the high Tc phase was cleary observed. Experimental results suggest that the intermediate phase formed before the formation of the superconducting phase may be the most important factro in determining whether it is easy to form the high Tc phase or not, because the nucleation barriers of the two superconducting phase may be altered by the variation of the crystal structures of those intermediate phase.