• Journal of Hospice and Palliative Care
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.14-19
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• 2009

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to provide basic data to assess spiritual health of HIV/AIDS patients and devise spiritual nursing mediation plans in practical nursing work by examining the levels of spiritual wellbeing (SWB) and spiritual needs of HIV/AIDS patients'. Methods: A correlation survey study was conducted on HIV/AIDS patients age ranging from 20 to 70 years to investigate the relationship between their SWB and spiritual needs. Results: 1. Average scores of HIV/AIDS patients' related to SWB were found to be higher than the intermediate level: 54.59 in SWB; more specifically, 27.78 in existential well-being and 26.80 in religious well-being. 2. Average score of for HIV/AIDS patients' spiritual needs was 108.67: More specifically, 37.80 in the needs of love and interest, 42.35 in the needs of seeking meanings and purposes, and 28.51 in the needs of wanting to be forgiven. 3. Concerning the correlation between SWB and spiritual needs, the total SWB and total spiritual needs of HIV/AIDS patients' showed a weak positive correlation (r=0.344, P=0.013). Conclusion: The result of the study showed that SWB and spiritual needs of HIV/AIDS patients' are higher than the average scores, and these two parameters have a weak positive correlation, indicating that HIV/AIDS patients have strong spiritual needs of seeking meanings and purposes. Therefore, more studies on the spiritual nursing mediation plans are needed in order to raise their spiritual well-being levels and meet their spiritual needs through precise assessment.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.28 no.8
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• pp.1140-1149
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• 2015

This research aimed to define the energy requirement of Dorper and Hu Hybrid $F_1$ ewes 20 to 50 kg of body weight, furthermore to study energy requirement changes with age and evaluate the effect of age on energy requirement parameters. In comparative slaughter trial, thirty animals were divided into three dry matter intake treatments (ad libitum, n = 18; low restricted, n = 6; high restricted, n = 6), and were all slaughtered as baseline, intermediate, and final slaughter groups, to calculate body chemical components and energy retained. In digestibility trial, twelve ewes were housed in individual metabolic cages and randomly assigned to three feeding treatments in accordance with the design of a comparative slaughter trial, to evaluate dietary energetic values at different feed intake levels. The combined data indicated that, with increasing age, the net energy requirement for maintenance ($NE_m$) decreased from $260.62{\pm}13.21$ to $250.61{\pm}11.79kJ/kg^{0.75}$ of shrunk body weight (SBW)/d, and metabolizable energy requirement for maintenance (MEm) decreased from $401.99{\pm}20.31$ to $371.23{\pm}17.47kJ/kg^{0.75}$ of SBW/d. Partial efficiency of ME utilization for maintenance ($k_m$, 0.65 vs 0.68) and growth ($k_g$, 0.42 vs 0.41) did not differ (p>0.05) due to age; At the similar condition of average daily gain, net energy requirements for growth ($NE_g$) and metabolizable energy requirements for growth ($ME_g$) for ewes during late fattening period were 23% and 25% greater than corresponding values of ewes during early fattening period. In conclusion, the effect of age upon energy requirement parameters in the present study were similar in tendency with previous recommendations, values of energy requirement for growth ($NE_g$ and $ME_g$) for Dorper and Hu crossbred female lambs ranged between the NRC (2007) recommendation for early and later maturating growing sheep.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.315-324
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• 2016

Human cardiac fibroblasts (HCFs) have various voltage-dependent $K^+$ channels (VDKCs) that can induce apoptosis. Hydrogen peroxide ($H_2O_2$) modulates VDKCs and induces oxidative stress, which is the main contributor to cardiac injury and cardiac remodeling. We investigated whether $H_2O_2$ could modulate VDKCs in HCFs and induce cell injury through this process. In whole-cell mode patch-clamp recordings, application of $H_2O_2$ stimulated $Ca^{2+}-activated$ $K^+$ ($K_{Ca}$) currents but not delayed rectifier $K^+$ or transient outward $K^+$ currents, all of which are VDKCs. $H_2O_2-stimulated$ $K_{Ca}$ currents were blocked by iberiotoxin (IbTX, a large conductance $K_{Ca}$ blocker). The $H_2O_2-stimulating$ effect on large-conductance $K_{Ca}$ ($BK_{Ca}$) currents was also blocked by KT5823 (a protein kinase G inhibitor) and 1 H-[1, 2, 4] oxadiazolo-[4, 3-a] quinoxalin-1-one (ODQ, a soluble guanylate cyclase inhibitor). In addition, 8-bromo-cyclic guanosine 3', 5'-monophosphate (8-Br-cGMP) stimulated $BK_{Ca}$ currents. In contrast, KT5720 and H-89 (protein kinase A inhibitors) did not block the $H_2O_2-stimulating$ effect on $BK_{Ca}$ currents. Using RT-PCR and western blot analysis, three subtypes of $K_{Ca}$ channels were detected in HCFs: $BK_{Ca}$ channels, small-conductance $K_{Ca}$ ($SK_{Ca}$) channels, and intermediate-conductance $K_{Ca}$ ($IK_{Ca}$) channels. In the annexin V/propidium iodide assay, apoptotic changes in HCFs increased in response to $H_2O_2$, but IbTX decreased $H_2O_2$-induced apoptosis. These data suggest that among the VDKCs of HCFs, $H_2O_2$ only enhances $BK_{Ca}$ currents through the protein kinase G pathway but not the protein kinase A pathway, and is involved in cell injury through $BK_{Ca}$ channels.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.194-199
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• 2012

Liver and pulmonary artery tissue from 5 Angus cross bred steers, 6 goats, and 6 pigs were collected at a commercial abattoir to examine the relationship of pulmonary artery copper (Cu) concentrations and genes involved in copper homeostasis. Liver and pulmonary artery samples were collected at the time of harvest and snap frozen. Liver and pulmonary artery Cu concentrations were determined via flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry and gene expression was determined via real time PCR. Liver Cu concentrations (mg Cu/kg DM${\pm}$SE) were higher (p<0.01) in cows ($396.4{\pm}109.1$) and goats ($181.4{\pm}37.0$) than in pigs ($19.2{\pm}3.5$). All liver Cu concentrations were within normal ranges and considered adequate for each species. Liver Cu concentration was more variable in cows and goats compared to pig liver Cu concentrations. Pulmonary artery ${\beta}$-hydroxylproline was higher (p<0.01) in cow and pig than goat. Real Time PCR revealed that goat liver atp7a was positively correlated ($r^2$ = 0.92; p<0.01) to liver Cu concentrations while cow and pig atp7a was not correlated to liver Cu concentration. In the pig, liver atp7a concentration was positively correlated to atp7b ($r^2$ = 0.66; p<0.05). Pulmonary artery Cu concentration was highest in cows ($14.9{\pm}4.7$), intermediate in pigs ($8.9{\pm}3.3$), and lowest in goats ($3.9{\pm}1.1$). Goat pulmonary artery Cu concentration was not correlated to ctr1 concentration, however, atp7a concentration was positively correlated with ctr1 ($r^2$ = 0.90; p<0.01). In cow pulmonary artery, loxl1 concentration was positively correlated to eln mRNA concentration ($r^2$ = 0.91; p<0.02). Pulmonary artery CTR1 protein concentration was positively correlated to pulmonary artery Cu ($r^2$ = 0.85; p = 0.03) concentration while negatively correlated to liver Cu ($r^2$ = -0.79; p<0.04). Pulmonary artery Cu concentration was not correlated to concentration of Cu homeostatic genes in the pig. These data indicate that genes involved in Cu homeostasis (ctr1, atp7A, atp7B, loxl1 and eln) are differently regulated in different species.

• Architectural research
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.1-7
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• 2006

Various housing measures are needed for the rapidly aging society of Korea. In particular, the welfare policy for the elderly has changed towards the community care. Taking this fact into consideration, it is necessary to have the establishment of a system that offers the elderly appropriate welfare services at their appropriate residence (ageing in place) for the effectiveness of the community care. In this aspect, there are a number of implications to Korea to study merits and demerits of the Health Facilities for the Aged (HFA) in Japan. The society of Japan has been rapidly aging since 1970, and Korea is to face the same situation. As for the data of this study, a total of 2,393 facilities (as of November 1999) mentioned in the annual report of the Japanese Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare were classified based on types of their establishment: (1) free-standing structures (603 facilities); (2) annexes to hospitals (981 facilities); (3) annexes to welfare facilities (511 facilities); and (4) annexes to clinics (298 facilities). Next, 239 facilities were selected through taking a sample of 10 percent from each type of the HFA mentioned above. This was done through the random sampling method with the computer program of MS EXCEL. The Implications of the results of analyses are as follows. First, most of the health facilities were planned with the scale that was larger than the scale of standard special nursing homes in terms of the total floor area. Precise equations that were to obtain precise results of the scale of the HFA and the appropriate number of residents were obtained through the method of the regression analysis. Korea and Japan have similarities in terms of culture, society and family relations; however, the two countries also have differences in terms of the application of laws on the establishment of houses, hospitals, and welfare facilities. As for planning the scale of the HFA, the realities of Korea should be considered. Second, as for the functional aspect of the HFA with a condition of returning home, the place before and after the HFA showed the pattern of 'from a residential place to a residential place' and 'from a hospital to a hospital.' This reveals a close correlation with the types of the HFAs and operational ways of the facilities. Its cause is considered to be the aspect of the operation and management of the HFA rather than the aspect of its function of providing services in association with medical and health facilities. Therefore, when intermediate welfare facilities are considered in Korea, it is strongly advised to consider the problem of annexes to other facilities and efficiency of sharing of the facilities in terms of its operation and management.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences
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• v.36 no.6A
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• pp.609-616
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• 2011

The Delay/Disruption Tolerant Network (DTN) is a network designed to operate effectively using the mobility and storage of intermediate nodes under no end-to-end guaranteed network. This new network paradigm is well-suited for networks which have unstable path and long latencies (e.g. interplanetary network, vehicular network). In this paper, we first found that each taxi has its own regularly visiting area and define this property as spatial regularity. We analyze 4000 taxi trace data in Shanghai and show the existence of spatial regularity experimentally. Based on a spatial regularity in urban environment, we present a new DTN routing method. We introduce a Weighted Center (WC) which represents spatial regularity of each node. Through the association with evenly distributed access points (APs) in urban environment, most of vehicles get their grid locations and calculate their WCs. Since our routing method only uses neighbors' WCs for building routing paths, it can be regarded as distributed and practical protocols. Our experiments involving realistic network scenarios created by the traces of about 1500 Shanghai taxies show that our routing method achieves the higher performance compared to ECT, LET by 10%~110%.

• The Transactions of the Korea Information Processing Society
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• v.5 no.6
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• pp.1610-1619
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• 1998

The ABR service class provides feedback based traffic control to transport bursty data traffic efficiently. Feedback based congestion control has first been studied to be applied to unicast connections. Recently. several congestion control algorithms for multicast connections have also been proposed as the number of ABR applications requiring multicast increases. With feedback based congestion control, the effectiveness of a traffic control scheme diminishes as propagation delay increases. Especially for a multicast connection, a remote destination may suffer unfair service compared to a local destination due to the delayed feedback. Amelioration of the disadvantages caused by feedback delay is therefore more important for remote destinations in multicast connections. This paper proposes a new switch behavior to provide effective feedback based mathc control for rentoh destinations. The proposed switches adjust the service rate dynamically in accordance woth the state of the downstream, that is, the congestion of the destinaion is immediately controlled by the nearest apstream switch before the source to ramp down the transmission rate of the connection. The proposed switch has an implementation overhead to have a separate buffer for each VC to adjust the service rate in accordance with a backward Rm cell of each VC. The buffer requirement id also increased at intermediate switches. Simulation results show that the proposed switch reduces the cell loss rate in both the local and the remote destinations and slso amelioratd the between the two destinations.

• Polymer(Korea)
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• v.25 no.6
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• pp.855-865
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• 2001

The optimization condition of injection molding for a commercial product of TV speaker grille of A Company was induced using a CAE software of Moldflow. The flow and packing phase analysis was performed by using flow balance, runner balance, and the intermediate one by using the above two balances, which were used for controlling the amount of packing resins into the cavity, Later, the analysis performed by using the measured viscosity (local database) at various shear rates and the results were compared with the computer simulation using the standard database. Flow balance induced minimized weld line resulted in a better appearance and physical properties of the were line, but exhibited a disadvantage of large deformation and gas formation due to over-packing of the molten resin in the center of the speaker grille. Runner balance improved the disadvantage of the flow balance by controlling the amount of molten resin injected from the gate, however resulted reduced mechanical properties and poor appearance of the weld line. However, the modified method induced from the flow and runner balance improved the disadvantages by changing the runner size. In addition, the analyses based on the local database and the standard database were compared. Although the measured viscosity was slightly higher and the temperature distribution was broader than the standard database, no distinct difference was obtained from the analysis using the two different databases.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.117-122
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• 1990

The rate constants for the aquation of $trans-[CoETECl_2]^+ \;and \;cis-{\beta}-[CoTETCl_2]^+$ and the isomerization of $trans-[CoETEClOH_2]^{2+}$ were measured by spectrophotometric method under various temperature and pressure conditions. For the aquations of $trans-[CoETECl_2]^+ \;and\; cis-{\beta}-[CoTETCl_2]^+$, the activation entropies are 4.0 eu and 5.3 eu respectively and the activation volumes are $-5.8 cm^3mol-1\; and\; -6.6 cm^3mol^{-1}$ at 40$^{\circ}C$, respectively. From these data the dissociative mechanism involving trigonal bipyramid-type intermediate is proposed for the acquation reaction. For the isomerization of $trans-[CoETEClOH_2]^{2+}\; to\; cis-{\beta}-[CoETEClOH_2]^{2+}$ the activation entropy is 9.5 eu and the activation volume is $8.4 cm^3mol^{-1}(30^{\circ}C$. The mechanism of isomerization may be considered as the dissociative mechanism with $H_2O$-dissociation.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics and Information Engineers
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• v.51 no.9
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• pp.190-199
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• 2014

In this paper, the vestibular hair bundle feature model and integrated vestibular hair cell model were proposed. In conventional modeling studies of vestibular system, only partial mechanisms were modeled, such as the characteristics of the vestibular hair bundles without external forces or the action potential of synapse, and the study about action potential of vestibular afferent considering the characteristics of the vestibular hair bundle was not performed. The proposed integrated vestibular hair cell model reflects external forces considering negative stiffness features of each hair bundles with different regularities of hair cells and our model was compared with conventional model without external forces. As a result, irregular afferent and intermediate afferent with high ratio of firing frequency variations to the changes of external stimulation had small width of negative stiffness section, but the width of the negative stiffness of regular afferent with low ratio was similar to that of conventional negative stiffness features. And the proposed integrated vestibular hair cell model showed almost same results with conventional data with animal experiments in 11 chosen frequency bands. It is verified that our proposed hair bundle feature model is adequately modeled.