• 대한한방내과학회지
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• 제25권3호
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• pp.427-439
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• 2004

It has been reported that Bopheyangyoungjeon(BYJ) has an effect on deficiency asthma(喘虛) clinically. The aim of this study was to determine an appropriate dosage of BYJ to treat asthma. In order to study the effects of orally administered BYJ on allergic asthma, mice were pretreated with three oral doses of the herbal solution of BYJ before antigen sensitization. 2 days later Mice were actively sensitized with a subcutaneous injection of ovalbumin and 13 day later ovalbumin aerosols were used to provoke asthmatic reaction. Serum level of IgE, IL-4, WBC, RBC, HGB, cell numbers in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid(BALF), and in vitro isometric contractile responses of the isolated tracheal smooth muscle(TSM) to acetylcholine(ACh, 0.1-1000uM), KCl were measured. The results were as follows ; 1. Contractile responses of TSM to ACh significantly increased in C group at Ach 0.3, 1, 3, 10, 30, 100, 300, 1000uM(P<0.05, P<0.01) and increased in D at 0.1, 0.3, 3, 30, 30, 100, 300, 1000uM. 2. The sensitivity of TSM to Ach increased more in A, B group, but it was not significant. 3. The maximal contractile response of TSM to ACh decreased more significantly in C group(P<0.01) and D group(P<0.05) the control group. 4. The maximal contractile response of TSM to KCI decreased more significantly in B group and C group(P<0.001) than in the control group. 5. The counts of lymphocytes in BALF decreased more significantly in B group and D group(P<0.05) than in the control group. 6. The counts of macrophages in BALF decreased more significantly in B group, C(P<0.05) than in the control group. 8. Serum IgE level increased more significantly in B group and C group(P<0.05) than the control group. 9. The counts of WBC, RBC, HGB in blood increased more significantly in A group than the control group. The above results support a role for BYJ orally administered in treatment of deficiency allergic Asthma.

• 생약학회지
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• 제50권1호
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• pp.37-45
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• 2019

Portulaca oleracea L. (PL) has been used in traditional medicine herb for treatment of various diseases, such as diarrhea, dysentery, and skin inflammation. Previous studies have shown that the PL regulates the inflammation by inhibition of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Although PL might have improvement effects of intestinal function and bioactive effects, there are not enough studies to demonstrate. This study investigated the effects of KDC16-2 on the improvement of intestinal function and anti-inflammatory effects in vivo and in vitro. The improvement effect of intestinal function was measured fecal amount, water content and intestinal transit rate in KDC16-2 treated ICR mice. As results, compared with the control group, the KDC16-2 group showed a significant increase in wet fecal weight, dry fecal weight and fecal water content. The intestinal transit rate of KDC16-2 group was significantly increased. Based on the results, KDC16-2 is considered to have effects on improving intestinal function. The effect of anti-inflammatory demonstrated by using dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis mice. The mice were administered 3% DSS along with KDC16-2 (100, 300 mg/kg) for 14 days. DSS-induced colitis mice were significantly ameliorated in KDC16-2 treated group, including body weight loss, colon length shortening, tight junction protein of colon and histological colon injury. The levels of inflammatory mediators (IgG2a, IgA, C-reactive protein and Myeloperoxidase) and pro-inflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-${\alpha}$, Interleukin (IL)-6) which are involved in inflammatory responses were increased in the DSS-treated group as compared to those in the control group, and the levels were significantly decreased in the KDC16-2 groups. In addition, we investigated the impact of KDC16-2 on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammatory responses in J774A.1 cells. KDC16-2 inhibited production of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and reactive oxygen species (ROS). These results suggested that the KDC16-2 could effectively alleviate the dysfunction of intestinal and inflammatory mediators. Thus, these KDC16-2 can be potentially used as health functional food of intestinal.

• 대한한의학방제학회지
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• 제30권2호
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• pp.45-57
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• 2022

Objectives : Yukil-san (YIS, 六一散; Liu yi san) is composed of Talcum and Glycyrrhizae Radix, the name is said to be derived from the proportion of the two herbal components of the formula. The YIS originated from 'Formulas from the discussion illuminating the Yellow Emperor's Basic Question'(黃帝素問宣明論方; Huang di su wen xuan ming lun fang) written by Liu Wan-Su (劉完素). YIS could clear summerheat, resolve dampness, and augment the qi. This formula may be used to treat the common cold, influenza, acute gastroenteritis, cystitis, urethritis and bacillary dysentery. But, there is insufficient of study about the effects of YIS on the anti-inflammatory activities. The present study evaluated the anti-inflammatory effects of YIS on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated RAW 264.7 cells. Methods : Cell viability was assessed by MTT assay and nitric oxide (NO) was evaluated by measuring the nitrite content in culture medium. Pro-inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-1β and IL-6 were quantified by ELISA kit. The expression of proteins related with nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) pathway and inducible NO synthase (iNOS) were assessed by western blot analysis. Results : YIS significantly inhibited the expression of iNOS increased by LPS, and thus significantly inhibited the production of NO. In addition, YIS significantly inhibited pro-inflammatory cytokines. In the regulation of inflammation, NF-κB pathway plays a crucial role. YIS inhibited the expression of p-IκBα and thus inhibited the translocation of NF-κB to the nucleus. Conclusions : These results suggest that YIS ameliorates inflammatory response in LPS-activated RAW 264.7 cells through the inhibition of inflammatory mediators, via suppression of the NF-κB pathway. Therefore, this study provides objective evidence for the anti-inflammatory effect of YIS including the underlying mechanisms.

• Animal Bioscience
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• 제36권6호
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• pp.851-860
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• 2023

Objective: This study aims to evaluate the target genes of gga-miR-20a-5p and the regulated immune responses in the chicken macrophage cell line, HD11, by the exosome-mediated delivery of miR-20a-5p. Methods: Exosomes were purified from the chicken macrophage cell line HD11. Then, mimic gga-miR-20p or negative control miRNA were internalized into HD11 exosomes. HD11 cells were transfected with gga-miR-20a-5p or negative control miRNA containing exosomes. After 44 h of transfection, cells were incubated with or without 5 ㎍/mL poly(I:C) for 4 h. Then, expression of target genes and cytokines was evaluated by quantitative realtime polymerase chain reaction. Results: Using a luciferase reporter assay, we identified that gga-miR-20a-5p directly targeted interferon gamma receptor 2 (IFNGR2), mitogen-activated protein kinase 1 (MAPK1), mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 5 (MAP3K5), and mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 14 (MAP3K14). Moreover, the exosome-mediated delivery of gga-miR-20a-5p successfully repressed the expression of IFNGR2, MAPK1, MAP3K5, and MAP3K14 in HD11 cells. The expressions of interferon-stimulated genes (MX dynamin like GTPase 1 [MX1], eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2A [EIF2A], and oligoadenylate synthase-like [OASL]) and proinflammatory cytokines (interferon-gamma [IFNG], interleukin-1 beta [IL1B], and tumor necrosis factor-alpha [TNFA]) were also downregulated by exosomal miR-20a-5p. In addition, the proliferation of HD11 cells was increased by exosomal miR-20a-5p. Conclusion: The exosome-mediated delivery of gga-miR-20a-5p regulated immune responses by controlling the MAPK and apoptotic signaling pathways. Furthermore, we expected that exosomal miR-20a-5p could maintain immune homeostasis against highly pathogenic avian influenza virus H5N1 infection by regulating the expression of proinflammatory cytokines and cell death.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• 제62권1호
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• pp.53-63
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• 2024

The intracellular parasite Babesia microti is among the most significant species causing human babesiosis and is an emerging threat to human health worldwide. Unravelling the pathogenic molecular mechanisms of babesiosis is crucial in developing new diagnostic and preventive methods. This study assessed how priming with B. microti surface antigen 1 (BHSA 1) and seroreactive antigen 5-1-1 (BHSA 5-1-1) mediate protection against B. microti infection. The results showed that 500 ㎍/ml rBMSA1 and rBMSA5-1-1 partially inhibited the invasion of B. microti in vitro by 42.0±3.0%, and 48.0±2.1%, respectively. Blood smears revealed that peak infection at 7 days post-infection (dpi) was 19.6%, 24.7%, and 46.7% in the rBMSA1, rBmSA5-1-1, compared to the control groups (healthy mice infected with B. microti only), respectively. Routine blood tests showed higher white blood cell, red blood cell counts, and haemoglobin levels in the 2 groups (BMSA1 and BMSA5 5-1-1) than in the infection control group at 0-28 dpi. Moreover, the 2 groups had higher serum interferon-γ, tumor necrosis factor-α and Interleukin-17A levels, and lower IL-10 levels than the infection control group throughout the study. These 2 potential vaccine candidate proteins partially inhibit in vitro and in vivo B. microti infection and enhance host immunological response against B. microti infection.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• 제67권3호
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• pp.333-344
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• 2024

Objective : Markers of neuroinflammation during ischemic stroke are well characterized, but additional markers of neural damage are lacking. The study identified associations of behavioral disorders after stroke with histologic neural damage and molecular biological change. Methods : Eight-week-old, 25 g male mice of the C57BL/6J strain were subjected to middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) to induce ischemic stroke. The control group was a healthy wild type (WT), and the experimental group were designed as a low severity MCAO1 and a high severity MCAO2 based on post-stroke neurological scoring. All groups underwent behavioral tests, realtime polymerase chain reaction, triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining and Hematoxylin and Eosin staining. One-way analysis of variance was used to analyze statistical significance between groups. Results : In TTC staining, MCAO1 showed 29.02% and MCAO2 showed 38.94% infarct volume (p<0.0001). The pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin (IL)-1β was most highly expressed in MCAO2 (WT 0.44 vs. MCAO1 2.69 vs. MCAO2 5.02, p<0.0001). From the distance to target in the Barnes maze test, WT had a distance of 178 cm, MCAO1 had a distance of 276 cm, and MCAO2 had a distance of 1051 (p=0.0015). The latency to target was 13.3 seconds for WT, 27.9 seconds for MCAO1, and 87.9 seconds for MCAO2 (p=0.0007). Prospero homeobox 1 (Prox1) was most highly expressed in MCAO2 (p=0.0004). Doublecortin (Dcx) was most highly expressed in MCAO2 (p<0.0001). Conclusion : The study demonstrated that histological damage to neural cells and changes in brain mRNA expression were associated with behavioral impairment after ischemic stroke. Prox1 and Dcx may be biomarkers of neural damage associated with long-term cognitive decline, and increased expression at the mRNA level was consistent with neural damage and long-term cognitive dysfunction.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제34권3호
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• pp.547-561
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• 2024

In this study, we aim to investigate the precise alterations in the gut microbiota during the onset and advancement of diabetic nephropathy (DN) and examine the impact of Ruminococcus gnavus (R. gnavus) on DN. Eight-week-old male KK-Ay mice were administered antibiotic cocktails for a duration of two weeks, followed by oral administration of R. gnavus for an additional eight weeks. Our study revealed significant changes in the gut microbiota during both the initiation and progression of DN. Specifically, we observed a notable increase in the abundance of Clostridia at the class level, higher levels of Lachnospirales and Oscillospirales at the order level, and a marked decrease in Clostridia_UCG-014 in DN group. Additionally, there was a significant increase in the abundance of Lachnospiraceae, Oscillospiraceae, and Ruminococcaceae at the family level. Moreover, oral administration of R. gnavus effectively aggravated kidney pathology in DN mice, accompanied by elevated levels of urea nitrogen (UN), creatinine (Cr), and urine protein. Furthermore, R. gnavus administration resulted in down-regulation of tight junction proteins such as Claudin-1, Occludin, and ZO-1, as well as increased levels of uremic toxins in urine and serum samples. Additionally, our study demonstrated that orally administered R. gnavus up-regulated the expression of inflammatory factors, including nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor pyrin domain-containing protein 3 (NLRP3) and Interleukin (IL)-6. These changes indicated the involvement of the gut-kidney axis in DN, and R. gnavus may worsen diabetic nephropathy by affecting uremic toxin levels and promoting inflammation in DN.

• 생약학회지
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• 제43권4호
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• pp.328-337
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• 2012

In order to investigate anti-inflammatory, anti-allergic and anti-obesity activities of Samchulkunbi-tang (SCT; Shen zhu jian pi-tang) water and 70% ethanol (EtOH) extracts, in vitro inhibitory activities against nitric oxide (NO), prostaglandin $E_2$ $PGE_2$), interleukin (IL)-6 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-${\alpha}$ production in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells, and macrophage-derived chemokine (MDC/CCL22) and regulated on activation of normal T-cell-expressed and -secreted (RANTES/CCL5) production in TNF-${\alpha}$/interferon-${\gamma}$-stimulated HaCaT and BEAS-2B cells as well as glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GPDH) activity and leptin production in 3T3-L1 cells were determined. A HPLC was used for quantification of the seven marker components (albiflorin, paeoniflorin, liquiritin, naringin, hesperidin, poncirin and glycyrrhizin) of SCT water and 70% EtOH extracts. SCT showed inhibitory effects against MDC and RANTES production in HaCaT cells, as well as RANTES production in BEAS-2B cells. In addition, SCT reduced not only NO, $PGE_2$, IL-6 and TNF-${\alpha}$ production in RAW 264.7 cells, but also GPDH activity and leptin production in 3T3-L1 cells. Furthermore, the biological activities and the contents of six compounds (except paeoniflorin) were higher in 70% EtOH extract than water extract. These results suggest that SCT has anti-inflammatory, anti-allergic and anti-obesity activities. These efficacies of 70% EtOH extract are relatively higher than that of water extract.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• 제45권2호
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• pp.280-289
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• 1998

연구배경: 결핵성 흉막염과 악성 흉수는 임상증상, 징후와 흉수내 백혈구 세포조성, 생화학적 검사로 감별하기 어렵고 미생물학적 검사와 세포진 또는 조직검사에 의해서도 확실히 진단하기 어렵다. 이런 문제 때문에 최근들어 결핵성 흉막염을 interleukin-2 (IL-2), interferon-$\gamma$(IFN-$\gamma$), tumor necrosis factor-$\alpha$(TNF-$\alpha$) 같은 면역 매개물질들을 이용하여 진단하려는 시도들이 있어 왔다. 결핵균에 대한 면역반응으로 주로 $Th_1$ 세포에 의해 분비되는 IFN-$\gamma$는 결핵성 흉막염에서 제 1형 반응이 거의 일어나지 않는 악성 흉수 보다 휠씬 높게 측정되므로 흉수내 IFN-$\gamma$ 수치의 차를 이용하여 두 질환을 감별할 수 있다. 이에 저자들은 흉수 IFN-$\gamma$의 진단적 가치를 ADA, CEA와 비교하여 보고 한국인에서의 민감도와 특이도를 알아보았다. 방 법: 결핵성 흉막염 40예, 악성 흉수 42예를 대상으로 흉수의 세포 조성, 생화학 검사와 IFN-$\gamma$, ADA, CEA 수치를 측정하였다. 결 과: 흉수내 IFN-$\gamma$와 ADA는 결핵성 흉막염에서 악성 흉수 보다 유의하게 높았고, CEA는 악성 흉수에서 결핵성 흉막염보다 유의하게 높았다. 결핵성 흉막염에서 IFN-$\gamma$는 민감도 0.97, 특이도 1.0을 나타내었고 ADA는 만감도 0.87, 특이도 0.97을 나타내었다. 악성 흉수에서 CEA는 민감도 0.67, 특이도 1.0을 나타내었다. ADA 활성도와 IFN-$\gamma$ 수치 사이에는 유의한 상관관계가 없었다. 결 론: IFN-$\gamma$는 결핵성 흉막염과 악성 흉수 감별에 매우 예민하고 특이적인 양상을 보이기 때문에 경제적인 검사는 아니나 결핵성 흉막염의 진단에 유용한 검사방법으로 사용될 수 있을 것으로 사료되었다.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제40권1호
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• pp.20-28
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• 2011

면역활성을 증진시키기 위하여 수삼추출물(GE, $65^{\circ}$Bx)이 첨가된 액체배지(mushroom complete medium, MCM)에서 상황(Phellinus linteus, PL) 균사체를 배양하여 배양액과 균사체가 모두 포함된 심부배양물을 조제하고 조다당획분(CP)으로 분획하였다. MCM 부피에 대하여 GE가 15% 첨가된 혼합 액체배지에서 배양된 수삼추출물-상황 심부배양물로부터 분획된 PL-GE-15-CP는 $100{\mu}g$/mL의 시료농도에서 GE-5와 10%가 첨가된 PL-GE-5와 10-CP 및 GE가 첨가되지 않은 일반-상황 심부배양물의 PL-CP보다 유의적으로 높은 마크로파지(saline 대조군의 1.45배) 및 Peyer's patch를 경유한 장관면역 활성(1.46배)을 확인할 수 있었다. 활성획분인 PL-GE-15-CP는 DEAE-Sepharose CL-6B를 이용한 분획을 통하여 PL-GE-15-CP의 다른 획분 또는 시료대조군인 PL-CP로부터 분획된 모든 획분보다 유의적으로 높은 마크로파지 활성, IL-12 생산능 및 장관면역 활성(각각 1.54, 3.96과 1.56배)을 갖는 다당획분인 PL-GE-15-CP-II를 분리할 수 있었다. 또한, PL-GE-15-CP-II는 동일 NaCl 농도에서 분획된 시료대조군인 PL-CP-II보다 시료농도 $200{\mu}g$/mouse에서 colon 26-M3.1 carcinoma cell에 대하여 유의적으로 높은 암전이 억제활성도 보여주었다(대조군의 57.3% 억제활성). 한편, 활성 다당획분인 PL-GE-15-CP-II는 주로 중성당(82.45%)과 산성당(12.99%)으로 구성되어 있었으며 구성당 분석결과에서 산성당과 함께 Ara, Man, Gal과 Glc의 중성당으로 구성되어져 있음을 확인할수 있었다(molar ratio; 0.52:0.97:0.63:1.00:0.54). 결론적으로 GE가 첨가된 상황 심부배양물은 일반배지에서의 상황 심부배양물보다 면역활성이 높아 GE가 균사체 활성의 증진에 영향을 주고 있는 것으로 생각되며, 특히 활성성분으로 다당류가 중요하게 관여하고 있는 것으로 사료된다.