• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.280-288
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• 2020

RNA interference (RNAi) has attracted attention as a promising approach to control plant viruses in their insect vectors. In the present study, to suppress replication of the rice stripe virus (RSV) in its vector, Laodelphax striatellus, using RNAi, dsRNAs against L. striatellus genes that are strongly upregulated upon RSV infection were delivered through a rice leaf-mediated method. RNAi-based silencing of peroxiredoxin, cathepsin B, and cytochrome P450 resulted in significant down regulation of the NS3 gene of RSV, achieving a transcriptional reduction greater than 73.6% at a concentration of 100 ng/μl and, possibly compromising viral replication. L. striatellus genes might play crucial roles in the transmission of RSV; transcriptional silencing of these genes could suppress viral replication in L. striatellus. These results suggest effective RNAi-based approaches for controlling RSV and provide insight into RSV-L. striatellus interactions.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• v.15 no.7
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• pp.2631-2649
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• 2021

Device-to-Device (D2D) communication is one of the enabling technologies for 5G networks that support proximity-based service (ProSe) for wireless network communications. This paper proposes a power control algorithm based on the Nash equilibrium and game theory to eliminate the interference between the cellular user device and D2D links. This leadsto reliable connectivity with minimal power consumption in wireless communication. The power control in D2D is modeled as a non-cooperative game. Each device is allowed to independently select and transmit its power to maximize (or minimize) user utility. The aim is to guide user devices to converge with the Nash equilibrium by establishing connectivity with network resources. The proposed algorithm with pricing factors is used for power consumption and reduces overall interference of D2Ds communication. The proposed algorithm is evaluated in terms of the energy efficiency of the average power consumption, the number of D2D communication, and the number of iterations. Besides, the algorithm has a relatively fast convergence with the Nash Equilibrium rate. It guarantees that the user devices can achieve their required Quality of Service (QoS) by adjusting the residual cost coefficient and residual energy factor. Simulation results show that the power control shows a significant reduction in power consumption that has been achieved by approximately 20% compared with algorithms in [11].

• Journal of Veterinary Science
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.43.1-43.13
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• 2024

Importance: Haemaphysalis longicornis is an obligate blood-sucking ectoparasite that has gained attention due its role of transmitting medically and veterinary significant pathogens and it is the most common tick species in Republic of Korea. The preferred strategy for controlling ticks is a multi-antigenic vaccination. Testing the efficiency of a combination antigen is a promising method for creating a tick vaccine. Objective: The aim of the current research was to analyze the role of subolesin and enolase in feeding and reproduction of H. longicornis by gene silencing. Methods: In this study, we used RNA interference to silence salivary enolase and subolesin in H. longicornis. Unfed female ticks injected with double-stranded RNA targeting subolesin and enolase were attached and fed normally on the rabbit's ear. Real-time polymerase chain reaction was used to confirm the extent of knockdown. Results: Ticks in the subolesin or enolase dsRNA groups showed knockdown rates of 80% and 60% respectively. Ticks in the combination dsRNA (subolesin and enolase) group showed an 80% knockdown. Knockdown of subolesin and enolase resulted in significant depletion in feeding, blood engorgement weight, attachment rate, and egg laying. Silencing of both resulted in a significant (p < 0.05) reduction in tick engorgement, egg laying, egg hatching (15%), and reproduction. Conclusions and Relevance: Our results suggest that subolesin and enolase are an exciting target for future tick control strategies.

• Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.162-174
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• 2014

An abnormal decrease in ozonesonde sensor signal occurred during air-pollution study campaigns in November 2011 and March 2012 in Mexico City Metropolitan Area (MCMA). Sharp drops in sensor signal around 5 km above sea level and above were observed in November 2011, and a reduction of signal over a broad range of altitude was observed in the convective boundary layer in March 2012. Circumstantial evidence indicated that $SO_2$ gas interfered with the electrochemical concentration cell (ECC) ozone sensors in the ozonesonde and that this interference was the cause of the reduced sensor signal output. The sharp drops in November 2011 were attributed to the $SO_2$ plume from Popocat$\acute{e}$petl volcano southeast of MCMA. Experiments on the response of the ECC sensor to representative atmospheric trace gases showed that only $SO_2$ could cause the observed abrupt drops in sensor signal. The vertical profile of the plume reproduced by a Lagrangian particle diffusion simulation supported this finding. A near-ground reduction in the sensor signal in March 2012 was attributed to an $SO_2$ plume from the Tula industrial complex north-west of MCMA. Before and at the time of ozonesonde launch, intermittent high $SO_2$ concentrations were recorded at ground-level monitoring stations north of MCMA. The difference between the $O_3$ concentration measured by the ozonesonde and that recorded by a UV-based $O_3$ monitor was consistent with the $SO_2$ concentration recorded by a UV-based monitor on the ground. The vertical profiles of the plumes estimated by Lagrangian particle diffusion simulation agreed fairly well with the observed profile. Statistical analysis of the wind field in MCMA revealed that the effect Popocat$\acute{e}$petl was most likely to have occurred from June to October, whereas the effect of the industries north of MCMA, including the Tula complex, was predicted to occur throughout the year.

• The Journal of the Institute of Internet, Broadcasting and Communication
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.63-69
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• 2013

This paper related with the performance of SE-MMA (Signed-Error MMA) that is the reduction of computational operation number in algorithm than MMA blind eualization algorithm which are possible to elimination of intersymbol interferance in the band limited and time dispersive nonlinear communication channel. In MMA algorithm which are possible to reduction of amplitude and phase rotation by intersymbol interference that is occurred in channel without using the training sequence, it uses the error signal that is the difference of the equalizer output and constant modulus, the statisticlly characteristic of transmitted signal. But in SE-MMA, it uses the polarity of the error signal, then it is possible to reduce the updating the tap coefficient and to simplify the H/W implementation. The computer simulation were performed in order to compare the performance of SE-MMA and conventional MMA algorithm. For this, the recovered signal constellation that is the output of the equalizer, the convergence performance by MSE, MD (maximum distortion) and residual isi characteristic learning curve, SER were used. As a result of simulation, the SE-MMA has more fast convergence speed than the MMA. But in the other index after reaching the seady state, it gives more worst performance values in the used index.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea TC
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• v.46 no.5
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• pp.26-35
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• 2009

OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing) system is robust to frequency selective fading and narrowband interference in high-speed data communications. However, an OFDM signal consists of a number of independently modulated subcarriers and the superposition of these subcarriers causes a problem that can give a large PAPR(Peak-to-Average Power Ratio). Phase rotation method can reduce the PAPR without nonlinear distortion by multiplying phase weighting factors. But computational complexity of searching phase weighting factors is increased exponentially with the number of subblocks and considered phase factor. Therefore, a new method, which can reduce computational complexity and detect phase weighting factors efficiently, should be developed. In this paper, a modeling process is introduced, which apply metaheuristic algerian in phase rotation method and optimize in PTS (Particle Swarm Optimization) scheme. Proposed algorithm can solve the computational complexity and guarantee to reduce PAPR We analyzed the efficiency of the PAPR reduction through a simulation when we applied the proposed method to telecommunication systems.

• Journal of the Microelectronics and Packaging Society
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.97-105
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• 2020

Recently, as the data speed and operating frequencies of Ethernet keeps increasing, electro magnetic interference (EMI) also becomes increasing. The generation of such EMI will cause malfunction of near electronic devices. In this study, EMI filters were applied to reduce the EMI generated by DC-DC SMPS (switching mode power supply), which is the main cause of EMI generation of Ethernet switch. As the EMI filter, MLCCs with excellent withstanding voltage characteristics were used, which had advantages in miniaturization and mass production. Two types of EMI MLCC filters were used, which are X-capacitor and X, Y-capacitor. X-capacitor was composed of 2 MLCCs with 10 nF and 100 nF capacity and 1 Mylar capacitor. Y-capacitor was consisted of 6 MLCCs with a capacity of 27 nF. When only X-capacitor was applied as EMI filter, the conductive EMI field strength exceeded the allowable limit in frequency range of 150 kHz ~ 30 MHz. The radiative EMI also showed high EMI strength and very small allowable margin at the specific frequencies. When the X and Y-capacitors were applied, the conductive EMI was greatly reduced, and the radiation EMI was also found to have sufficient margin. In addition, X, Y-capacitors showed very high insulation resistance and withstanding resistance performances. In conclusion, EMI X, Y-capacitors using MLCCs reduced the EMI noise effectively and showed excellent electrical reliability.

• Journal of Ocean Engineering and Technology
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.350-357
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• 2019

The development of marine technology is expected to increase the demand for marine plants because of increasing oil prices. Therefore, there is also expected to be an increase in the demand for cylindrical structures such as URF (umbilical, riser, flowline) structures and spars, which are used operating in various seas. However, a cylindrical structure experiences vortex induced motion (VIM) in a current. In particular, for risers and umbilicals, it is important to identify the characteristics of the VIM because interference between structures can occur. In addition, various studies have been conducted to reduce VIM because it is the cause of fatigue damage to structures. The helical strake, which was developed for VIM reduction, has an excellent VIM reduction performance, but is difficult to install on structures and has a negative effect on heave motion. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to supplement the shortcomings of the helical strake and develop a high-performance reduction device. In the reduction device developed in this study, a string is placed around the structure inside the flow, causing vibration. The vibration of this string causes a small turbulence in the flow field, reducing the VIM effect on the structure. Finally, in this study, the 2-DOF motion characteristics of models without a suppression device, models with a helical strake, and models with a string were investigated, and their reduction performances were compared through model tests.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.31 no.7
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• pp.1907-1914
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• 2010

A novel catalytic kinetic method is proposed for the determination of Se(IV), Se(VI) and total inorganic selenium in water based on the catalytic effect of Se(IV) on the reduction of bromate by p-nitrophenylhydrazine at pH 3.0. The generated bromine, $Br_2$ or $Cl_2$ plus $Br_2$ in 0.1 M NaCl (or NaBr) environment efficiently decolorized Calmagite and the reaction was monitored spectrophotometrically at 523 nm as a function of time. In this indicator reaction, bromide acted as an activator for the catalysis of selenium (IV) and a reducing agent for selenium (VI) at pH 3.0, which allowed the determination of total selenium. The fixed time method was adopted for the determination and speciation of inorganic selenium. Under the optimum conditions, the calibration graph are linear in the range 1 - 35 ${\mu}gL^{-1}$ of Se(IV) for the fixed time method at $25^{\circ}C$. The detection limit based on statistical $3S_{blank}$/m-criterion was 0.215 ${\mu}gL^{-1}$ for the fixed time method (7 min). All of the variables that affect the sensitivity at 523 nm were investigated, and the optimum conditions were established. The interference effect of various cations and anions on the Se (IV) determination was also studied. The selectivity of the selenium determination was greatly improved with the use of the strongly cation exchange resin such as Amberlite IR120 plus. The proposed kinetic method was validated statistically and through recovery studies in natural water samples. The RSDs for ten replicate measurements of 5, 15 and 25 ${\mu}gL^{-1}$ of Se(IV) and Se(VI) was changed between 2.1 - 4.85%. Analyses of a certified standard reference material (NIST SRM 1643e) for selenium using the fixed-time method showed that the proposed kinetic method has good accuracy. Se(IV), Se(VI) and total inorganic selenium in environmental water samples have been successfully determined by this method after selective reduction of Se(VI) to Se(IV).

• Journal of the Korean Society of Safety
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.76-85
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• 2018

The interest in the Building Information Modeling (BIM) technology has risen remarkably due to the effects on construction work period reduction, cost reduction, work safety improvement, and other factors. In civil engineering field, BIM applications mainly focus on data modeling and virtual construction. In this study, we present the BIM-based virtual construction and analyze the effects of BIM for the railway facilities so that the conventional approach to the equipment operation plan can be improved in order to prevent safety accidents which can result from unclear information during the operation plan. The BIM-based virtual construction technology is applied to establish the construction plan for the site with constraints, the installation of steel girder needs to be completed, avoiding interference with the existing high-speed railway operation within a given limited time. A virtual construction model consisting of topography, structures, equipments, and avatar was built and more detailed model, including safety guard rails, was then created. Specifications of the construction equipment were input as a database, and the virtual construction model was manipulated in the equipment operation planning. Through the BIM-based virtual construction, including the verification of alternative construction method, 311 million won was saved and the construction period was shortened by 87 days compared to the original plan. In addition, it was shown that the interest and participation of the construction workers can be increased by providing the 3D virtual scene for real construction work and various safety hazards occurring during equipment operation can be effectively removed in advance by the interactive worker education.