• 제목/요약/키워드: Interaction Force

검색결과 1,342건 처리시간 0.032초

부재력(部材力) 근사해법(近似解法)을 이용(利用)한 아치구조물(構造物)의 형상최적화(形狀最適化)에 관한 연구(研究) (The Optimal Configuration of Arch Structures Using Force Approximate Method)

  • 이규원;노민래
    • 대한토목학회논문집
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    • 제13권2호
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    • pp.95-109
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    • 1993
  • 본(本) 연구(研究)에서는 Mode분할기법(分割技法)을 이용(利用)하여 아치구조물(構造物)의 형상최적화(形狀最適化)를 시도(試圖)하였다. 본(本) 연구(研究)에서는 아치리브를 유한개(有限個)의 직선부재(直線部材)로 구성(構成)되어 있는 것으로 하고 상관방정식(相關方程式)과 허용응력(許容應力) 및 좌굴제약(挫屈制約)까지 포함(包含)하여 2골절(滑節)아치와 양단고정(兩端固定)아치의 형상(形狀)을 최적화(最適化)할 수 있도록 최적화(最適化) 문제(問題)를 형성(形成)하였다. 본(本) 연구(研究)의 제(第) 1단계(段階)(level 1)에서는 다른 연구(研究)와 달리 근사화(近似化)한 아치구조물(構造物)의 강성도행렬(剛性度行列)(stiffness matrix)과 기하강성도행렬(幾何剛性度行列)(geometric stiffness matrix)관계(關係)로부터 Ray leigh-Ritz법(法)으로 좌굴하중(挫屈荷重)을 구(求)하고, 설계공간법(設計空間法)에 의한 감도해석(感度解析)으로 부재력(部材力)을 근사화(近似化)함으로써 구조해석수(構造解析數)를 줄일 수 있었다. 목적함수(目的凾數)는 구조물(構造物)의 중량(重量)이 최소(最小)가 되도록 중량함수(重量凾數)로 택(擇)하였다. 제약조건식(制約條件式)으로는 허용응력(許容應力), 좌굴응력(挫屈應力) 및 설계변수( 設計變數) 상(上) 하한치제약(下限値制約)을 부과(附課)하여 최적화문제(最適化問題)를 형성(形成)하였다. 제(第) 2단계(段階)(level 2)에서는 설계변수(設計變數) 및 조정변수(調整變數)를 절점좌표(節點座標)로 하고 목적함수(目的凾數)로는 중량함수(重量凾數)로 하여 최적화(最適化) 문제(問題)를 형성(形成)하였다. 절점좌표(節點座標)만을 설계변수(設計變數)로 함으로써 무제약최적화문제(無制約最適化問題)로 형성(形成)되므로 최적화(最適化) 과정(過程)이 용이(容易)하다. 본(本) 연구(研究)의 알고리즘을 아치구조물(構造物)에 적용(適用)한 결과(結果) 본(本) 연구(研究)는 아치구조물(構造物)의 형태(形態), 제약조건식(制約條件式)에 구애(拘碍)받지 않고 최적해(最適解)에 효율적(效率的)으로 수렴(收斂)하였고 아치구조물(構造物)의 최적형상(最適形狀)은 제약조건식(制約條件式)에 따라 상이(相異)하였으며 중량(重量)은 제약조건식(制約條件式) 및 아치의 형상(形狀)에 따라 다소(多少)의 차이(差異)는 있으나 형상최적화(形狀最適化)로 17.7%-91.7%까지 감소(減少)시킬 수 있다.

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ME와 CP가 다른 유기사료 급여가 토종닭의 생산능력 계육품질 및 혈액성상에 미치는 영향 (Performance, Meat Quality and Blood Composition of Cross Bred Chicks Fed Various Organic Dietary CP and ME)

  • 박재홍;정용대;윤명자;류경선
    • 한국유기농업학회지
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    • 제19권2호
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    • pp.199-214
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    • 2011
  • 본 연구는 토종닭(한협 3호)에 사육 기간별 대사에너지 및 단백질 수준이 다른 유기사료의 급여가 생산성, 계육품질, 혈액성상에 미치는 영향을 구명하기 위하여 수행하였다. 실험설계는 전기, 중기, 후기에 각각 $2{\times}3$(ME 3,000, 3,100kcal/kg; CP 21, 22, 23%), $3{\times}3$(ME 3,100, 3,150, 3,200kcal/kg; CP 18, 19, 20%), $3{\times}3$(ME 3,100, 3,150, 3,200kcal/kg; CP 15, 16, 17%) 요인실험이며 처리구당 총 공시수 및 반복은 전기에 720수, 4반복, 중기에 702수, 6반복, 후기에 468수, 4반복으로 하였다. 사육 전기 4주간에 사료에너지 수준은 생산성에 영향을 미치지 않았지만 CP는 23% 처리구에서 증체량, 사료섭취량이 21, 22% 처리구보다 매우 증가하였다(P<0.05). 사료요구율은 사료내 단백질 수준이 높을수록 개선되었다(P<0.05). 사육 중기에 증체량은 사료내 에너지가 낮을수록, 단백질은 높을수록 증가하는 경향을 나타내었다. 사료내 에너지 및 단백질 수준은 사료섭취량에 영향을 미치지 않았다. 사료에너지 수준에 따른 사료요구율은 CP 19, 20% 처리구에서 18% 처리구보다 개선되었다(P<0.05). 사육 후기 증체량은 사료에너지와 단백질 수준에 따른 차이가 없었다. 사료섭취량은 ME 3,150, 3,200kcal/kg 처리구에서 ME 3,100 kcal/kg보다 감소하였지만 사료요구율은 개선되었다(P<0.05). 혈중 총단백질, 알부민, 글루코오스, 중성지방은 에너지 및 단백질수준에 따른 차이가 없었다. 혈중 총콜레스테롤은 ME 3,100kcal/kg 처리구에서 ME 3,200kcal/kg 처리구보다 감소하였고 CP 처리구간 차이는 없었다(P<0.05). 가열감량은 ME 3,150kcal/kg 처리구에서 ME 3,200kcal/kg 처리구보다 감소하였다(P<0.05). 수분함량, 전단력, pH은 ME, CP 처리구간 차이를 나타내지 않았다. 단백질용해성은 에너지 및 단백질수준이 높을수록 증가하였다. 계육내 콜라겐(collagen) 함량은 에너지 수준이 높을수록 증가하는 경향이 있다. 계육의 백색도는 사료내 에너지수준이 감소할수록, 단백질수준은 증가할수록 개선되는 경향이 있었다. 적색도는 ME 3,150kcal/kg 처리구에서 ME 3,100kcal/kg 보다 증가하였다(P<0.05). 황색도는 ME 3,100, 3,200kcal/kg 처리구에서 낮아졌으며, CP 15, 17% 처리구에서 CP 16% 처리구보다 매우 낮아졌다(P<0.05). 따라서, 사육기간별 적정 유기사료내 에너지 및 단백질수준은 사육전기 4주간에 ME 3,000kcal/kg, CP 23%, 중기 4주간에 ME 3,100kcal/kg, CP 19%, 후기 2주간에 ME 3,150kcal/kg, CP 16% 급여가 생산성 개선에 적합하였다.

Holstein과 교잡종 거세우 및 처녀우의 성장발육, 사료이용성 및 도체특성 비교 연구 (Study on Comparison of Growth Performance, Feed Efficiency and Carcass Characteristics for Holstein and F1(Holstein ♀ x Hanwoo ♂) Steers and Heifers)

  • 강수원;오영균;김경훈;최창원;손용석
    • Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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    • 제47권4호
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    • pp.593-606
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    • 2005
  • Holstein 및 교잡종(Holstein♀×한우♂)의 거세우 및 처녀우 각 8두씩 총 32두(평균체중, Holstein 거세우:196.9±25.2kg, Holstein 처녀우:163.4±11.3kg, 교잡종 거세우:169.6±24.9kg, 교잡종 처녀우 156.9±15.6kg)를 대상으로 7개월령부터 24개월령까지 비육시험을 실시한 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 성장단계별 일당증체량은 육성기, 비육전기, 비육중기 및 비육후기에 각각 0.733~1.018(평균 0.869), 0.994~1.255(평균 1.094), 0.947~1.259(평균 1.122) 및 0.736~0.824kg(평균 0.790kg)으로 비육중기>비육전기>육성기>비육후기의 순으로 높았다. 그러나 전 비육기간의 일당증체량은 0.882~1.061kg(평균 0.957kg)으로 순종이 교잡종보다 0.072kg(7.3%), 그리고 성별로는 거세우가 처녀우에 비해 0.106kg(10.5%)이 더 증체되었다. 전 비육기간의 농후사료 급여수준은 체중의 1.9% 내외이고, 볏짚은 농후사료 급여량의 25% 수준이 바람직한 것으로 나타났다. 그리고 1kg 증체에 소요된 농후사료 및 TDN량은 순종이 교잡종보다 4.6%가 많았으며, 처녀우가 거세우보다 7.3%가 많아 순종보다는 교잡종이, 그리고 처녀우보다 거세우의 사료이용성이 높았다. 도체조사 결과, 등지방두께는 순종이 교잡종보다 엷었고, 등심단면적은 순종이 교잡종보다 적었다. 도체중 1kg에 대한 등심단면적은 순종보다 교잡종이, 그리고 거세우보다 처녀우가 넓었다. 그리고 육색은 교잡종보다 순종이 우수하였으나 성별에 따른 뚜렷한 차이는 없었다. 쇠고기의 물리화학적 특성에서 전단력, 가열감량 및 보수력 등과 관능검사 결과의 다즙성, 연도 및 향미 등은 순종보다 교잡종이, 그리고 거세우보다 처녀우가 우수하였다. 이상과 같은 결과들을 종합해 볼 때, 고급육생산은 순종보다 교잡종이, 그리고 거세우보다 처녀우가 유리하고, Holstein 및 교잡종의 거세우 및 처녀우 비육시 농후사료는 체중의 1.9%, 볏짚은 농후사료 량의 25% 수준에서 결정하는 것이 바람직 할 것으로 판단된다.

과학교육의 재미에 대한 재발견 -재미의 의미와 가치를 중심으로- (Rediscovering the Interest of Science Education: Focus on the Meaning and Value of Interest)

  • 신세인;하민수;이준기
    • 한국과학교육학회지
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    • 제38권5호
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    • pp.705-720
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    • 2018
  • 이 연구에서는 과학교육에서 재미의 의미와 가치에 대해 문헌분석을 통해 이론적으로 고찰해보고자 하였다. 문헌분석은 재미와 관련된 국어학, 심리학, 철학 등 다양한 분야의 문헌을 대상으로 이루어졌다. 구체적으로 이 연구에서는 재미의 의미, 재미를 경험하는 맥락의 특성, 과학교육에서 재미의 가치, 재미의 가치를 실현하기 위한 과학교육의 방향성에 대해 논의하고자 하였다. 연구 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 재미는 특정한 대상과의 상호작용을 통해 느껴지는 정서적 고양 상태를 의미하는 표현으로서, 감각, 관계, 자아, 대상 중심의 다양한 요소들의 복합적 작용으로 유발되는 정서적 경험임을 확인하였다. 둘째, 재미 경험의 맥락에 대해 이해하기 위하여 재미와 관련된 선행 문헌들에 대해 토픽모델링이라는 분석을 수행하였다. 분석 결과 재미와 관련 경험은 유희적 특성을 지니고 있음을 확인하였다. 이러한 유희적 특성은 과학에도 존재함을 논증하였다. 셋째, 과학교육의 재미의 교육적 가치와 지향점에 대해 논의하였다. 과학교육에서 재미는 단순히 학습행동을 유도하는 도구로서의 가치뿐만 아니라, 학습자가 과학 교수-학습 과정에서 생동감을 얻을 수 있는 보편적인 경험 중 하나이며, 학생 개개인이 과학과 관련된 정서적 발달의 원동력이 되며, 재미를 추구하는 태도와 행동은 창의적인 사고와 행동으로 이어 진다는 점에서 교육적 가치가 있음을 논증하였다. 마지막으로, 과학 교육에서 지향해야할 재미는 외부의 자극으로부터 유발되는 수동적인 재미가 아닌 노력하고 시행착오 끝에 경험할 수 있는 능동적인 재미여야 하며 과학을 즐기는 이들 또한 존중할 수 있는 과학교육 문화가 장려되어야 함을 주장했다. 특히 이 연구에서는 철학자 Deleuze(1976)의 철학을 바탕으로 학생 개개인의 고유한 재미 경험의 중요성을 논의하였다.

대학수학능력시험 실험 평가 문제의 분석 : 과학 탐구를 중심으로 (An Analysis of the Competency Exam for College Education : Area of Science Inguiry)

  • 김은진;김영수
    • 한국과학교육학회지
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    • 제12권1호
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    • pp.75-92
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    • 1992
  • The purpose of this study was to point out the problems of the competency exam for college education, a new college entrance exam, and to suggest the improvement ideas for it For this purpose, the test items of science inquiry were taken from the first, the second and the third pilot studies of the competency exam for college education which National Institute of Educational Evaluation had done. These tests were administered to 1,223 students of the general high school(422 for the 1st 400 for the 2nd, and 401 for the 3rd test). Also, those students' and the high school science teacher's opinions about the tests and the new college entrance exam were surveyed. The evaluation objectives of those test items were analyzed and the test item analyses were done. The results were as follows; (1) The evaluation objective analysis showed that most of the test The purpose of this study was to point out the problems of the competency exam for college education, a new college entrance exam, and to suggest the improvement ideas for it For this purpose, the test items of science inquiry were taken from the first, the second and the third pilot studies of the competency exam for college education which National Institute of Educational Evaluation had done. These tests were administered to 1,223 students of the general high school(422 for the 1st, 400 for the 2nd, and 401 for the 3rd test). Also, those students' and the high school science teacher's opinions about the tests and the new college entrance exam were surveyed. The evaluation objectives of those test items were analyzed and the test item analyses were done. The results were as follows; (1) The evaluation objective analysis showed that most of the test items were constructed based on the evaluation framework which was composed of scientific inquiry thinking ability, science concept, and scientific inquiry context dimensions. But, those items were unevenly distributed into a few areas of the evaluation framework. (2) The boys had higher mean scores than the girls in all of the tests, but these differences were not statistically significant. The natural science course students had significantly higher mean than the humanities course students in all of the test:(1st, F=12.643, p=0.0004 ; 2nd, F=45.757, p=0.0001 ; 3rd, F=36.162, p=0.0001). A significant interaction of sex and course was found in only 1st test( F=11.352. p=0.0008). (3) Most students answered the test was difficult and they needed more time to finish it Also, they added they had to study in a different way from the traditional one in order to prepare the new college entrance exam. Science teachers answered that those evaluation objectives of the tests corresponded well with the educational objectives of high school science and that the tests were suitable as measuring instruments of the scientific thinking abilities. But they pointed out it would be very difficult for them to teach students for preparing the exam under the exsting educational conditions. To carry out successfully the competency exam for college education, the following improvements were suggested. (1) Good evaluation methodology should be developed. (2) In-service science teacher training models on evaluation should be put in force. (3) Effective teaching models and strategies should be developed.(4) The high school science curriculum should be revised.

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갑상선절제술을 받은 여성 환자의 공기역학 검사변수 조사 (Investigation of aerodynamic evaluation in female patients undergoing thyroidectomy)

  • 강영애;권인선;원호륜;장재원;구본석
    • 말소리와 음성과학
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    • 제12권2호
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    • pp.73-80
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    • 2020
  • 갑상선 수술 후 음성변화를 보이는 경우가 흔하며 신경손상의 성대마비부터 심인성 음성장애까지 그 증상은 복합적이고 다양하다. 대부분 자연적으로 회복을 보이지만 환자에게 회복시점에 대한 자세한 정보가 부족하다. 호흡은 음성을 만드는 동력이면서 동시에 후두 기능과 효율에 대한 조절자 역할을 하는데, 갑상선 암 수술의 전신마취 부작용으로 호흡기능 부조화를 유발할 수 있다. 이에 본 연구에서는 갑상선 수술 전후 공기역학적 검사결과를 추적하여 갑상선 수술 후 음성회복에 실제적이고 보완적인 정보를 제공하고자 한다. 2014년 5월부터 2015년 7월까지 갑상선 유두암으로 진단받고 수술 받은 환자를 대상으로 술전 1주일, 술후1개월, 술후3개월에 공기역학 검사를 실시하였다. 성대마비, 보청기 착용자, 항우울증약 복용자, 호흡기 질환자, 뇌졸중 병력자 및 임신 대상자는 제외시켜 최종 34명을 대상자로 선정하였다. 공기역학 검사는 PAS 기계를 사용하였고 분석변수는 총 29개이며, 시간요인에 따른 최고호기류율(p=0.004), 평균음도(p<0.01), 호기류지속시간(p=0.001), 호기량(p=0.018) 변수가 통계적으로 유의미한 차이를 보였다. 이때 시간요인의 대응비교에서 최고호기류율과 평균음도 변수는 술전-술후1개월, 술전-술후3개월 간 차이를 보였고, 호기류지속시간과 호기량 변수는 술전-술후3개월, 술후1개월-술후3개월 간 차이를 보였다. 시간과 수술범위의 교호작용 효과는 호기량 (p=0.024) 변수에서만 유의하였다. 갑상선절제술을 받은 여성군에서 최고호기류율과 평균음도 변수의 차이가 있으며 이는 수술 후 호흡훈련의 필요성이 있으며 호기류지속시간과 호기량 변수의 변화는 수술 후 긍정적 생활습관의 반영으로 여겨진다.

역할 창조를 위한 '몸틀(body schema)' 형성 연구 (A Study on Forming 'Body Schema' for Role Creating)

  • 송효숙
    • 한국연극학
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    • 제52호
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    • pp.319-357
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    • 2014
  • Formation of 'body schema' is the start for actor to create role and becomes the root and the foundation of existing as a role on the stage. For this, an actor needs to form 'scheme of role' with escaping from own 'body schema.' 'Schema of role' is formed by acquiring through synthesizing daily basic actions, namely, walking, standing, sitting, hand stretching, bending, and touching. The body schema, which was made with simple and usual actions, has fundamental significance in a sense of becoming the body in which the past traces in a role are habituated while energy as a role flows. As for the process of forming body schema, an actor first needs to obtain the visualized materials like photo, magazine, picture and image available for seeing a role specifically and clearly based on what analyzed a character. An actor needs to have three-dimensional image available for always recalling it in the head during acting. To do this, image data available for fundamentally capturing routine actions along with body structure are still more useful. Next, the body schema is formed by interaction with environment. Thus, there is a need of passing through the two-time process of forming body schema. Firstly, the body schema is made on routine actions in a role as physical condition of a role in actor's own everyday life. Secondly, the body schema is made on routine actions available for moving efficiently and economically in line with the environment of performance. A theatrical stage is the temporal space of rhythm and rule different from routine space. What forms body schema immediately in the second phase without body schema in the first phase ultimately becomes what exists as actor's own body, not the body of a role. The body schema, which was formed as the second process, is what truly has identity as a role in the ontological aspect, comes to experience the oppositional force in muscle, a qualitative change in energy, and emotional agitation in the physical aspect, and experiences perception, thinking, volition, and even consciousness with the entire body in the cognitive dimension. Thus, the formation of body schema can be known to be just a method of changing even spiritual and emotional layer. Body schema cannot be made if there is no process of embodiment and habit. Embodiment and habit are not simply the repeated, empty and mechanical action in the body. But, habit itself has very important meanings for forming body schema for role creating. First, habit allows the body itself to learn and understand a meaning. Second, habit relies upon environment, thereby allowing an actor of making the habituated body schema to recognize environment. Third, habit makes the mind. The habituated body schema is just the mind and the ego of a person who possesses the body schema. Fourth, habit comes to experience the expansion in energy and the expansion in existence. It may be experienced through interrelation among actor's body, tool, and environment. Fifth, habit makes identity of the body. Hence, this just becomes what secures identity of a role. These implications of habit are the formation of body schema, which is maintained with the body of being remembered firmly through being closely connected with the process of neural adaptation. Finally, it sought for possibility of practice as one method of forming body schema for role creating through Deleuze's '-becoming' theory. As 'actual animal-becoming' is real '-becoming' of forming structural transformation in the physical dimension, it meets with what the formation of body schema pursues actuality and reality. This was explained with a concept as saying of 'all '-becoming' molecular' by Deleuze/Guattari. 'Animal of having imitated animal's characteristic- becoming' is formed by which the body schema relies upon environment. In this way, relationship among the body, tool and environment has influence even upon a change in consciousness, thinking, and emotion, thereby being able to be useful for forming body schema in a sense of possibly experiencing ultimately expansion in role, namely, expansion in existence.

고온초전도 GdBCO 박막선재의 초전도 특성 (The Superconducting Properties of a High-Temperature Superconducting GdBCO-Coated Conductor)

  • 양석한;송규정
    • 새물리
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    • 제68권12호
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    • pp.1293-1301
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    • 2018
  • 시판 중인 고온초전도 GdBCO 박막선재의 기본적인 자기적 특성들을 PPMS-VSM 장비를 이용하여 조사하였다. ZFC m(T) 곡선으로부터 $T_c$ 는 ~93 K였다. m(H) 배경데이터를 제거한 후, GdBCO 초전도층의 알짜 m(H) 데이터를 얻고, ${\Delta}m_{irr}$ 을 구하였다. $H_{irr}(T)$ 곡선은 $H_{irr}=H_{irr}(0)(1-T/T_c)^n$ 관계식과 잘 일치하고, n 값은 1.19이다. GdBCO 박막선재의 $J_c$ 와 H의 $J_c{\propto}{\Delta}M_{irr}{\propto}{\Delta}m_{irr}{\propto}H^{-{\delta}}$ 관계식의 ${\delta}$ 값으로부터 자속 특성을 조사하였다. 독립적인 자속고정효과를 나타내는 ${\delta}{\approx}0$ 인 영역, 상호작용의 집단적인 자속고정효과를 나타내는 ${\delta}{\approx}0.6{\sim}1.2$인 영역, 그리고 로렌츠 힘을 받아 자속들이 자유롭게 움직이는 ${\delta}{\gg}2$ 영역 등으로 구분할 수 있다. ${\delta}{\approx}0$ 특성에서 ${\delta}{\approx}0.6{\sim}1.2$ 특성으로 변화하는 자기장을 $H_1$ 으로, ${\delta}{\approx}0.6{\sim}1.2$ 특성에서 ${\delta}{\gg}2$ 특성으로 전이하는 자기장을 $H_2$ 라 하였다. $H_1$ < H < $H_2$ 영역에서 ${\delta}(T)$ 관계를 구하였고, 온도가 감소함에 따라 ${\delta}$ 값은 점차적으로 줄어들었다.

새로운 간호윤리학 방법론;통합된 사례방법론 (An integrated Method of New Casuistry and Specified Principlism as Nursing Ethics Methodology)

  • 엄영란
    • 간호행정학회지
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    • 제3권1호
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    • pp.51-64
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    • 1997
  • The purpose of the study was to introduce an integrated approach of new Casuistry and specified principlism in resolving ethical problems and studying nursing ethics. In studying clinical ethics and nursing ethics, there is no systematic research method. While nurses often experience ethical dilemmas in practice, much of previous research on nursing ethics has focused merely on describing the existing problems. In addition, ethists presented theoretical analysis and critics rather than providing the specific problems solving strategies. There is a need in clinical situations for an integrated method which can provide the objective description for existing problem situations as well as specific problem solving methods. We inherit two distinct ways of discussing ethical issues. One of these frames these issues in terms of principles, rules, and other general ideas; the other focuses on the specific features of particular kinds of moral cases. In the first way general ethical rules relate to specific moral cases in a theoretical manner, with universal rules serving as "axioms" from which particular moral judgments are deduced as theorems. In the seconds, this relation is frankly practical. with general moral rules serving as "maxims", which can be fully understood only in terms of the paradigmatic cases that define their meaning and force. Theoretical arguments are structured in ways that free them from any dependence on the circumstances of their presentation and ensure them a validity of a kind that is not affected by the practical context of use. In formal arguments particular conclusions are deduced from("entailed by") the initial axioms or universal principles that are the apex of the argument. So the truth or certainty that attaches to those axioms flows downward to the specific instances to be "proved". In the language of formal logic, the axioms are major premises, the facts that specify the present instance are minor premises, and the conclusion to be "proved" is deduced (follows necessarily) from the initial presises. Practical arguments, by contrast, involve a wider range of factors than formal deductions and are read with an eye to their occasion of use. Instead of aiming at strict entailments, they draw on the outcomes of previous experience, carrying over the procedures used to resolve earlier problems and reapply them in new problmatic situations. Practical arguments depend for their power on how closely the present circumstances resemble those of the earlier precedent cases for which this particular type of argument was originally devised. So. in practical arguments, the truths and certitudes established in the precedent cases pass sideways, so as to provide "resolutions" of later problems. In the language of rational analysis, the facts of the present case define the gounds on which any resolution must be based; the general considerations that carried wight in similar situations provide warrants that help settle future cases. So the resolution of any problem holds good presumptively; its strengh depends on the similarities between the present case and the prededents; and its soundness can be challenged (or rebutted) in situations that are recognized ans exceptional. Jonsen & Toulmin (1988), and Jonsen (1991) introduce New Casuistry as a practical method. The oxford English Dictionary defines casuistry quite accurately as "that part of ethics which resolves cases of conscience, applying the general rules of religion and morality to particular instances in which circumstances alter cases or in which there appears to be a conflict of duties." They modified the casuistry of the medieval ages to use in clinical situations which is characterized by "the typology of cases and the analogy as an inference method". A case is the unit of analysis. The structure of case was made with interaction of situation and moral rules. The situation is what surrounds or stands around. The moral rule is the essence of case. The analogy can be objective because "the grounds, the warrants, the theoretical backing, the modal qualifiers" are identified in the cases. The specified principlism was the method that Degrazia (1992) integrated the principlism and the specification introduced by Richardson (1990). In this method, the principle is specified by adding information about limitations of the scope and restricting the range of the principle. This should be substantive qualifications. The integrated method is an combination of the New Casuistry and the specified principlism. For example, the study was "Ethical problems experienced by nurses in the care of terminally ill patients"(Um, 1994). A semi-structured in-depth interview was conducted for fifteen nurses who mainly took care of terminally ill patients. The first stage, twenty one cases were identified as relevant to the topic, and then were classified to four types of problems. For instance, one of these types was the patient's refusal of care. The second stage, the ethical problems in the case were defined, and then the case was analyzed. This was to analyze the reasons, the ethical values, and the related ethical principles in the cases. Then the interpretation was synthetically done by integration of the result of analysis and the situation. The third stage was the ordering phase of the cases, which was done according to the result of the interpretation and the common principles in the cases. The first two stages describe the methodology of new casuistry, and the final stage was for the methodology of the specified principlism. The common principles were the principle of autonomy and the principle of caring. The principle of autonomy was specified; when competent patients refused care, nurse should discontinue the care to respect for the patients' decision. The principle of caring was also specified; when the competent patients refused care, nurses should continue to provide the care in spite of the patients' refusal to preserve their life. These specification may lead the opposite behavior, which emphasizes the importance of nurse's will and intentions to make their decision in the clinical situations.

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Video UGC 제작 동기와 행위 과정에 관한 이해: 구현의도이론 (Theory of Implementation Intentions)의 적용을 중심으로 (Understanding User Motivations and Behavioral Process in Creating Video UGC: Focus on Theory of Implementation Intentions)

  • 김형진;송세민;이호근
    • Asia pacific journal of information systems
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    • 제19권4호
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    • pp.125-148
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    • 2009
  • UGC(User Generated Contents) is emerging as the center of e-business in the web 2.0 era. The trend reflects changing roles of users in production and consumption of contents on websites and helps us to understand new strategies of websites such as web portals and social network websites. Nowadays, we consume contents created by other non-professional users for both utilitarian (e.g., knowledge) and hedonic values (e.g., fun). Also, contents produced by ourselves (e.g., photo, video) are posted on websites so that our friends, family, and even the public can consume those contents. This means that non-professionals, who used to be passive audience in the past, are now creating contents and share their UGCs with others in the Web. Accessible media, tools, and applications have also reduced difficulty and complexity in the process of creating contents. Realizing that users create plenty of materials which are very interesting to other people, media companies (i.e., web portals and social networking websites) are adjusting their strategies and business models accordingly. Increased demand of UGC may lead to website visits which are the source of benefits from advertising. Therefore, they put more efforts into making their websites open platforms where UGCs can be created and shared among users without technical and methodological difficulties. Many websites have increasingly adopted new technologies such as RSS and openAPI. Some have even changed the structure of web pages so that UGC can be seen several times to more visitors. This mainstream of UGCs on websites indicates that acquiring more UGCs and supporting participating users have become important things to media companies. Although those companies need to understand why general users have shown increasing interest in creating and posting contents and what is important to them in the process of productions, few research results exist in this area to address these issues. Also, behavioral process in creating video UGCs has not been explored enough for the public to fully understand it. With a solid theoretical background (i.e., theory of implementation intentions), parts of our proposed research model mirror the process of user behaviors in creating video contents, which consist of intention to upload, intention to edit, edit, and upload. In addition, in order to explain how those behavioral intentions are developed, we investigated influences of antecedents from three motivational perspectives (i.e., intrinsic, editing software-oriented, and website's network effect-oriented). First, from the intrinsic motivation perspective, we studied the roles of self-expression, enjoyment, and social attention in forming intention to edit with preferred editing software or in forming intention to upload video contents to preferred websites. Second, we explored the roles of editing software for non-professionals to edit video contents, in terms of how it makes production process easier and how it is useful in the process. Finally, from the website characteristic-oriented perspective, we investigated the role of a website's network externality as an antecedent of users' intention to upload to preferred websites. The rationale is that posting UGCs on websites are basically social-oriented behaviors; thus, users prefer a website with the high level of network externality for contents uploading. This study adopted a longitudinal research design; we emailed recipients twice with different questionnaires. Guided by invitation email including a link to web survey page, respondents answered most of questions except edit and upload at the first survey. They were asked to provide information about UGC editing software they mainly used and preferred website to upload edited contents, and then asked to answer related questions. For example, before answering questions regarding network externality, they individually had to declare the name of the website to which they would be willing to upload. At the end of the first survey, we asked if they agreed to participate in the corresponding survey in a month. During twenty days, 333 complete responses were gathered in the first survey. One month later, we emailed those recipients to ask for participation in the second survey. 185 of the 333 recipients (about 56 percentages) answered in the second survey. Personalized questionnaires were provided for them to remind the names of editing software and website that they reported in the first survey. They answered the degree of editing with the software and the degree of uploading video contents to the website for the past one month. To all recipients of the two surveys, exchange tickets for books (about 5,000~10,000 Korean Won) were provided according to the frequency of participations. PLS analysis shows that user behaviors in creating video contents are well explained by the theory of implementation intentions. In fact, intention to upload significantly influences intention to edit in the process of accomplishing the goal behavior, upload. These relationships show the behavioral process that has been unclear in users' creating video contents for uploading and also highlight important roles of editing in the process. Regarding the intrinsic motivations, the results illustrated that users are likely to edit their own video contents in order to express their own intrinsic traits such as thoughts and feelings. Also, their intention to upload contents in preferred website is formed because they want to attract much attention from others through contents reflecting themselves. This result well corresponds to the roles of the website characteristic, namely, network externality. Based on the PLS results, the network effect of a website has significant influence on users' intention to upload to the preferred website. This indicates that users with social attention motivations are likely to upload their video UGCs to a website whose network size is big enough to realize their motivations easily. Finally, regarding editing software characteristic-oriented motivations, making exclusively-provided editing software more user-friendly (i.e., easy of use, usefulness) plays an important role in leading to users' intention to edit. Our research contributes to both academic scholars and professionals. For researchers, our results show that the theory of implementation intentions is well applied to the video UGC context and very useful to explain the relationship between implementation intentions and goal behaviors. With the theory, this study theoretically and empirically confirmed that editing is a different and important behavior from uploading behavior, and we tested the behavioral process of ordinary users in creating video UGCs, focusing on significant motivational factors in each step. In addition, parts of our research model are also rooted in the solid theoretical background such as the technology acceptance model and the theory of network externality to explain the effects of UGC-related motivations. For practitioners, our results suggest that media companies need to restructure their websites so that users' needs for social interaction through UGC (e.g., self-expression, social attention) are well met. Also, we emphasize strategic importance of the network size of websites in leading non-professionals to upload video contents to the websites. Those websites need to find a way to utilize the network effects for acquiring more UGCs. Finally, we suggest that some ways to improve editing software be considered as a way to increase edit behavior which is a very important process leading to UGC uploading.