• Journal of Life Science
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• v.26 no.6
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• pp.727-736
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• 2016

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is one of the major cereal crops for consumption by the world’s population. Recently, various colored rice, such as white, red, brown, green, and black rice, have caught the attention of world consumers. The commercial name ‘black rice’ contains a high amount of anthocyanins in pericarp, which increases nutritional value. Moreover, anthocyanin in black rice possesses biomedical properties, including anti-oxidant, anti-cancer, and anti-inflammatory effects in humans. In genetics, black rice has a dominant PURPLE PERICARP (Prp) trait governed by two genes, Pb and Pp, which are involved in the synthesis of cyanidin-3-O-glucoside (C3G). Since the publication of a report by Nagai at 1921, the genetics and physiological studies of black rice driven by Prp traits are still unable to understand the relevant genes and their roles. However, with the increased demand for anthocyanin-rich black rice as a functional food for human health, it has become urgent to develop highyielding anthocyanin-rich varieties of rice. We explored many years in the genetics of purple pericarp trait, anthocyanin biosynthesis in pericarp during seed development, and, consequently, their products in relation to different physiological and agronomic traits. In this review, we summarized the anthocyanin biosynthesis in pericarp, emphasizing the inheritance pattern of the trait and functions of their products on different physiological and agronomic traits, including the yield of black rice.

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.78-83
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• 1987

This study was attempted to evaluate the combining effect of HBR (homobrassinolide) with the known growth regulators such as GA (gibberellic acid), BA(6-benzyl aminopurine), IAA (indole-3-acetic acid), B-9 (N-dimethylamino succinamic acid) and CCC (2-chloroethyl-trimethylammonium chloride) on the growth of radish hypocotyl. A single application of HBR increased hypocotyl growth as its rates increased from 0.1 to 1.0 ppm, showing a maximum increase at 1.0 ppm. GA and BA had no direct effects on hyopcotyl growth, but IAA showed some effect as its concentration increased. However, the mixed application of HBR with GA, BA and IAA increased the length of radish hypocotyl as the concentration of HBR became higher. The mixture of HBR with GA and BA showed antagonistic reaction on radish hypocotyl growth, but synergistic effect was shown in the higher rate mixture of HBR with IAA in the range of HBR at 0.03 to 0.30 ppm with IAA at 3.0 to 10.0 ppm, but antagonistic or additive response at the mixture of low rates. An increased growth of hypocotyl by HBR was ified by CCC, showing the strong antagonistic reaction, but B-9 was not able to ify HBR's effect on hypocotyl growth.

• Environmental Mutagens and Carcinogens
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.125-132
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• 2006

Previous studies showed that epigallocatechin gallate(EGCG) have substantial effects of suppressing the N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine(MNNG)-initiated cell transformation process on the bases of foci formation frequency and loss of anchorage dependency. In this study we tried to clarify the molecular mechanism of suppressing the cell transformation process. Mouse cell line balb/c 3T3 A31-1-1 was exposed 2 days to MNNG followed by 15 days 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate(TPA) treatment for our transformation process. EGCG was added after the time point of 24 hours exposure to TPA and incubated for 19 days. 2029 genes were selected in our transformation process that showed fold change value of 1.5 or more in the microarray gene expression analysis covering the mouse full genome. These genes were found to be involved mainly in the cell cycle pathway, focal adhesion, adherens junction, TGE-$\beta$ signaling, apoptosis, lysine degradation, insulin signaling, ECM-receptor interaction. Among the genes, we focused on the 631 genes(FC>0.5) reciprocally affected by EGCG treatment. Our study suggest that EGCG down-regulate the gene expressions of up stream signaling factors such as nemo like kinase with MAPK activity and PI3-Kinase, Ras GTPase and down stream factors such as cyclin D1, D2, H, T2, cdk6.

• Journal of Korean Physical Therapy Science
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.83-94
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• 2002

Within physical therapy education, there has been increased attention to curricula and course that emphasize problem solving, clinical reasoning, and synthesis of information across traditional discipline-specific boundaries. This article describes the development implementation, and outcomes of a problem-based learning course in Physical therapy. The course was designed to help students to integrate the various elements of a physical therapy curriculum and to enhance their abilities to respond to an ever-changing health care environment. An evaluation of the course by the first 50 students who completed it revealed both strengths and weaknesses. Students responded that the course enhanced their professional behavior, including interpersonal communication skills, team work, and follow-through with professional responsibilities. The learning package was developed by the authors and implemented to a college students during three weeks of the first semester of 2001. Most studies which conducted PBL module development were short period or temporary PBL package application and evaluation rather than a whole semester's. While, this study carried on partial integrated PBL curriculum development and application with recomposing content of the two subjects to one subject Physical therapy which includes four PBL packages. This package was developed from a simple concept to complex and partial integrated PBL curriculum application systematically variable learning methods such as discussion, practice, lecture, video. There are 2 classes, each class has 25 students, in the college. Each class has 5 small groups consisting 5 students. Two tutors proceeded discussion charging each class also, they used multiple methods and materials like tutorials, self-directed learning, lecture, and video. The package is 5 grades and 5 hours per week and the rate of discussion, lecture is 4, 1 respectively. One of the most change is the increase of interaction between students and tutors. Whenever students need information and suggestion, they can visit tutors who provide reading materials and guide for the direction of self learning. Therefore, this study describes the PBL package development process and application during one semester recomposing contents of two subjects to Physical therapy concepts. Besides, it will contribute to active application of existing each subject to tutors who intend to convert as PBL methods. The study has significant meaning to show potentiality of partially integrated PBL application, using systematic PBL package development from two subjects contents. However, when students' need of yearning is over the extent of Introduction of Physical therapy and Rehabilitation medicine, tutors should set learning extent. So, there is limitation to attain completely integrated PBL education within one subject, therefore, it is high lighted to proceed development of integrated curriculum to maximize learning effects of PBL. It is exected that partial integrated PBL package development and application will distribute to prosper excellent physiotherapist in practice.

• Science of Emotion and Sensibility
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.107-116
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• 2014

In the current study, it is suggested that when two emotions are presented through cross-modality, such as auditory and visual, incongruence will influence arousal, recognition, and recall of subjects. The first hypothesis is that incongruent cross-modality does not only increase arousal more than the congruent, but it also increases recall and recognition more than congruent. The second hypothesis is that arousal modulates recall and recognition of subjects. To demonstrate the two hypotheses, our experiment's conditions were manipulated to be congruent and incongruent by presenting positive or negative emotions, visually and acoustically. For dependent variables, we measured recall rate and recognition rates. and arousal was measured by PAD (pleasure-arousal-dominance) scales. After eight days, only recognition was measured repeatedly online. As a result, our behavioral experiment showed that there was a significant difference between arousal before watching a movie clip and after (p<.001), but no difference between the congruent condition and incongruent condition. Also, there was no significant difference between recognition performance in the congruent condition and incongruent condition, but there was a main effect of the clips' emotions. Interestingly after analyzing recognition rates separately depending on clips' emotions, there was a significant difference between congruent and incongruent conditions in the only negative clip (p= .044), not in the positive clip. In a detailed result, recognition in the incongruent condition is more than in the congruent condition. Furthermore, in the case of recall performance, there was a significant interaction between the clips' emotions shown in the clips and congruent conditions (p=.039). Through these results, the effect of incongruence with negative emotion was demonstrated, but an incongruent effect by arousal could not be demonstrated. In conclusion, in our study, we tried to determine the impact of one method to convey a story dramatically and have an effect on memory. These effects are influenced by the subjects' perceived emotions (valence and arousal).

• Journal of Korean Society of Coastal and Ocean Engineers
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.39-50
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• 2003

This study aims to figure out water quality impacts due to sudden disturbances of sediments during dike construction in land reclamation for the northern part of the Siwhaho Lake where heavily deteriorated settlements from upstream loadings are outstanding. We exploit a 3-D water quality model CE-QUAL-ICM combined with a hydrodynamic model TIDE3D. Simulations are done accounting water-sediment interaction in a 4-$\sigma$ layers. Long-term simulation for 1-year shows that bottom layers around the disturbance location are only affected and marks very high concentration. Complete vertical mixing appears at least 5km apart to downward due to complex effects of geometry, bathymetry and river inflows. It should be addressed that existing condition of the Siwhaho Lake stands for high concentration of COD and TP in winter and spring due to relatively high incoming loadings, however the effect of sediment disturbances yields reverse phenomena, i.e., impacts of dike construction arise greatly in summer and fall. Refined grid system consisting of 150m${\times}$150m rectangular grid, which is doubled system compared to previous study (Suh et al.,2002), gives affordable results by reducing flux differences through a cell especially in front of gate.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.167-173
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• 1981

Respiration of whole seeds and seed parts isolated from four soybean varieties Essex, Pickett, Wayne and Bonus as measured at $25^{\circ}C$ during germination. The average respiration rates of cotyledons were significantly higher than those of other parts. The values were 35.7, 28.0 and $23.9{\mu}hr^{-1}$ seed$^{-1}$ for cotyledons, embyros, and hila, respectively. Bonus showed a significantly lower respiration rate than the other varieties did. The interaction of variety x seed part was not significant source of variation for respiration. This suggests that seed part and variety independently contribute to soybean seed respiration during early imbibition. The effects of imbibition time and time x variety intereaction on whole seed respiration were significant, but the variety effect was not significant. The correlation coefficient between seed moisture content and respiration after 24 hours of imbibition was significant for Bonus, but not for the other varieties tested. This suggests that Bonus may require more water for respiration during imbibition than the other varieties. There as no significant correlation of whole seed respiration rate after 24 hours imbibition with seed weight or seedling length.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.47 no.1
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• pp.57-72
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• 2005

The present study was undertaken to investigate the effects of nutrient density diets and sex on carcass and pork quality characteristics in finishing pigs. A total of 96 pigs(58.04 $\pm$ 6.85 kg) were divided into 2 groups(gilts and barrows), each sex group was assigned to 3 nutrient density(high : 18.5%, middle : 16.0% and low: 14.0% CP, respectively) and raised up to 1l0kg live weight. Each treatment had four replicates with three or five pigs per replicate. The treatments comprised the feeding regimes of 1) the low density diet for 60 days, 2) the middle nutrient density diet for the 30 days followed by a low nutrient density diet for the remaining 30 days and 3) the high nutrient density diet for the 30 days followed by a middle nutrient density diet for the remaining 30 days. Pigs were conventionally slaughtered, and then chilled overnight. Carcass characteristics and grades were determined on those carcasses, and pork loin muscle was removed from each left side at 5th to 13th rib for quality evaluation were evaluated. There were no differences in the carcass weight between sex and nutrient density. Dressing percent of L-L(gilts) treatment was significantly higher than that of other treatments(P< 0.05). Barrows showed a thicker back fat thickness than gilts. There were no difference in intramuscular fat, subcutaneous fat and springiness between sex and nutrient density. Intermuscular fat of barrows groups was significantly higher than the gilts groups(P < 0.05). In the meat quality characteristics, there were no difference in general composition, meat and fat color between sex and nutrient density. pH of L-L(gilts) treatment was significantly higher than that of other treatments(P < 0.05). Cooking loss and shear force value of H-M(barrows) treatment were significantly higher than those of other treatments(P< 0.05). Purge loss of barrows groups was significantly higher than the gilts groups(P < 0.05). Myoglobin content of H-M treatment was significantly lower than L-L and M-L treatments(P< 0.05). Texture of H-M treatment was higher than L-L and M-L treatments. The content of myristic, palmitic, palmitoleic and oleic acid were significantly higher in the barrows groups(P< 0.05). However, stearic, linoleic and arachidonic acid were significantly higher in the gilts(P < 0.05). Amino acid content of L-L treatment was significantly higher than M-L and H-M treatments(P < 0.05). In conclusion, carcass and pork quality characteristics were affected by sex and nutrient density.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.24 no.6
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• pp.555-561
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• 2020

TWIK-related two-pore domain K⁺ channel-2 (TREK-2) has voltage-independent activity and shows additional activation by acidic intracellular pH (pH_i) via neutralizing the E³³² in the cytoplasmic C terminal (Ct). We reported opposite regulations of TREK-2 by phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP₂) via the alkaline K³³⁰ and triple Arg residues (R^355-357); inhibition and activation, respectively. The G³³⁴ between them appeared critical because its mutation (G³³⁴A) endowed hTREK-2 with tonic activity, similar to the mutation of the inhibitory K³³⁰ (K³³⁰A). To further elucidate the role of putative bent conformation at G³³⁴, we compared the dual mutation forms, K³³⁰A/G³³⁴A and G³³⁴A/R^355-7A, showing higher and lower basal activity, respectively. The results suggested that the tonic activity of G³³⁴A owes to a dominant influence from R^355-7. Since there are additional triple Arg residues (R^377-9) distal to R^355-7, we also examined the triple mutant (G³³⁴A/R^355-7A/R^377-9A) that showed tonic inhibition same with G³³⁴A/R^355-7A. Despite the state of tonic inhibition, the activation by acidic pH_i was preserved in both G³³⁴A/R^355-7A and G³³⁴A/R^355-7A/R^377-9A, similar to the R^355-7A. Also, the inhibitory effect of ATP could be commonly demonstrated under the activation by acidic pH_i in R^355-7A, G³³⁴A/R^355-7A, and G³³⁴A/R^355-7A/R^377-9A. These results suggest that the putative bent conformation at G³³⁴ is important to set the tug-of-war between K³³⁰ and R^355-7 in the PIP₂-dependent regulation of TREK-2.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.42 no.3
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• pp.206-215
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• 2017

Objectives: To determine the combined effect of fatigue cyclic loading and thermocycling (CLTC) on the shear bond strength (SBS) of a resin cement to zirconia surfaces that were previously air-abraded with aluminum oxide ($Al_2O_3$) particles at different pressures. Materials and Methods: Seventy-two cuboid zirconia specimens were prepared and randomly assigned to 3 groups according to the air-abrasion pressures (1, 2, and 2.8 bar), and each group was further divided into 2 groups depending on aging parameters (n = 12). Panavia F 2.0 was placed on pre-conditioned zirconia surfaces, and SBS testing was performed either after 24 hours or 10,000 fatigue cycles (cyclic loading) and 5,000 thermocycles. Non-contact profilometry was used to measure surface roughness. Failure modes were evaluated under optical and scanning electron microscopy. The data were analyzed using 2-way analysis of variance and ${\chi}^2$ tests (${\alpha}=0.05$). Results: The 2.8 bar group showed significantly higher surface roughness compared to the 1 bar group (p < 0.05). The interaction between pressure and time/cycling was not significant on SBS, and pressure did not have a significant effect either. SBS was significantly higher (p = 0.006) for 24 hours storage compared to CLTC. The 2 bar-CLTC group presented significantly higher percentage of pre-test failure during fatigue compared to the other groups. Mixed-failure mode was more frequent than adhesive failure. Conclusions: CLTC significantly decreased the SBS values regardless of the air-abrasion pressure used.