• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.24 no.5
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• pp.437-440
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• 2001

It has been reported that Eurycoma longifolia Jack commonly known as Tongkat Ali has gained notoreity as a symbol of man's ego and strength by the Malaysian men because it increases male virility and sexual prowess during sexual activities. As such, the effects of 200, 400 and 800 mg/kg of butanol, methanol, water and chloroform fractions of E. longifolia Jack were studied on the laevator am muscle in both uncastrated and testosterone-stimulated castrated intact male rats after dosing them for 12 consecutive weeks. Results showed that 800 mg/kg of butanol, methanol, water and chloroform fractions of E. longifolia Jack significantly increased (p<0.05) the leavator am muscle to 58.56$\pm$1.22, 58.23 $\pm$0.31, 60.21 $\pm$0.86 and 62.35 $\pm$0.98 mg/100 g body weight, respectively, when compared with the control (untreated) in the uncastrated intact male rats and 49.23 $\pm$0.82, 52.23 $\pm$ 0.36, 50.21 $\pm$ 0.66 and 52.35 $\pm$ 0.58 mg/100 g body weight, respectivety, when compared to control (untreated) in the testosterone-stimulated castrated intact male rats. Hence the proandrogenic effect as shown by this study further supported the traditional use of this plant as an aphrodisiac.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.12-23
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• 2002

Gender differences in the effects of gonadectomy and high cholesterol diet on body weight and body cholesterol were investigated by using Sprague Dawley rats. Body weight, plasma and liver levels of cholesterol and triglyceride and platelet aggregation were examined in ovariectomized(OVX) or orchidectomized(ODX) rats with their intacts after feeding diet with or without 0.5% cholesterol. Body weight was significantly increased(p < 0.01) in OVX rats and significantly decreased(p < 0.01) in ODX rats compared to their respective intact rats, and cholesterol diet significantly(p < 0.05) decreased body weight in gonadectomized rats. Liver lobes from rats fed cholesterol diet were opaque and larger than those from rats find control dict, resulting in a significant increase(p < 0.01) in LW/BW ratio. Plasma and liver levels of total cholesterol were significantly increased (p < 0.01) in female rats regardless ovariectomy when find 0.5% cholesterol diet, but those levels in male rats were increased only when they were orchidectomized(p < 0.0l). Plasma HDL-cholesterol was significantly decreased(p < 0.05) in both sexes when find cholesterol diet. HDL-cholesterol were higher in female than male rats regardless treatments(p < 0.05). Liver triglyceride was significantly increased(p < 0.05) in both sexes when find cholesterol dict. Plasma level of triglyceride was not different among groups except significant decrease(p < 0.05) in cholesterol find ODX rats. Maximum platelet aggregation in female rats was significantly lower(p < 0.05) than male, but ovariectomy and cholesterol diet caused an increase te the level of male rats. Microscopic examination showed cholesterol diet caused a lipid accumulation in liver. Results indicate that intact female rats have higher response to hypercholestcrolemic diet than intact male rats and orchidectomy causes male rats more responsive to hypercholesterolemic diet. However, ovariectomy causes an increase female food efficiency ratio to the level of male rats, significantly increasing body weight.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.15-23
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• 2002

Gender differences in the effects of gonadectomy and high cholesterol diet on body weight and body cholesterol were investigated by using Sprague Dawley rats. Body weight, plasma and liver levels of cholesterol and triglyceride and platelet aggregation were examined in ovariectomized(OVX) or orchidectomized(ODX) rats with their intacts after feeding diet with or without 0.5% cholesterol. Body weight was significantly increased(p < 0.01) in OVX rats and significantly decreased(p < 0.01) in ODX rats compared to their respective intact rats, and cholesterol diet significantly(p < 0.05) decreased body weight in gonadectomized rats. Liver lobes from rats fed cholesterol diet were opaque and larger than those from rats find control dict, resulting in a significant increase(p < 0.01) in LW/BW ratio. Plasma and liver levels of total cholesterol were significantly increased (p < 0.01) in female rats regardless ovariectomy when find 0.5% cholesterol diet, but those levels in male rats were increased only when they were orchidectomized(p < 0.0l). Plasma HDL-cholesterol was significantly decreased(p < 0.05) in both sexes when find cholesterol diet. HDL-cholesterol were higher in female than male rats regardless treatments(p < 0.05). Liver triglyceride was significantly increased(p < 0.05) in both sexes when find cholesterol dict. Plasma level of triglyceride was not different among groups except significant decrease(p < 0.05) in cholesterol find ODX rats. Maximum platelet aggregation in female rats was significantly lower(p < 0.05) than male, but ovariectomy and cholesterol diet caused an increase te the level of male rats. Microscopic examination showed cholesterol diet caused a lipid accumulation in liver. Results indicate that intact female rats have higher response to hypercholestcrolemic diet than intact male rats and orchidectomy causes male rats more responsive to hypercholesterolemic diet. However, ovariectomy causes an increase female food efficiency ratio to the level of male rats, significantly increasing body weight.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.43 no.4
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• pp.146-154
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• 2013

Capillaria hepatica (syn. Calodium hepatica) is a parasite found mainly in rodent liver. But, it has also been found in a wide variety of mammals, including humans. This worm is unique as it is the only nematode parasite that is embedded in the liver parenchyma of the host even during the adult stage of the life cycle. They produce eggs that elicit a marked granulomatous reaction that eventually destroys the worms. Fibrosis and lymphoplasmacytic inflammatory infiltration are often observed around adult nematodes embedded in the liver parenchyma of the host. For this reason, complete isolation of this slender worm and observation of the intact ultrastructure is very difficult. In this study, 10 intact whole worms (C. hepatica) were isolated from the liver of 3-week-old mouse after inoculation of artificially embryonated eggs collected from house rats (Rattus norvegicus). Their external structure of was observed with light and scanning electron microscopy. The length of the isolated female and male C. hepatica was approximately 69.60 mm and 36.92 mm, respectively. More detailed ultrastructure, including bacillary band, eggs and vulva in female and spicule and spicule sheath in male C. hepatica was also described.

• Development and Reproduction
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.435-440
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• 2013

Previous studies, including our own, have demonstrated that the intratesticular injection of hypertonic saline (20%) decreased serum testosterone level which was similar to the surgical castration in the rat, showing the state of chemical castration. In the present study, we further verify the efficacy of this less invasive method as an alternative of surgical orchidectomy in the andrological field. Sterilized 20% saline was directly injected into the adult male rats (750 ${\mu}l$ per testis). The tested rats were divided into 3 groups including intact group (intact), orchidectomy group (ORX) and saline injection group (SAL) after bilateral orchidectomy was performed at the same day of injection. All rats were sacrificed at 4 weeks after injection. The reproductive organs (testes, epididymis, seminal vesicles and prostates) were collected and used for DNA and protein pattern analyses. Also, patho-histological studies on the testes were performed. In contrast to the intact group, similar DNA damages of testis and seminal vesicle were appeared in ORX group and SAL group. The DNA degradations seemed to be the results of necrosis rather than apoptosis. In the protein pattern analysis, all the testing tissues exerted similar patterns in the ORX group and the SAL group compared to the those of intact group. Patho-histological studies revealed that severe degenerative changes in testicular seminiferous tubules and massive infiltration of immune cells in SAL group. The present study confirmed that direct injection of hypertonic saline into the testis caused the equivalent biochemical changes in the accessory sex organs as shown in the orchidectomized animals. These results suggest that hypertonic saline injection model could be a useful castration model which can substitute for surgical castration when its safety is secured through further study in the future.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.223-227
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• 2012

This study examined the effects of corn gluten (CG), wheat gluten (WG), and soybean protein isolate (SPI), as well as their hydrolysates, on weight reduction in rats fed a high-fat diet. Eight-month-old male Sprague-Dawley rats (n=70) were fed a high-fat diet (40% of the calories were fat) for 4 weeks. Rats were then randomly divided into seven groups and were fed isocaloric diets with different protein sources for 8 weeks. The protein sources were casein (control group), intact CG (CG group), CG hydrolysate (CGH group), intact WG (WG group), WG hydrolysate (WGH group), intact SPI (SPI group), and SPI hydrolysate (SPIH group). Body weight gain, adipose tissue weights, lipid profiles in plasma and liver; and hepatic activities of carnitine palmitoyl transferase, fatty acid synthase (FAS), malic enzyme, and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase were assessed. The CGH group showed significant weight reduction compared with the other groups. Epididymal fat pad and plasma triglycerides in the CGH group were the lowest and were significantly different than those in the control group. FAS activity in the CGH group was significantly lower than that in the other groups. In conclusion, the CGH diet of these experimental animals demonstrated a weight-reducing effect by lowering the adipose tissue weight and by affecting the activities of hepatic lipogenic enzymes.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Toxicology Conference
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• 2001.05a
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• pp.147-147
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• 2001

To establish a test protocol for the rodent 20-day thyroid/pubertal assay, we dosed flutamide(fl), a non-steroidal androgen antagonist to intact male SD rats from postnatal day 33 for 20 days, and examined several reproductive endpoints for assessing the sensitivity of a list of parameters for detecting endocrine-related effects of endocrine-disrupting chemicals.(omitted)

• Korean Journal of Animal Reproduction
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.179-187
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• 1991

This experiment was carried out to develop a new technique of identifying XX of XY-bearing bisected embryos prior to implantation by immunological method. H-Y antiserum prepared in inbred Wastar female rats by repeated immunization with spleen cells from males of the same strain. The reactivity of H-Y antibody was confirmed by culturing mouse embryos in the medium containing H-Y antiserum and complement obtained from the guinea pig. The optimal condition for the activity of H-Y antibody was also investigated by culturing embryos under the concentraton or affected H-Y antibody was also investigated by culturing embryos under the concentration or affected H-Y antibody and culture rate. However, production of live young or sex rates of male and female from embryos transferred with psudopregnant. The biological test with the morula stage embryos showed that H-Y antibody was formed in all female rats immunized with spleen cell, but it was formed only in 80% female rats immunized with the antigen. When the bisected mouse embryos were cultured in vitro for 5~6 hours in morula stage, of 457 bisected embryos 81.4% of then were developed to the blastocyst stage. When the concentration rate of complement to H-Y antiserum varied from 1.0~5.0${mu}ell$, the lysis-rate of embryo was 19.5 to 67.3%. The concentration rate of complement did not influence the lysis-rate of embryos(P<0.05). The morphology embryos of bisected, zona-free and intact embryos showed the embryos lysis rate of 58.6, 42.7 and 48.5% respectively(P<0.05). Pregnancy rate were 50.0, 45.5 and 57.1% in psudopregnant recipient transferred with bisected, zona-free and intact blastocyst embryos. However, production of live youngs, sexual rate of male or female was 24(50.0:50.0), 22(45.5:55.5) and 36(58.3:41.7)mice, but affected and non affected half embryos with H-Y antiserum treatment was 23.1 and 26.7%. Also production of live youngs and sexual rate was 14(92.9:7.1) and 17(17.6:82.4)mice in affected and non affected half embryos in H-Y antiserum treatment(P<0.05).

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.1-7
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• 2004

Objective : This study was designed to examine the effects of orally administered Prunus persica water extract (PPE), which is used as herbal medicine, for treatment of Yu Xue (stasis of blood) and tacrine on the basal concentration of extracellular acetylcholine in the hippocampus of rats. Methods: To investigate the effects of PPE and tacrine on concentration of extracellular acetylcholine in the hippocampus of rats, the microdialysis technique, under the same experimental conditions, was used. And we used male Wistar rats which were 7 weeks of age and 210-290 g. PPE was extracted with boiling water, and the rats were anesthetized with pentobarbital Na. Their skulls were exposed and a hole was drilled for implantation of a microdialysis probe. In order to increase the recovery of acetylcholine, a probe with a long membrane was used. One day after surgery, the microdialysis probe was perfused with Ringer's solution at a flow rate of 1.5 l/min. The acetylcholine concentration in dialysis samples was measured by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. AChE activity was measured using the radiometric method, as described by Sherman. Results : The comparative effects of PPE and tacrine on hippocampal extracellular acetylcholine concentration was that these cholinesterase inhibitors produced dose-dependent increases in the extracellular acetylcholine concentration. And the effect of PPE and tacrine on rat brain AChE activity was that PPE produced maximal inhibition at 1 h after administration, when AChE activity was 44% of the intact level. AChE activity gradually recovered thereafter, and reached 78% of the intact level at 12 h after administration. Conclusion : In this study, PPE has a potent activity and a long-lasting effect on the central cholinergic system, in terms of the basal concentration of extracellular acetylcholine in the hippocampus and the AChE activity in the brain of rats. And oral administration of PPE increased dose-dependently the basal concentration of extracellular acetylcholine in the hippocampus of rats. PPE may be one of the more useful cholinesterase inhibitors for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.

• Proceedings of the PSK Conference
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• 2003.10b
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• pp.241.1-241.1
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• 2003

Purpose: The objective of the study was to elucidate the pharmacokinetics of CJ-11555, anti-cirrhotic agent, in different physical properties and vehicles. Methods: 8-week-old male intact rats were administered CJ-11555 either intravenously (20 mg/0.6 mL/kg, NMP:PEG400, 1:1) or orally (50 mg/2 mL/kg, various vehicles). Different particle sizes of CJ-11668 and various vehicles were applied to characterize CJ-11555 in vivo. Following the administration in rats, the plasma concentrations were determined by HPLC. (omitted)