• 제목/요약/키워드: Intact Fruit

검색결과 22건 처리시간 0.024초

THE NONDESTRUCTIVE MEASUREMENT OF THE SOLUBLE SOLID AND ACID CONTENTS OF INTACT PEACH USING VIS/NIR TRANSMITTANCE SPECTRA

  • Hwang, I.G.;Noh, S.H.;Lee, H.Y.;Yang, S.B.
    • 한국농업기계학회:학술대회논문집
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    • 한국농업기계학회 2000년도 THE THIRD INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON AGRICULTURAL MACHINERY ENGINEERING. V.II
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    • pp.210-218
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    • 2000
  • Since the SSC(soluble solid contents) and titratable acidity of fruit are highly concerned to the taste, the need for measuring them by non-destructive technology such as NIR(Visual and Near-infrared) spectroscopy is increasing. Specially, in order to grade the quality of each fruit with a sorter at sorting and packing facilities, technologies for online measurement satisfying the tolerance in terms of accuracy and speed should be developed. Many researches have been done to develop devices to measure the internal qualities of fruit such as SSC, titratable acidity, firmness, etc. with the VIS(Visual)/NIR(Near Infrared) reflectance spectra. The distributions of the SSC, titratable acidity, firmness, etc. are different with respect to the position and depth of fruit, and generally the VIS/NIR light can interact with fruit in a few millimeters of pathlength, and it is very difficult to measure the qualities of inner flesh of fruit. Therefore, to measure the average concentrations of each quality factor such as SSC and titratable acidity with the reflectance-type NIR devices, the spectra of fruit at several positions should be measured. Recently, the interest about the transmittance-type VIS/NIR devices is increasing. NIR light can penetrate through the fruit about 1/10-1/1,000,000 %. Therefore, very intensive light source and very sensitive sensor should be adopted to measure the transmitted light spectra of intact fruit. The ultimate purpose of this study was to develop a device to measure the transmitted light spectra of intact fruit such as apple, pear, peach, etc. With the transmittance-type VIS/NIR device, the feasibility of measurement of the SSC and titratable acidity in intact fruit cultivated in Korea was tested. The results are summarized as follows; A simple measurement device which can measure the transmitted light spectra of intact fruit was constructed with sample holder, two 500W-tungsten halogen lamps, a real-time spectrometer having a very sensitive CCD array sensor and optical fiber probe. With the device, it was possible to measure the transmitted light spectra of intact fruit such as apple, pear and peach. Main factors affecting the intensity of transmitted light spectra were the size of sample, the radiation intensity of light source and the integration time of the detector. Sample holder should be designed so that direct light leakage to the probe could be protected. Preprocessing method to the raw spectrum data significantly influenced the performance of the nondestructive measurement of SSC and titratable acidity of intact fruit. Representative results of PLS models in predicting the SSC of peach were SEP of 0.558 Brix% and R2 of 0.819, and those in predicting titratable acidity were SEP of 0.056% and R2 of 0.655.

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접목참외의 생육, 품질 및 양분흡수 특성에 관한 대목의 영향 (Effect of Rootstocks on the Growth, Fruit Quality, and Nurtient Contents in Various Parts of Oriental Melons (Cucumis mels L.var. makuwa MAKINO))

  • 정순재;구우서;정경태
    • 생명과학회지
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    • 제5권4호
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    • pp.190-202
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    • 1995
  • Two oriental melons cultivars, ‘Geumssaragi Euncheon’(GSEC) and ‘House Eunchon’(HEC), were grafted onto different rootstocks and the growth, mineral contents and fruit quality were examined. The seedlings grafted onto‘Geumtozwa’rootsticks showed about 10% defected seedling loss(wilting or dwarfing0as compared to the little or no loss in the seedlings grafted onto 'Sintozwa' or 'Chamtozwa' rootstocks. The seedings grafted onto 'Sintozwa' or 'Chamtozwa' rootstocks also exhibited better vine growth as compared to the intact seedlings or the seedlings grafted onto 'Geumtozwa' rootstocks. The fruits growth, as measured by fruits length, fruit diameter and fruit fresh weight, was accelerated by the rootstocks especially by 'Sintozwa' and 'Chamtozwa' . Intact oriental melons showed the highest soluble solids content in the fruit pericarp followed by 'Chamtozwa' rootstocks. Sucrose contents were higher in the seedling grafted onto 'Sintozwa', whereas higher glucose and fructose contents were measured in intact GSEC fruits or HEC fruits on 'Chamtozwa' rootstock. As compared to the intact plants, the seedling grafted onto 'Sintozwa' rootstock showed higher N. P and K and lower Ca and Mg contents in leaves, stems, roots and fruits. 'Geumtozwa' rootstock, developed specially for oriental melons, showed very similar pattern of mineral absorption or distribution as compared to the intact plants.

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ASSESSING CALIBRATION ROBUSTNESS FOR INTACT FRUIT

  • Guthrie, John A.;Walsh, Kerry B.
    • 한국근적외분광분석학회:학술대회논문집
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    • 한국근적외분광분석학회 2001년도 NIR-2001
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    • pp.1154-1154
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    • 2001
  • Near infra-red (NIR) spectroscopy has been used for the non-invasive assessment of intact fruit for eating quality attributes such as total soluble solids (TSS) content. However, little information is available in the literature with respect to the robustness of such calibration models validated against independent populations (however, see Peiris et al. 1998 and Guthrie et al. 1998). Many studies report ‘prediction’ statistics in which the calibration and prediction sets are subsets of the same population (e. g. a three year calibration validated against a set from the same population, Peiris et al. 1998; calibration and validation subsets of the same initial population, Guthrie and Walsh 1997 and McGlone and Kawano 1998). In this study, a calibration was developed across 84 melon fruit (R$^2$= 0.86$^{\circ}$Brix, SECV = 0.38$^{\circ}$Brix), which predicted well on fruit excluded from the calibration set but taken from the same population (n = 24, SEP = 0.38$^{\circ}$Brix with 0.1$^{\circ}$Brix bias), relative to an independent group (same variety and farm but different harvest date) (n = 24, SEP= 0.66$^{\circ}$ Brix with 0.1$^{\circ}$Brix bias). Prediction on a different variety, different growing district and time was worse (n = 24, SEP = 1.2$^{\circ}$Brix with 0.9$^{\circ}$Brix bias). Using an ‘in-line’ unit based on a silicon diode array spectrometer, as described in Walsh et al. (2000), we collected spectra from fruit populations covering different varieties, growing districts and time. The calibration procedure was optimized in terms of spectral window, derivative function and scatter correction. Performance of a calibration across new populations of fruit (different varieties, growing districts and harvest date) is reported. Various calibration sample selection techniques (primarily based on Mahalanobis distances), were trialled to structure the calibration population to improve robustness of prediction on independent sets. Optimization of calibration population structure (using the ISI protocols of neighbourhood and global distances) resulted in the elimination of over 50% of the initial data set. The use of the ISI Local Calibration routine was also investigated.

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Multi-swarm fruit fly optimization algorithm for structural damage identification

  • Li, S.;Lu, Z.R.
    • Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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    • 제56권3호
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    • pp.409-422
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    • 2015
  • In this paper, the Multi-Swarm Fruit Fly Optimization Algorithm (MFOA) is presented for structural damage identification using the first several natural frequencies and mode shapes. We assume damage only leads to the decrease of element stiffness. The differences on natural frequencies and mode shapes of damaged and intact state of a structure are used to establish the objective function, which transforms a damage identification problem into an optimization problem. The effectiveness and accuracy of MFOA are demonstrated by three different structures. Numerical results show that the MFOA has a better capacity for structural damage identification than the original Fruit Fly Optimization Algorithm (FOA) does.

Natural Variation in Virulence of Acidovorax citrulli Isolates That Cause Bacterial Fruit Blotch in Watermelon, Depending on Infection Routes

  • Song, Yu-Rim;Hwang, In Sun;Oh, Chang-Sik
    • The Plant Pathology Journal
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    • 제36권1호
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    • pp.29-42
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    • 2020
  • Acidovorax citrulli causes bacterial fruit blotch in Cucurbitaceae, including watermelon. Although A. citrulli is a seed-borne pathogen, it can cause diverse symptoms in other plant organs like leaves, stems and fruits. To determine the infection routes of A. citrulli, we examined the virulence of six isolates (Ac0, Ac1, Ac2, Ac4, Ac8, and Ac11) on watermelon using several inoculation methods. Among six isolates, DNA polymorphism reveals that three isolates Ac0, Ac1, and Ac4 belong to Clonal Complex (CC) group II and the others do CC group I. Ac0, Ac4, and Ac8 isolates efficiently infected seeds during germination in soil, and Ac0 and Ac4 also infected the roots of watermelon seedlings wounded prior to inoculation. Infection through leaves was successful only by three isolates belonging to CC group II, and two of these also infected the mature watermelon fruits. Ac2 did not cause the disease in all assays. Interestingly, three putative type III effectors (Aave_2166, Aave_2708, and Aave_3062) with intact forms were only found in CC group II. Overall, our results indicate that A. citrulli can infect watermelons through diverse routes, and the CC grouping of A. citrulli was only correlated with virulence in leaf infection assays.

Differential role of endothelium in hawthorn fruit extract-induced relaxation of rat cerebral, coronary, carotid, and aorta

  • Chan, Hoi Yun;Chen, Zhen-Yu;Yao, Xiaoqiang;Lau, Chi-Wai;Zhang, ZeSeng;Ho, Walter Kwok Keung;Huang, Yu
    • Advances in Traditional Medicine
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    • 제2권2호
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    • pp.87-93
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    • 2002
  • The present study was aimed to examine the role of endothelium in the relaxant effect of hawthorn fruit extract of Crataegus pinnatifida in four different types of rat arteries, posterior cerebral communicating artery, right descending coronary artery, common carotid artery, and aorta. In $9,11-dideoxy-11{\alpha}$, $9{\alpha}-epoxy-methanoprostaglandin$ $F_{2{\alpha}}$ (U46619)-preconstricted arterial rings except for aorta, the extract produced endothelium-independent relaxations with similar potency. This relaxation was unaffected by pretreatment with $100\;{\mu}M\;N^G-nitro-L-arginine$ methylester (L-NAME, the nitric oxide synthase inhibitor), $3\;{\mu}M$ 1H-[l,2,4]oxadiazolo$[4,2-{\alpha}]$quinoxalin-1-one (ODQ, the guanylate cyclase inhibitor), or $10\;{\mu}M$ indomethacin (the cyclooxygenase inhibitor). Putative $K^+$ channel blockers (charybdotoxin plus apamin or glibenclamide) did not affect the extract-induced relaxation in cerebral or coronary artery rings. In contrast, in rat aortic rings the extract produced significantly smaller relaxant response in endothelium-denuded rings than that in endothelium-intact rings. Pretreatment with L-NAME or ODQ abolished the extractinduced endothelium-dependent aortic relaxation, whilst indomethacin $(3\;{\mu}M)$ had no effect. The present results indicate that hawthorn fruit extract possesses a vasorelaxing effect in cerebral, coronary and carotid arteries and this effect is independent of the presence of a functional endothelium. However, the extract-induced endothelium-dependent relaxation in rat aorta was mediated through endothelial nitric oxide and cyclic GMP-dependent mechanisms, suggesting that active components in the extract may act on endothelium to stimulate release of nitric oxide in large conduit arteries of the rats.

NADPH Oxidases Are Required for Appressorium-Mediated Penetration in Colletotrichum scovillei-Pepper Fruit Pathosystem

  • Fu, Teng;Lee, Noh-Hyun;Shin, Jong-Hwan;Kim, Kyoung Su
    • The Plant Pathology Journal
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    • 제38권4호
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    • pp.345-354
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    • 2022
  • NADPH oxidase (Nox) complexes are known to play essential roles in differentiation and proliferation of many filamentous fungi. However, the functions of Noxs have not been elucidated in Colletotrichum species. Therefore, we set out to characterize the roles of Nox enzymes and their regulators in Colletotrichum scovillei, which causes serious anthracnose disease on pepper fruits in temperate and subtropical and temperate region. In this study, we generated targeted deletion mutants for CsNox1, CsNox2, CsNoxR, and CsNoxD via homologous recombination. All deletion mutants were normal in mycelial growth, conidiation, conidial germination, and appressorium formation, suggesting that CsNox1, CsNox2, CsNoxR, and CsNoxD are not involved in those developmental processes. Notably, conidia of 𝜟Csnox2 and 𝜟Csnoxr, other than 𝜟Csnox1 and 𝜟Csnoxd, failed to cause anthracnose on intact pepper fruits. However, they still caused normal disease on wounded pepper fruits, suggesting that Csnox2 and CsnoxR are essential for penetration-related morphogenesis in C. scovillei. Further observation proved that 𝜟Csnox2 and 𝜟Csnoxr were unable to form penetration peg, while they fully developed appressoria, revealing that defect of anthracnose development by 𝜟Csnox2 and 𝜟Csnoxr resulted from failure in penetration peg formation. Our results suggest that CsNox2 and CsNoxR are critical for appressorium-mediated penetration in C. scovillei-pepper fruit pathosystem, which provides insight into understanding roles of Nox genes in anthracnose disease development.

단감 과실의 과육 갈변과 세포막 투과성 및 지방산 조성 변화의 관계 (The Relationship among Flesh Browning, Membrane Permeability, and Fatty Acid Composition in Fuyu Persimmon Fruits)

  • 최성진
    • 한국식품저장유통학회지
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    • 제5권1호
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    • pp.35-39
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    • 1998
  • The cell membrane properties in relation to flesh browning of Fuyu persimmon fruits during CA storage were studied. Compared to intact fruits, the flesh tissue of browned fruits showed higher rate of electrolyte leakage, indicating incresed membrane permeability. It could be assumed that the increased membrane permeability results in 1eakage of phenolic compounds from vacuole and their oxidation by contacting with PPO, inducing finally the development of flesh browning. In addition, lower content of fatty acids and higher saturation rate of them were found in browned fruits. In conculusion, it was suggested that the inhibited fatty acid metabolism and fatty acid saturation during CA storage cause membrane Permeability to increase.

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'유명' 복숭아의 과실 바람들이 증상 (Characteristics of Fruit Flesh Pithiness Symptoms in 'Yumyeong' Peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsc])

  • 조명동;김용구;박희승
    • 원예과학기술지
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    • 제18권3호
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    • pp.360-367
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    • 2000
  • 유명복숭아는 보구력이 매우 강한 독특한 불용질성 품종으로서, 수확기간이 긴 장점이 있으나 너무 늦게 수확하는 경우 수상에서 과실 바람들이 증상이나 내부갈변 현상이 나타나는 경우가 있다. 바람들이 증상은 늦게 수확할수록 큰 과실에서 많이 발생하며 당과 말산 함량은 정상과와 비교하여 차이가 없으나 구연산의 함량이 크게 낮아 산도가 떨어졌다. 바람들이 증상과의 과피에서는 질소, 인산, 칼륨의 함량이 높았으며 과육에서는 질소, 인산, 마그네슘의 함량이 높았으나 칼슘의 경우 과피와 과육 모두에서 낮게 나타났다. 바람들이 발생은 수확전 2개월 간의 강수량이 적고 최고온도가 높은 해에 많이 발생하여 과실비대기의 고온건조가 한 원인이 되는 것으로 생각되었다. 형태학적인 측면에서 바람들이 발생부위의 세포들은 정상부위의 세포들보다 작은 크기의 세포들로 이루어져 있었으며, 내부갈변과에서 액포막이 파괴되고 죽은 세포가 많은 것에 비하여 바람들이과는 액포막의 파괴없이 액포가 수축된 상태로 나타났다. 바람들이 발생조직 주변의 유관속 조직에서 틸로시스가 발견되어 이러한 틸로시스가 일부 과육조직의 발달을 방해하여 바람들이 발생에 관여하는 것으로 추정되었다. 한편, '판타지아'와 '월미' 등의 다른 복숭아에서도 틸로시스가 나타났으며 비정상적으로 작은 세포들의 모임이 과육에서 발견되어 과육 전체 세포들이 균일하게 생장하고 있지 못함을 보여주었다. 이는 복숭아 여러 품종에서 바람들이와 유사한 증상이 나타날 수 있는 가능성을 암시하나 많은 복숭아가 연화기간이 짧아 바람들이 증상이 발견되기 어려운 것으로 추정되었다.

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Generation of an Arginine Auxotrophic Mutant of Colletotrichum acutatum as a Recipient Host for Insertional Mutagenesis

  • Kim, Hee-Kyoung;Lee, Sun-Hee;Kim, Heung-Tae;Yun, Sung-Hwan
    • The Plant Pathology Journal
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    • 제25권3호
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    • pp.205-212
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    • 2009
  • Colletotrichum acutatum was the main cause of the recent outbreaks of anthracnose on pepper fruit in Korea. To facilitate molecular analysis of C. acutatum, we generated an arginine auxotrophic mutant of the C acutatum strain JC24 using a targeted gene replacement strategy. A 3.3-kb genomic region carrying an ortholog (designated CaARG2) of the fungal gene encoding N-acetylglutamate synthase, the first enzyme of arginine biosynthesis in fungi, was deleted from the fungal genome. The mutant exhibited normal growth only when arginine was exogenously supplied into the culture medium. Transformation of the arginine auxotrophic mutant with a plasmid DNA carrying an intact copy of CaARG2, which was smaller than the deleted region in the mutant, not only caused random vector insertions in the fungal genome, but also recovered both hyphal growth and pathogenicity of the mutant to the wild-type level. Using this new selection system, we have successfully developed a restriction enzyme-mediated integration procedure, which would provide an economically efficient random mutagenesis method in C. acutatum.