• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제36권2호
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• pp.153-160
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• 2012

Panax ginseng has long been used as a traditional herbal medicine. More recently, it has received attention for its anti-diabetic and anti-obesity effects in humans and in animal models of type 2 diabetes. In the present study, we tested the hypoglycemic effects of ginseng berry extract in beta-cell-deficient mice and investigated the mechanisms involved. Red (ripe) and green (unripe) berry extracts were prepared and administered orally (100 or 200 mg/kg body weight) to streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice daily for 10 wk. The body weight was measured daily, and the nonfasting blood glucose levels were measured after 5 and 10 wk after administration. Glucose tolerance tests were performed, and the serum insulin levels were measured. The proliferation of beta-cells was measured in vitro. The administration of red or green ginseng berry extract significantly reduced the blood glucose levels and improved the glucose tolerance in beta-cell deficient mice, with the higher doses resulting in better effects. Glucose-stimulated insulin secretion was significantly increased in berry extract-treated mice compared with streptozotocin-induced diabetic control mice. Treatment with ginseng berry extract increased beta-cell proliferation in vitro. Both red berry and green berry extracts improved glycemic control in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice and increased insulin secretion, possibly due to increased beta-cell proliferation. These results suggest that ginseng berry extracts might have beneficial effects on beta-cell regeneration.

• 대한약리학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한약리학회 2006년도 58th Annual Meeting of The Korean Society of Pharmacology
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• pp.62-62
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• 2006

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제4권2호
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• pp.99-105
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• 2010

Obesity is considered a mild inflammatory state, and the secretion of inflammation-related cytokines rises as adipose tissue expands. Inflammatory cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor-${\alpha}$ (TNF-${\alpha}$), interlukin 6 (IL-6) and monocyte-chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1), are modulated by adipose tissue and known to play an important role in insulin resistance which is the common characteristics of obesity related disorders. In this study we analyzed the effects of Sasa borealis leaves extract on inflammatory cytokines and insulin resistance in diet induced obese C57/BL6J mice. The obese state was induced by a high fat diet for 20 weeks and then the mice were divided into two groups; obese control group (OBC, n = 7) and experimental group (OB-SBE, n = 7). The OBC group was fed a high fat diet and the OB-SBE group was fed a high fat diet containing 5% Sasa borealis leaves extract (SBE) for 12 weeks. We also used mice fed a standard diet as a normal control (NC, n = 7). The body weight and adipose tissue weight in the OB group were significantly higher than those in the NC group. The effects of the high fat diet were reduced by SBE treatments, and the body weight and adipose tissue deposition in the OB-SBE group were significantly decreased compared to the OBC group. The OBC group showed higher serum glucose and insulin levels which resulted in a significant increase of incremental area under the curve (IAUC) and HOMA-IR than the NC group. Also, serum leptin, TNF-${\alpha}$, and IL-6 levels were significantly higher in the OBC group than in the NC group. In contrast, the OB-SBE group showed a reversal in the metabolic defects, including a decrease in glucose, insulin, IAUC, HOMA-IR, TNF-${\alpha}$, IL-6 and leptin levels. These results suggest that BSE can suppress increased weight gain and/or fat deposition induced by a high fat diet and theses effects are accompanied by modulation of the inflammatory cytokines, TNF-${\alpha}$ and IL-6 secretion resulting in improved insulin resistance.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제43권2호
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• pp.209-217
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• 2019

Background: Ginseng is a traditional herbal medicine for human health. Ginseng contains a bioactive ligand named gintonin. The active ingredient of gintonin is lysophosphatidic acid C18:2 (LPA C18:2). We previously developed a method for gintonin-enriched fraction (GEF) preparation to mass-produce gintonin from ginseng. However, previous studies did not show the presence of other bioactive lipids besides LPAs. The aim of this study was to quantify the fatty acids, lysophospholipids (LPLs), and phospholipids (PLs) besides LPAs in GEF. Methods: We prepared GEF from white ginseng. We used gas chromatography-mass spectrometry for fatty acid analysis and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry for PL analysis, and quantified the fatty acids, LPLs, and PLs in GEF using respective standards. We examined the effect of GEF on insulin secretion in INS-1 cells. Results: GEF contains about 7.5% linoleic (C18:2), 2.8% palmitic (C16:0), and 1.5% oleic acids (C18:1). GEF contains about 0.2% LPA C18:2, 0.06% LPA C16:0, and 0.02% LPA C18:1. GEF contains 0.08% lysophosphatidylcholine, 0.03% lysophosphatidylethanolamine, and 0.13% lysophosphatidylinositols. GEF also contains about 1% phosphatidic acid (PA) 16:0-18:2, 0.5% PA 18:2-18:2, and 0.2% PA 16:0-18:1. GEFmediated insulin secretion was not blocked by LPA receptor antagonist. Conclusion: We determined four characteristics of GEF through lipid analysis and insulin secretion. First, GEF contains a large amount of linoleic acid (C18:2), PA 16:0-18:2, and LPA C18:2 compared with other lipids. Second, the main fatty acid component of LPLs and PLs is linoleic acid (C18:2). Third, GEF stimulates insulin secretion not through LPA receptors. Finally, GEF contains bioactive lipids besides LPAs.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제38권1호
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• pp.114-120
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• 2006

백련 뿌리 및 잎과 조릿대는 과거부터 약용으로 사용해 왔지만 아직까지 연구도 많이 이루어지지 않았고, 항당뇨 효과에 대한 연구도 거의 없었다. 본 연구에서는 백련 뿌리 및 잎과 조릿대의 추출물과 분획물이 in vitro에서 인슐린 작용, 인슐린 분비 또는 탄수화물의 소화에 효과적인지를 조사함으로 항당뇨에 효과적인지 여부를 조사하였다. 백련 뿌리 및 잎과 조릿대의 추출물은 각각 물로 추출하여 항당뇨 효과를 조사하였다. 또한 백련 뿌리 및 잎과 조릿대의 3 : 2 : 3으로 혼합하여 물로 추출한 후 이를 메탄올과 물을 섞은 용액으로 단계별로 XAD-4 column으로 분획하였다. 백련 뿌리 및 잎과 조릿대의 추출물과 혼합물의 분획물은 고농도(1 mg/mL)에서도 MTT 방법으로 측정하였을 때 세포 독성을 나타내지 않았다. 백련 뿌리와 조릿대 물추출물은 인슐린 작용을 향상시키는 효능이 있었고, 백련잎 물추출물은 ${\alpha}-amylase$를 억제하여 탄수화물의 소화 흡수를 지연시켰다. 이에 백련 뿌리 및 잎과 조릿대를 3 : 2 : 3으로 혼합하였을 때 20과 80% 메탄올층은 3T3-L1 지방세포에 처리하였을 때 인슐린의 작용을 향상시켜 포도당의 흡수를 증가시키는 효과가 인슐린을 10 nM을 처리한 것 만큼 효과적으로 포도당 흡수를 증가시켰다. 이 층에는 3T3-L1 섬유아세포에 분화 유도물질과 함께 처리하였을 때 $PPAR-{\gamma}$ agonist인 rosiglitazone과 마찬가지로 지방 세포로의 분화를 촉진시키고 지방의 축적도 증가시켰다. 그러므로 80% 메탄올 층에는 $PPAR-{\gamma}$ agonist로 작용하는 물질이 함유되어 있을 가능성이 높다. 베타세포라인인 Min6 세포에 백련 뿌리 및 잎과 조릿대의 혼합물의 분획물을 처리한 후 저농도와 고농도 포도당 자극시 인슐린 분비를 측정하였을 때 두 농도에서 모두 인슐린 분비에 영향을 미치지 않았다. 또한 백련 뿌리 및 잎과 조릿대의 혼합물의 20, 60과 80% 메탄올 분획층은 탄수화물의 소화에 작용하는 효소인 ${\alpha}-amylase$의 활성을 16% 정도를 억제하는 효과가 있었다. 결론적으로 백련 뿌리 및 잎과 조릿대의 추출물과 분획물에는 인슐린 분비나 탄수화물의 소화에 관여하는 성분이 없지만, 인슐린 작용을 향상시키는 인슐린 민감성 물질이 함유되어 있을 가능성이 높다.

• 셀메드
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.1.1-1.10
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• 2017

Minerals are individual of the components of foods and are not produced in the body but essential for best possible health. Several essential metals are vital for the appropriate performance of various enzymes, transcriptional factors and proteins that are essential in various biochemical paths. Metals like zinc (Zn), magnesium (Mg), and manganese (Mn) are cofactors of hundreds of enzymes. Zn is involved in the synthesis and secretion of insulin from the pancreatic ${\beta}-cells$. Chromium (Cr) increases the insulin receptors activity on target tissues, mainly in muscle cells. Insulin hormone is required to maintain the blood glucose amount in normal range. Continual increase of blood serum glucose level leads to marked chronic hyperglycemia or diabetes mellitus. Deficiency of insulin or its resistance, blood glucose level exceeds the upper limit of the common range of 126 mg/dl. Poor glucose control and diabetes changes the levels of essential trace elements such as Zn, Mg, Mn, Cr, iron etc. by rising urinary excretion and their related decrease in the blood. The aim of this article to discusses the important roles of essential trace elements in particular perspective of type 2 diabetes.

• 대한의생명과학회지
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• 제10권3호
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• pp.203-210
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• 2004

It has been reported that glomerulosclerosis mediated by the dysfunction of mesangial cells and insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) are associated with the development of diabetic nephropathy. However, it is not yet known the effect of high glucose on IGF-I, -II secretion, IGF-I receptor, and IGFBPs expression in the mesangial cells. Thus, this study was conducted to examine the effect of high glucose on IGF system and its involvement of protein kinase C (PKC) and oxidative stress in mesangial cells. In this study, high glucose (25 mM) increased IGF-I and IGF-II secretion and mRNA expression (P<0.05), which was blocked by PKC inhibitor (staurosporine, 10/sup -8/ M) and antioxidant (N-acetyl cystein, 10/sup -5/ M). High glucose decreased IGFBP-1 and -2 expression but increased IGFBP-5 expression. These alteration of IGFBPs by high glucose was also prevented by staurosporine and NAC, suggesting the role of PKC and oxidative stress. Indeed, high glucose increased PKC activity. Furthermore, high glucose-induced increase of lipid peroxide (LPO) formation was blocked by PKC inhibitors. In conclusion, high glucose alters IGF system via PKC-oxidative pathways in mesangial cells.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.71-77
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• 2012

Mitochondrial dynamics and distribution is critical for their role in bioenergetics and cell survival. We investigated the consequence of altered fission/fusion on mitochondrial function and motility in INS-1E rat clonal ${\beta}$-cells. Adenoviruses were used to induce doxycycline-dependent expression of wild type (WT-Mfn1) or a dominant negative mitofusin 1 mutant (DN-Mfn1). Mitochondrial morphology and motility were analyzed by monitoring mitochondrially-targeted red fluorescent protein. Adenovirus-driven overexpression of WT-Mfn1 elicited severe aggregation of mitochondria, preventing them from reaching peripheral near plasma membrane areas of the cell. Overexpression of DN-Mfn1 resulted in fragmented mitochondria with widespread cytosolic distribution. WT-Mfn1 overexpression impaired mitochondrial function as glucose- and oligomycin-induced mitochondrial hyperpolarization were markedly reduced. Viability of the INS-1E cells, however, was not affected. Mitochondrial motility was significantly reduced in WT-Mfn1 overexpressing cells. Conversely, fragmented mitochondria in DN-Mfn1 overexpressing cells showed more vigorous movement than mitochondria in control cells. Movement of these mitochondria was also less microtubule-dependent. These results suggest that Mfn1-induced hyperfusion leads to mitochondrial dysfunction and hypomotility, which may explain impaired metabolism-secretion coupling in insulin-releasing cells overexpressing Mfn1.

• 동의생리병리학회지
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.340-345
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• 2008

Extract of Acanthopanax senticosus has recently been demonstrated to possess significant antidiabetic potential, in accordance with the traditional use of this plant as an antidiabetic natural health product. The present study evaluated the effects of fermented extract (FE) of this plant on glucose-stimulated insulin secretion, glucose uptake, and streptozotocin-induced type 1 diabetes model. A 3 h pretreatment with FE prevented $IL-1{\beta}$ and $IFN-{\gamma}$ toxicity in isolated rat islets. However, it did not affect insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in C2C12 myotubes. In addition, pretreatment of mice with FE blocked the destruction of streptozotocin-induced islets and the development of type 1 diabetes. FE reduced blood glucose level, increased insulin secretion, and improved glucose tolerance in streptozotocin-treated mice, whereas nonfermented extract (NFE) had moderate effects. Immunohistochemical staining for insulin clearly showed that pretreatment with FE blocked the STZ-induced islets destruction and restored the number of islet cells that secreted insulin to the level of the control. Although the active principles and their mechanisms of action remain to be identified, FE may nevertheless represent a novel complementary therapy and a source of novel therapeutic agents against type 1 diabetes mellitus.

• 동국한의학연구소논문집
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.65-74
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• 1998

Glucokinase와 hexokinase는 간과 췌장에서 인슐린에 의해 혈당이용을 증대시키며 혈당농도를 감지하여 인슐린 분비를 조절하는 효소로서 인슐린비의존성당뇨병(NIDDM)의 병인과 밀접한 관계가 있는 효소이다. Cytokine의 일종인 interleukin-$1{\beta}$ ($IL-1{\beta}$)는 췌장 도세포에서의 인슐린 분비와 ${\beta}-cell$에 대한 세포 독성을 효과적으로 조절하여 장기간 노출시키면 인슐린 분비와 생합성을 저해하며 ${\beta}-cell$을 파괴하여 ${\beta}-cell$의 기능적, 구조적 손상을 초래하여 IDDM을 유발한다. 본 연구에서는 당뇨병치료의 전통한방약제로서 사용되고 있는 오배자(五倍子)추출물의 효과를 해명하기 위하여 $IL-1{\beta}$유발 실험적 당뇨마우스의 glucokinase와 hexokinase의 활성을 검토한 결과, $IL-1{\beta}$주사에 의해 체중과 공복시의 glucose 및 insulin 분비가 증가되었으나, 오배자(五倍子)투여로 공복시의 insulin분비가 감소하였으며 체중과 공복시의 혈당은 유의성은 없었으나 대조군에 비하여 감소하였다. 그러나, 혈당수치가 정상군에 비하여 현저하게 증가되었으나 오배자(五倍子)투여로 현저히 감소하였으며 Insulin치의 상승과 분비지연도 오배자(五倍子)투여군에서는 정상군과 유사한 경향을 보였다. 한편, 혈중 glucokinase와 hexokinase의 활성은 $IL-1{\beta}$주사에 의해 현저히 감소되었으나, 오배자(五倍子) 투여로 유의성 있게 상승되었다. 이상의 결과로, 오배자(五倍子)는 $IL-1{\beta}$로 유발된 실험적 당뇨병에서 포도당인산화 효소인 glucokinase와 hexokinase의 활성을 증가시키는 것으로 나타났다.