• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.145-151
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• 2000

The mouthparts of the Apionidae are almost of the same structures as in the Curculionidae feeding soft plant tissues, and two subfamilies in the current system are well supported by their structures. The subfamilies Apioninae and Nanophyinae are clearly characterized as follows. In Apioninae, clypeal margin sinuate; mandibles meet anteropo-steriorly when retracted and more or less curved internally; maxillary palpi two-segmented, with large palpiger; labial palpi one-segmented; prementum parallel-sided, longer than wide. In Nanophyinae, clypeal margin with two to three notches in the middle; mandibles meet anteroposteriorly when retracted and more or less curved internally; maxillary palpi three-segmented, palpiger about as great as stipes; labial palpi two-segmented, separated to each other by the apical protrusion of prementum; prementum about as long as wide. [Insecta, Coleoptera, Comparative morphology, Mouthparts, Apionidae].

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.44 no.3
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• pp.143-154
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• 2020

Background: Korean wild boars (Sus scrofa coreanus Heude), because of their adaptability, are a widespread large mammal; however, they sometimes cause problems by invading farms and eating the crops, creating insufficiencies of some foods in South Korea. To understand the diet composition of Korean wild boars according to sex and body size, we collected their feces from Mt. Jeombongsan, Seoraksan National Park, South Korea. The sizes of fecal samples were measured, and genomic DNA was extracted from the samples. We amplified specific loci targeting plants (rbcL and trnL) and animals (COI) to detect the food sources of this omnivore and amplified the ZF and SRY regions to determine the sex. Results: In the wild boar feces, Rosaceae and Bryophyte were the most frequently detected plant food sources at the family level and Diptera and Haplotaxida were the most frequently detected animal food sources at the order level. As a result of sex determination, the sex ratio of wild boars collected in the Mt. Jeombongsan area was approximately 1:1. Our result suggested that there is no significant difference between the diet composition of male and female boars. Based on the average cross-sectional area of the feces, the top 25% were classified into the large body size group and the bottom 25% were classified into the small body size group. The large body size group mainly preferred Actinidiaceae, and the small body size group most frequently consumed Fagaceae. The diet of the large body size group was more diverse than the small body size group. Conclusions: Our results showed that the wild boars preferred Rosaceae, especially Sanguisorba and Filipendula, as plant food sources, and Diptera and Coleoptera of Insecta as animal food sources. Based on the results, the dietary preferences of wild boar appear to be distinguished by not their sex but their body size. Our study could help to elucidate the feeding ecology and population structure of wild boar, as well as address conservation and management issues.

• International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.185-202
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• 2013

In this study, we present the nearly complete mitogenome sequences of the garden chafer, Polyphylla laticollis manchurica, which is listed as an endangered species in Korea. The P. l. manchurica mitogenome, which includes unfinished whole A+T-rich region and a partial srRNA was 14,473-bp long, possessing typical sets of genes (13 PCGs, 22 tRNA genes, and 2 rRNA genes). Gene arrangement of the P. l. manchurica mitogenome was identical to the common one found in the majority of insects. The 5 bp-long motif sequence (TAGTA) that has been suggested to be the possible binding site for the transcription termination peptide for the major-strand was also found in the P. l. manchurica mitogenome between $tRNA^{Ser}$(UCN) and ND1. The start codon for COI gene and ATPase8 was designated as a typical TTG. All tRNAs of the P. l. manchurica showed a stable canonical clover-leaf structure of other mt tRNAs, except for $tRNA^{Ser}$(AGN), DHU arm of which could not form stable stemloop structure. As has been previously determined, the high A/T content was unanimously observed in P. l. manchurica in terms of A/T bias in the third codon position (73.5%) compared with the first (66.4%) and second codon position (66.2%). The PCGs encoded in major-strands are slightly T-skewed, whereas those of the minor-strand are A-skewed, indicating strand asymmetry in nucleotide composition in the Coleoptera including P. l. manchurica.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.39-48
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• 1998

To know whether there is any androconia on Korean Lycaenidae, studies were carried out with Korean Lycaenid butterflies for their types and distribution pattern with the aid of scanning electron microscope. As the results, androconia was observed from 8 species; Niphanda fusca (B. et G.), Pseudozizeeria maha (K.), Zizina otis (F.), Everes argiades (P.), Celasrtina argiolus (L.), Maculinea arionides (S.), M. teleius (B.) and Lycaeides argyronomon (B.). Androconia was not found only from males, and it was observed on both dorsal and ventral surfaces of fore wings and on ventral surface of hind wings. Androconia was found to be distributed mainly on the area between the median and anal venis. General structure of androconia on Korean Lycaenids was rather simple with laminar and foot stalk. However, 2 types of androconia were observed from 2 species, Pseudozizeeria maha and Everes argiades, while only one type was observed from other 6 species. The foot stalks of androconia on Niphanda fusca under the tribe Niphandini is located on the ventral surface of laminar and hidden from dorsal view, while one end of that on all other 7 species belong to the tribe Polyommatini is attached to the lower side of laminar and shown from both side.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.185-196
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• 2010

The distribution of benthic macroinvertebrates in Daecheon stream, an urban stream of Busan, was investigated to analyze the community structure of benthic macroinvertebrates. The collection was performed monthly at five(A~E) sites divided into three parts, upper, middle and lower, of stream from January to November, 2004. In physicochemical analysis of environmental factors, water quality parameters such as BOD, COD, conductivity and ABS were relatively increased in sites B and C. Whereas sites A, D and E showed little variations with good water quality parameters. However, water quality parameters in all surveyed sites showed gradual decrease with time toward improvement of water quality. A total of 8,226 individuals including 4 phyla, 6 classes, 9 orders, 302 families and 44 species were identified from five sites. The most dominant group was insect(class Insecta), and order Ephemeroptera and Diptera among insect was the largest member in species(30.6%) and individuals(75.0%) of benthic macroinvertebrates, respectively. The primary dominant species were Gammarus sp. and Ephemera strigata in site A, whereas Chironomus sp. and Brenchiura sowerbyi were dominated commonly in the other sites. In community analysis of benthic macroinvertebrates of Daecheon stream diversity index showed relatively low values, whereas dominance index was significantly high. Diversity index was the highest in site A, whereas the dominance index was the highest in site B. However, diversity index showed gradual increase with time showing adverse mode in dominance index. From these results, it can be suggested that long-term ecological monitoring of benthic macroinvertebrate fauna is needed for sustainable management of Daecheon stream.

• Animal cells and systems
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.13-18
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• 2002

Phylogenetic relationships of Korean Acidiella species were tested using mitochondrial 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequences. We used 16 published sequences as outgroup, and 10 new sequences for nine Korean Acidiella species as ingroup. The number of aligned sites was 1,281 bp, but 1,135 bp were used for the analysis after excluding sites with missing data or gaps. Among these 1,135 sites, 464 sites were variable and 340 were informative for parsimony analysis. Phylogenetic information was extracted from this data set using neighbor-joining, maximum likelihood and maximum parsimony methods and compared to a morphology-based phylogenetic hypothesis. Our molecular data suggest that: (1) the tribe Trypetini appears to be monophyletic even when the nine additional Acidiella species are added to our previous phylogenetic analysis; (2) all the Korean Acidiella species belong to the Trypeta group, but the genus Acidiella is not supported as monophyletic; (3) the close relationship of A. circumvaga, A. issikii, and A. sapporensis is supported; (4) the close relationship of A. pachypogon and two additional new Acidiella species is strongly supported; and (5) the possible presence of two or more cryptic species among the specimens previously identified as A. obscuripennis is suggested. Sequence data from the mitochondrial 16S rDNA allowed us to better understand the systematic status of Korean Acidiella species. They indicated that the current concept about the genus Acidiella is insufficient and needs to be refined further. This study also showed a few interesting relationships, that had not been recognized by morphological study alone. Based on this study, we were able to plan further experiments to analyze relationships within the Trypeta Group.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.131-145
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• 2013

The purposes of this research are : to analyze biotop type and carry out conservation value assessment in study areas, Daegu Science Park national industrial complex; to supply basic data for the landscape ecological planning; and to improve the application of assessment model with the development of Biotop Value Assessment Tool (B-VAT). The result is as follows. First of all, the field survey showed 434 species of flora and 220 species of insecta. According to the result of biotop type analysis in the biotop classification system with field survey, 13 biotope groups and 63 biotope types were classified. In the map of biotop type classification, readjusted farmland biotop(FA) was prevalent and forest biotop(E) was shown to the southeast side of the site. Next, according to the first assessment with B-VAT, total 19 biotop types including natural river(BA) with abundant plants had I grade and total 16 biotop types such as vegetable garden adjacent to river(BC) had V grade. In terms of the second assessment, we analyzed total 30 areas, total 82 areas, respectively, which had special meaning for the conservation of species and biotop(1a, 1b) and which had meaning for the conservation of species and biotop(2a, 2b, 2c). This research will be a basic data, which can solve the damage problem systematically and control it landscape-friendly with biotop classification and assessment which we developed. In particular, we expect that biotop value assessment tool(B-VAT) with GIS will be a great contribution to popularity compared with the value model by complicated algorism such as adding-matrix, weight and equal distribution. In addition, this will save the time and improve the accuracy for hand-counting.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.55-65
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• 1983

The authors reared the ash-gray leaf bug, Piesma maculata in the growth cabinet controlled as temperature groups of $15, 20, 25, 30, 40^{\circ}C$under condition of photoperiod 16L:8D, light intensity $510{\pm}240$ lus, relative humidity $65{\pm}3%$, and analyzed the effects of temperature on the development of the insect. The results are summarized as follow: There are highly significant differences the developmental periods for the temperature groups, and between the developmental periods for the developmental stages. The egg in the temperature of 15 and $40^{\circ}C$ was hatched, but the ecdysis was impossible. The thermal threshold was $12.34^{\circ}C$and the upper lethal temperature $40.39^{\circ}C$. The total developmental periods of egg to adulate in the temperature of 20, 25, 30 and $35^{\circ}C$are 40.52, 22.37, 15.91 and 13.00 days, respectively. That is, the developmental period was decreased, as the temperature was increased. In the developmental period for the developmental stages, the developmental period of egg stage was longer than that of 25, 30 and $35^{\circ}C$, and that of 25。C was longer than that of $35^{\circ}C$. But ther was not significant differences between the developmental periods for the other temperature group. The rate of hatch at$20^{\circ}C$is the greater value as 90%, and the rates of 25, 30 and $35^{\circ}C$ are 79, 79 and 67%, respectively. That is the rate of hatch was decreased, as the temperature was increased. The mortality in the temperature of $35^{\circ}C$ is the greatest value as 68%, and those of 30, 25 and $20^{\circ}C$are 59, 59 and 41%, respectively. That is, the mortality was increased, as the temperature was increased. There was not significantly differences between the developmental period of female and male.

• Animal cells and systems
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• v.5 no.3
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• pp.163-177
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• 2001

Most, if not all, aphids harbor intracellular bacterial symbionts, called Buchnera, in their bacteriocytes, huge cells differentiated for this purpose. The association between Buchnera and aphids is so intimate, mutualistic and obligate that neither of them can any longer reproduce independently. Buchnera are vertically transmitted through generations of the host insects. Evidence suggests that Buchnera were acquired by a common ancestor of aphids 160-280 million years ago, and have been diversified, since then, in parallel with their aphid hosts. Molecular phylogenetic analyses indicate that Buchnera belong to the g subdivision of the Proteobacteria. Although Buchnera are close relatives of Escherichia coli, they contain move than 100 genomic copies per cell, and their genome size is only one seventh that of E. coli. The complete genome sequence of Buchnera revealed that their gene repertoire is quite different from those of parasitic bacteria such as Mycoplasma, Rickettsia and Chlamydia, though their genome sizes have been reduced to a similar extent. Whereas these parasitic bacteria have lost most genes for the biosynthesis of amino acids, Buchnera retain many of them. In particular, Buchnera's gene repertoire is characteristic in the richness of the genes for the biosynthesis of essential amino acids that the eukaryotic hosts are not able to synthesize, reflecting a nutritional role played by these symbionts. Buchnera, when housed in the bacteriocyte, selectively synthesize a large amount of symbionin, which is a homolog of GroEL, the major stress protein of E. coli. Symbionin not only functions as molecular chaperone, like GroEL, but also has evolutionarily acquired the phosphotransferase activity through amino acid substitutions. Aphids usually profit from Buchnera's fuction as a nutritional supplier and, when faced with an emergency, consume the biomass of Buchnera cells as nutrient reserves.

• The Korean Journal of Zoology
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.251-262
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• 1980

Two Neanurid species of Collembola, Lobella minuta n. sp., and Morulina triverrucosa Tanaka, 1978 were identified from collections of South-Western part of Korea. They were, in addition, confirmed to be genera of new record to the country. From their common structure of simple mouth parts it was postulated that they may have both hypertrophy and polytene development of salivary glands in the light of early evidences by Cassagnau. These assumptions were tested for the above two Korean species using cytological and histological techniques. The results of the investigations have proved to be positive for the postulations, thus supporting hypothetical correlations of simple mouth parts with polytene development, irrespective of taxa, not limited to Neanurini as indicated in early works. However the structurization of the polytene chromosomes was shown of different extent between the two, i.e., in Lobella minuta, clearly more differentiated than in Morulina triverrucosa in spite of the strong similarity of mouth parts, which are to be seen as a distinct convergence from two tribes, Neanurini and Morulini. It remains to be studied consequently to know whether there as any factor other than mouth part structure affecting polytene development and also if the parallelism among a few different taxa of mouth parts would be the case with polytene development of salivary glands either.