• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.35 no.6
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• pp.689-700
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• 2019

This study aimed to analyze the nature and characteristics of the preserved state, materials, and colored pigments of a Buddhist painting of Eunhaesa temple(gwaebultaeng), which is Treasure No. 1270 of Korea, through scientific investigation and analysis. Based on the historical background of the subject, the study investigated the aspects of conservation and analyzed the material characteristics of each pigment in the painting. Results indicate that various colors were created using inorganic pigments such as white lead, minium, cinnabar, orpiment, gold, atacamite, malachite, and smalt and using organic pigments such as black and indigo. The Eunhaesa painting used "cho" as a material for wallpaper, which was unusual during the Joseon period. In addition, a white layer was formed using various white pigments, which was also rare during this period.

• Journal of the Mineralogical Society of Korea
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.249-256
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• 2018

Seokrog and Seokcheong are traditional pigments that have been used as green and blue pigments in Korean traditional coloring heritage. Natural minerals such as malachite and azurite are known as raw materials. Seokrog and Seokcheong are mainly imported from aborad, such as China and Japan, and some blue pigments are reported to have been produced domestically. However, considering the geologic environment where carbonate minerals are difficult to produce, the possibility is not high. Malachite and azurite ores were purchased and analyzed for their composition. The pigments were manufactured by traditional procedure and analyzed to characterize the pigments. The Seokrog pigments had an $L^*$ value of about 59-83, an $a^*$ value of less than -20, and a slightly higher saturation than commercial products. The oil absorption was 22-29 mL/100 g, showing excellent opacity of 99.2 % or more. In the case of Seokcheong pigment, the range of $L^*$ values was 35-65 and $b^*$ values were below -15, indicating relatively lower saturation than commercial products. The oil absorption was 21-26 mL/100 g, showing an excellent opacity of 99.1 % or more like the Seokrog pigment. Azurite ore contain impurities such as malachite and quartz in addition to azurite, and the impurities contained in the pigments derived from azurite ore likely influenced on the characteristics such as their color and oil absorption.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.33 no.6
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• pp.431-442
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• 2017

The purpose of this study is to reveal that coloring status and the degree of damage and the kinds of pigments used in large buddhist painting (Gwaebultaeng) of Tongdosa temple using a scientific analysis methods. It was observed that the physical damage patterns of the Gwaebultaeng were folding, lifting, fading, and peeling. Lead red, cinnabar and organic pigments were used as red pigments. Malachite and atacamite were used as green pigments, azulite and lazulite were blue pigments, lead white and talc were white pigment. It is estimated that overlapping organic pigments on the lead white were used as the yellow pigment and carbon was the black pigment. Through the analysis of the particle status of the pigments, it was confirmed that different types of raw materials were used for the green pigment, and the crystal form was easily distinguishable. Also, the dark blue color and the light blue color differed from each other depending on the size and shape of the raw material particles. Yellow and purple colors were organic pigments which did not have a graininess. The yellow and purple colors were organic pigments free from the graininess, and the pigments of dark red pigments was found to be mixed with the orange color pigments and carbon particles.

• Korean Journal of Materials Research
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• v.24 no.7
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• pp.370-374
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• 2014

Inorganic pigments have high thermal stability and chemical resistance at high temperature. For these reasons, they are used in clay, paints, plastic, polymers, colored glass and ceramics. $CoAl_2O_4$ nano-powder was synthesized by reverse-micelle processing the mixed precursor(consisting of $Co(NO_3)_2$ and $Al(NO_3)_3$). The $CoAl_2O_4$ was prepared by mixing an aqueous solution at a Co:Al molar ratio of 1:2. The average particle size, and the particle-size distribution, of the powders synthesized by heat treatment (at 900; 1,000; 1,100; and $1,200^{\circ}C$ for 2h) were in the range of 10-20 nm and narrow, respectively. The average size of the synthesized nano-particles increased with increasing water-to-surfactant molar ratio. The synthesized $CoAl_2O_4$ powders were characterized by X-ray diffraction analysis(XRD), field-emission scanning electron microscopy(FE-SEM) and color spectrophotometry. The intensity of X-ray diffraction of the synthesized $CoAl_2O_4$ powder, increased with increasing heating temperature. As the heating temperature increased, crystal-size of the synthesized powder particles increased. As the R-value(water/surfactant) and heating temperature increased, the color of the inorganic pigments changed from dark blue-green to cerulean blue.

• 보존과학연구
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• s.26
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• pp.77-101
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• 2005

In ancient times, many kinds of difference inorganic and organic pigment were used as colorants for making objects. This study has proved the damage regions on the aging conditions of the silk dyeing traditional pigment. so whiteness, tensile strength and digital-microscope were measured to examine the state of silk dyeing traditional pigments pretreated under each aging condition. From the result examining the state, all the silk dyeing traditional pigments were best condition at low temperature(-20/RT)and normal condition and damaged at high temperature($60^{\circ}C$) and 2ppm $SO_2$condition and UV condition. As a result of X-ray diffraction analysis of crystalline structure for the silk dyeing traditional pigments, most of specimens have nearly changed crystalline structure despite specimens had each other different conditions and times. Especially, specimens which was passing of 4-8 months have not changed in its crystalline structure. But some specimens like a Unghwang and Seokcheong have a little changed in its intensity in the XRD peak. Consequently, If we want to find out alteration of crystalline structure for the silk dyeing traditional pigments using scientific method according to change of environmental conditions, we must guarantee of equal state and strengthen of environmental conditions in specimen. Additionally, the term of experiment need to belong, and specimens which was experimented and analyzed must be same.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.33 no.6
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• pp.507-518
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• 2017

Through a combination of scientific analytical methods, the coloring materials used in $20^{th}$ century paintings in historical churches of Baclayon, Dauis and Loay, which are municipalities in Bohol, Philippines, were studied. Inorganic pigments were identified using SEM-EDS and XRD. Iron-based pigments were commonly found in the paintings, yielding dark yellow and brown colors. Zinc oxide was identified as the white pigment in the ceiling paintings of Dauis Church and Loay Church, while titanium dioxide was detected in the column painting in Baclayon Church. Organic analysis showed the presence of Pigment Yellow 3, a synthetic organic pigment. Paint layers, as well as other components of the samples such as grounds and metal leaves, were examined microscopically. It was observed that different types of grounds were applied on different types of surfaces. Moreover, organic pigments were found in combination with white extender materials. Microscopic examination also revealed alterations in the artworks, such as the overpaint layer found in the samples from Baclayon Church cornice and the imitation metal leaf layers applied over the original gilt surface in the Loay Church retablo.

• Journal of the Korean Crystal Growth and Crystal Technology
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• v.17 no.6
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• pp.264-271
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• 2007

The inorganic pigments of $Fe_2O_3-CoO-Cr_2O_3-MnO_2$ were synthesized by the co-precipitation method. $FeCl_3,\;CoCl_2,\;CrCl_3\;and\;MnCl_2$ are used for the starting raw materials, and 2 N-KOH for precipitator. $MnCl_2$ is secured with 10 mole%, and 6 composition ratios are used with three ingredients to synthesize the pigments. The samples were calcined at $1350^{\circ}C/1.5h$. The resulting pigments were characterized by using XRD, FT-IR, SEM, and UV spectrophotometer. 6wt% pigments were applied to lime glaze and lime-barium glaze respectively firing at $1260^{\circ}C$ for oxidation atmosphere and $1240^{\circ}C$ for reduction one. The results of color analysis by using UV spectrophotometer showed black, bluish black and dark grayish green.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.345-361
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• 2019

This study demonstrates the application of hyperspectral analysis as a pigment identification method for modern and contemporary Dancheong, the polychrome surface on traditional Korean wooden buildings. In particular, green pigments are the focus of this study. Green pigments in modern and contemporary Dancheong have the largest variation of materials and show a noticeable timeline. Thus, they are most suitable for estimating the manufacture or restoration period of Dancheong. Hyperspectral analysis is a noncontact, long-distance measurement technique that has advantages in the field of Dancheong analysis. It is capable of identifying both organic and inorganic pigments, unlike existing analysis methods. For this experiment, green and other pigments used during the modern and contemporary era were selected and made into painted samples under various mixing conditions that reflect their actual uses. Through hyperspectral analysis, their reflectance characteristics were observed, which enables the derivation of four main features that can distinguish the type of pigments used for color mixture. Based on these, a pigment identification system was designed in the form of a flowchart, and its utility was confirmed through site application. Despite some limitations at this stage, the technique can be complemented by considering proper measurement methods or the continuous accumulation of samples and data. If a database on various materials, mixing ratios, painting techniques, and other external interference factors is developed in future research, it would provide the foundation for a faster and safer analysis environment of Dancheong sites.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.14 no.6
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• pp.3102-3107
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• 2013

Inorganic pigments were prepared from $Al_2O_3$, CoO, $Cr_2O_3$, ZnO, $SrO_2$ and Kaolin. The pigment was prepared through the processes of mixing and crushing of the raw materials, sintering, milling and drying. The color of the pigments was changed from blue to green as $Cr_2O_3$ contents in the pigment increased. The color became brighter irrespective of the pigment composition as pigment particle size became smaller. Maximum sintering temperature was the most suitable at around $1,250^{\circ}C$. In the test of compatability between the pigment and glaze, the color became close to green as $Cr_2O_3$ contents in the pigment increased, and became close to blue as CoO contents increased.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.30 no.6
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• pp.1147-1151
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• 2001

We investigated stabilities of blue pigment extracted from Gardenia jasminoides at various conditions to check its applicability for beverages. Gardenia blue pigment with maximum absorption at 587 nm was obtained from the reaction of glycine and genipin (aglycone of geniposide). The blue pigment was found to be relatively unstable at acidic pH but very stable at alkaline conditions with half-life values of 102 days and 126 days at PH 9.0 and PH 11.0, respectively. The pigment also showed high thermal stability with half-life value of 55, 18, and 2 days at 50, 70, and 9$0^{\circ}C$, respectively. The addition of inorganic ions, sugars, and amino acids to model beverage containing this blue pigment increased retention rate at room temperature while addition of vitamin C decreased the stability. The sensory evaluation of the model beverage showed that inorganic ions and amino acids increased overall acceptability, indicating that the blue pigments of Gardenia jasminoides can be used as a natural colorant for leverage.