• 제목/요약/키워드: Inorganic Nutrient

검색결과 370건 처리시간 0.031초

적조 다발 지역인 진동만의 해양환경 특성 (The Oceanic Environmental Property in the Jindong Bay of the Red-Tide Appearance Area)

  • 김동선;조규대;박청길
    • 한국환경과학회지
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    • 제10권2호
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    • pp.159-166
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    • 2001
  • We studied the appearance and proliferation of red tide organisms from March, 1998, to February, 1999, in the Jindong Bay. There were two red tide events during investigation, and we found that the dominant species Ceratium furca in May and Gymnodinium sanguineum in September, 1998. At surface, temperature and salinity showed 18.3~19.7$^{\circ}C$ and 30.6~30.9 psu in May and 25.6~27.$0^{\circ}C$, 28.0~28.5 psu in September, respectively. When the red tide occurred, the water mass stable. Dissolved inorganic nitrogen(DIN) and dissolved inorganic phosphate(DIP) in Jindong Bay showed seasonal variability. In May, the nitrogen was a limited nutrient in which the ratio of DIN versus DIP was less than 16 (Redfield ratio), while in September phosphate. During June to September, 1998, phosphate acted as a limited nutrient due to the increased river run-off from land. In May, chlorophyll-a, dissolved oxygen(DO) and chemical oxygen demand(COD) showed higher than 20$\mu\textrm{g}$/$\ell$, 10mg/$\ell$ and 5.0mg/$\ell$, respectively. In September, they showed in turns 100$\mu\textrm{g}$/$\ell$, 10mg/$\ell$ and 10mg/$\ell$, respectively.

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Hydrothermal liquefaction of Chlorella vulgaris: Effect of reaction temperature and time on energy recovery and nutrient recovery

  • Yang, Ji-Hyun;Shin, Hee-Yong;Ryu, Young-Jin;Lee, Choul-Gyun
    • Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry
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    • 제68권
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    • pp.267-273
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    • 2018
  • Hydrothermal liquefaction of Chlorella vulgaris feedstock containing 80% (w/w) water was conducted in a batch reactor as a function of temperature (300, 325 and $350^{\circ}C$) and reaction times (5, 10 and 30 min). The biocrude yield, elemental composition and higher heating value obtained for various reaction conditions helped to predict the optimum conditions for maximizing energy recovery. To optimize the recovery of inorganic nutrients, we further investigated the effect of reaction conditions on the ammonium ($NH_4{^+}$), phosphate ($PO_4{^{3-}}$), nitrate ($NO_3{^-}$) and nitrite ($NO_2{^-}$) concentrations in the aqueous phase. A maximum energy recovery of 78% was obtained at $350^{\circ}C$ and 5 min, with a high energy density of 34.3 MJ/kg and lower contents of oxygen. For the recovery of inorganic nutrients, shorter reaction times achieved higher phosphorus recovery, with maximum recovery being 53% at $350^{\circ}C$ and 5 min. Our results indicate that the reaction condition of $350^{\circ}C$ for 5 min was optimal for maximizing energy recovery with improved quality, at the same time achieving a high phosphorus recovery.

Inorganic Nutrient Inputs from Precipitation, Throughfall, and Stemflow in Pinus densiflora and Quercus mongolica Stands in an Urban Forest Ecosystem

  • Kim, Kee Dae
    • 한국환경과학회지
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    • 제28권10호
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    • pp.813-829
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    • 2019
  • We measured the amount of precipitation, stemflow, and throughfall and concentrations of nine major inorganic nutrients ($H^+$, ${NH_4}^+$, $Ca^{2+}$, $Mg^{2+}$, $K^+$, $Na^+$, $Cl^-$, ${NO_3}^-$, and ${SO_4}^{2-}$) to investigate the nutrient inputs into soil from precipitation in Pinus densiflora and Quercus mongolica stands from September 2015 to August 2016. The precipitation inputs of $H^+$, ${NH_4}^+$, $Ca^{2+}$, $Mg^{2+}$, $K^+$, $Na^+$, $Cl^-$, ${NO_3}^-$, and ${SO_4}^{2-}$ into soil were 0.170, 15.124, 42.227, 19.218, 14.050, 15.887, 22.391, 5.431, and $129.440kg{\cdot}ha^{-1}{\cdot}yr^{-1}$, respectively. The P. densiflora stemflow inputs were 0.008, 0.784, 1.652, 1.044, 0.476, 0.651, 1.509, 0.278, and $9.098kg{\cdot}ha^{-1}{\cdot}yr^{-1}$, and those for Q. mongolica were 0.008, 0.684, 2.429, 2.417, 2.941, 1.398, 2.407, 0.436, and $13.504kg{\cdot}ha^{-1}{\cdot}yr^{-1}$, respectively. The P. densiflora throughfall inputs were 0.042, 21.518, 52.207 27.694, 20.060, 24.049, 37.229, 10.241, and $153.790kg{\cdot}ha^{-1}{\cdot}yr^{-1}$, and those for Q. mongolica were 0.032, 15.068, 42.834, 21.219, 20.294, 20.237, 24.288, 5.647, and $119.134kg{\cdot}ha^{-1}{\cdot}yr^{-1}$, respectively. Of the total throughfall flux (i.e., stemflow + throughfall flux) of the nine ions for the two species, ${SO_4}^{2-}$ had the greatest total throughfall flux and $H^+$ had the lowest. The net throughfall fluxes of the ions for the two species had various correlations with the precedent dry period, rainfall intensity, rainfall amount, and pH of precipitation. The soil pH under the Q. mongolica canopy (4.88) was higher than that under the P. densiflora canopy (4.34). The difference in the soil pH between the two stands was significant (P < 0.01), but the difference in soil pH by the distance from the stems of the two species was not (P > 0.01). This study shows the enrichments of inorganic nutrients by two representative urban forests in temperate regions and the roles of urban forests during rainfall events in a year.

생식생장기 냉수온이 벼의 Source와 Sink 관련형질 및 양분흡수에 미치는 연구 IV. 3요소와 규산시용량이 생육 및 엽신. 지경, 영의 양분흡수에 미치는 영향 (Studies on the Growth Characters and Nutrient Uptake Related to Source and Sink by Cool Water Temperature at Reproductive Growth Stage IV. Influence of Growth Characters and Nutrient Uptake of Leaf Blade, Rachis Branches and Chaff by Nitrogen, Phosphate, Potassium and Silicate)

  • 최수일;황창주
    • 한국작물학회지
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    • 제31권3호
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    • pp.326-335
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    • 1986
  • 본 시험을 생식생장기 냉수관개가 벼의 Source와 Sink 관련형질 및 양분흡수에 미치는 시비반응을 구명한 것으로 그 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. 질소의 과용은 생육 및 수량을 감퇴시켰으나 인산, 가리, 규산의 증비로 생육량의 증대, 영화착생량과 등숙비율 향상에 유리하였다. 2. 영화의 착생수, 기경과 영화의 퇴화율, 불임율은 인산, 가리, 규산의 증비로 그 피해를 경감시킬 수 있었으며 특히 규산의 증비효과가 현저하였고 지경당 개화는 1차 지경보다 2차 지경에 착생한 영화수에 크게 영향을 받았다. 3. 미립 및 등미의 발생량과 수량과는 부의 상관관계가 있었으며 인산, 가리, 규산의 증비는 추액및 서미의 발생억제와 수량증가에 효과적이었다. 4. 질소의 증비는 엽신. 지경, 영곡의 전질소함량을 높이고 인산, 가리, 규산의 흡수를 저해시켰으나 인산, 가리, 규산의 증비는 질소의 과잉흡수억제 및 인산, 가리, 규산의 흡수를 증가시켰고 지경의 무기성분함양은 엽신보다는 적었다. 5. 엽신. 지경, 영곡의 무기성분함량의 상호관련성은 지경의 무기성분은 엽신의 무기성분함양에 영향을 받고 지경은 다시 영곡의 무기성분조성에 영향을 미치고 있음을 알 수 있었다. 6. Source 와 Sink 관련형질에 미치는 엽신, 지경, 영곡의 무기성분반응을 보면 지경과 영화의 퇴화율, 불임율, 등숙비율, 수량 모두 엽신, 영곡보다 지경의 무기성분함양에 크게 영향을 받았다. 이로 보아 지경은 단순한 양분이동의 통로기능만을 갖는 것이 아니라 종실의 물질집적에 중요한 생리적 기능을 가지는 기관임을 알 수 있었다.

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Analysis of Soil Total Nitrogen and Inorganic Nitrogen Content for Evaluating Nitrogen Dynamics

  • Lee, Seul-Bi;Sung, Jwa-Kyung;Lee, Ye-Jin;Lim, Jung-Eun;Song, Yo-Sung;Lee, Deog-Bae;Hong, Suk-Young
    • 한국토양비료학회지
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    • 제50권2호
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    • pp.100-105
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    • 2017
  • Various methods for assessing soil total nitrogen (TN) and inorganic N content have been developed to manage nutrient and to understand N cycle in soil. This paper address the technical procedures in arable soil samples to conduct soil sampling, sample preparation, and measuring total N and inorganic N. Among various methods for measuring soil total nitrogen contents, Kjeldahl distillation and Indophenol blue method have widely used due to reliability and economic advances. Also, two methods can analyze more samples at the same time compared with other nitrogen measuring methods. For evaluating inorganic N content, mainly in forms of nitrate-N ($NO_3{^-}-N$) and ammonium-N ($NH_4{^+}-N$), extraction with a single reagent such as 2M KCl has been employed, followed by Kjeldahl distillation or indophenol blue methods.

Contribution of Rice Mill Ash and Press Mud with Inorganic Fertilizers to Sugarcane Production in Old Himalayan Piedmont Plain Soils of Bangladesh

  • Paul G. C.;Rahman M.;Khan N. U.;Rahman A. B. M. M.
    • 한국작물학회지
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    • 제50권2호
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    • pp.108-111
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    • 2005
  • A field study was conducted to develop an economically suitable combination of organic and inorganic fertilizers for sugarcane cultivation in sandy acidic soil of a commercial sugarcane farm under Old Himalayan Piedmont Plain of Bangladesh. Results revealed that the treatment $T_4$ which received $75\%$ of Recommended fertilizers (N 120, P 35, K 100, S 25, Zn 2 kg $ha^{-1}$) + 10 Mg $ha^{-1}$ Rice mill ash + Mg $ha^{-1}$ press mud significantly produced higher sugarcane yield (72.34 Mg $ha^{-1}$) among all the treatments except $T_5$ having $100\%$ of Recommended fertilizers + 10 Mg $ha^{-1}$ Rice mill ash + 10 Mg $ha^{-1}$ press mud, which was identical. $T_4$ also gave the highest net economic benefit at Bangladesh Taka 15,920.47 per hectare from the added nutrient management. Thus, the integrated use with organic and inorganic fertilizer is highly essential for sustainable production of sugarcane in commercial farm of the region in Bangladesh, where it has been grown year after year.

연초용(煙草用) 상토재료(床土材料)로서의 왕겨숯(燻炭)의 질산중화효과(窒酸中和效果) (Neutralization of Rice Hull Charcoal with Nitric Acid Solution and its Neutritional Effect on Tobacco Seedling)

  • 이윤환;홍순달;김용연;정훈채;강서규
    • 한국토양비료학회지
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    • 제14권3호
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    • pp.130-136
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    • 1981
  • Rice hull was reduced to ash by carbonization grades to illcuidate alkalinity increase and extract of inorganic nutrients in the rice hull charcoal. Alkaline reaction of water extraction was neutral at less carbonized charcoal, but much carbonized ash from 65% weight loss reached over 10 of pH value, also origin shape of rice hull was maintained until near 65% carbonized grade. Therefore, physical properties sustained good condition for seedling bed. The more charcoal carbonized to ash, the pH value and concentration of inorganic nutrient in their extracts were increased gradually. Nitric acid concentrations for neutralizing extract from charcoal were stronger in proportion to the carbonized grade but 0.1 N nitric acid solution was very reasonable to neutralize the 65% carbonized charcoal for mixing with heavy texture acidy soil(pH 5.3) of uncultivated deep horizon to transplant the tobacco seedlings. Volume ratio mixing for seedling bed is adequate at five of ash to one of acid solution. Neutralization with nitric acid solution also accelerated extraction of the inorganic nutrient in rice hull ash. Tobacco seedlings grown on bed mixed with neutralized rice hull charcoal and soil had shown better results on the agronomic measurement than alkaline ash bed, and phosphorus and cations were uptaken more amounts.

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무기영양염 농도와 수온 상승이 산호 갈색공생조류의 밀도에 미치는 영향 (Effect of Inorganic Nutrient Enrichment and Water Temperature Increment on the Zooxanthellae Density in the Scleractinian Coral Tissues)

  • 김태훈;박흥식
    • Ocean and Polar Research
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    • 제35권2호
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    • pp.85-92
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    • 2013
  • The coral symbiotic algae zooxanthellae is often expelled from the host as the host coral is under physiological stress, causing the coral to turn completely white. Such coral bleaching events are occurring more frequently with the increase in the global warming, ocean acidification and increased level of anthropogenic impacts such as eutrophication. In the present study, we investigated the effects of inorganic nutrients including ammonium, nitrate, phosphate and elevated water temperature on the symbiotic zooxanthellae density in the fragment of branching coral Acropora nobilis. Zooxanthellae density in the host coral decreased 8 hrs after the experiment at a given elevated water temperature ($32^{\circ}C$, p < 0.05). In contrast, no clear coral bleaching or decrease in the symbiotic algae density was observed from the branching coral exposed to a normal water temperature of $30^{\circ}C$ and high levels of nutrients such as 20 ${\mu}M$ of $NH_4Cl$, 20 ${\mu}M$ of $NaNO_3$ and, 10 ${\mu}M$ $KH_2PO_4$. Accordingly, the data indicated high water temperature is one of the stressful factors to cause bleaching in A. nobilis, whereas the high levels of nutrients is not a factor. It is believed that the results obtained in the present study are useful as baseline information in the management of the coral reefs.

Influence of Level of Dietary Inorganic and Organic Copper and Energy Level on the Performance and Nutrient Utilization of Broiler Chickens

  • Das, T.K.;Mondal, M.K.;Biswas, P.;Bairagi, B.;Samanta, C.C.
    • Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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    • 제23권1호
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    • pp.82-89
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    • 2010
  • An experiment was conducted to determine the influence of dietary inorganic (copper sulfate) and organic (copper proteinate) forms of copper and energy level on performance and nutrient utilization of broiler chickens. Two hundred day-old commercial Vencobb broiler chicks were purchased and randomly distributed to 20 cages of 10 birds each. These replicates were randomly assigned to one of five treatments in a (($2{\times}2$)+1) factorial arrangement. These two factors were sources of Cu ($CuSO_{4}$ vs. Cuproteinate) and dose of Cu supplements (200 mg and 400 mg/kg dietary dry matter) and the control (no supplemental Cu). After the starter period (up to 3 weeks), from d 22 onwards another factor i.e. energy at two levels (2,900 vs. 2,920 kcal/kg diet) was introduced with the previous factorial arrangements by subdividing each replicate into two equal parts, for two energy levels, without disturbing the dose and source of Cu supplement. Cu-salt supplementation linearly increased (p<0.01) live weight (LW), live weight gain (LWG) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) at 3 weeks, whereas cumulative feed intake (CFI) was unaffected (p>0.05). LWG and FCR were higher (p<0.01) in Cu-proteinate supplemented birds compared to $CuSO_{4}$ supplementation. A linear dose response (p<0.01) of Cu was found for the performance of broiler chickens. Birds having a higher energy level in the finisher stage increased (p<0.01) LWG and FCR. Cumulative feed intake was similar (p>0.05) across the groups up to the 5th week. Cu-proteinate increased performance of broiler chickens compared to $CuSO_{4}$. Dose of supplemental Cu-salt irrespective of source showed a linear response (p<0.01) for performance. Supplementation of Cu-proteinate increased metabolizability of DM (p<0.01), NFE (p<0.05), total carbohydrate (p<0.01) and OM (p<0.01) at the starter period. Increased dose of Cu-salt linearly increased (p<0.01) metabolizability of DM, CP, CF, NFE and OM. Higher energy level in the diet improved DM (p<0.05), EE (p<0.01), NFE (p = 0.01), total carbohydrate (p<0.01) and OM (p<0.01) metabolizability. Cu-proteinate supplementation showed better nutrient utilization compared to CuSO4. Dose of Cu linearly increased DM, CP, EE, NFE, total carbohydrate and OM metabolizability. CF metabolizability was unaffected (p>0.05) among the treatments. In conclusion, dietary supplementation of Cu-salt more than the requirement may improve performance and nutrient utilization in broiler chickens even with a high energy finisher diet. Cu-proteinate showed better performance and nutrient utilization compared to $CuSO_{4}$.

동해 울릉도-독도해역에서 질소, 인, 철 첨가실험에 따른 식물플랑크톤의 성장 및 군집반응 (Growth and community response of phytoplankton by N, P and Fe nutrient addition in around water of Ulleungdo and Dokdo in East Sea)

  • 백승호;이민지;김윤배
    • 한국산학기술학회논문지
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    • 제17권11호
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    • pp.186-195
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    • 2016
  • 동해 울릉도-독도 2정점에서 식물플랑크톤의 군집조성 및 수직적 영양염분포 특성과 표층 현장수를 이용하여 N, P, NP, Fe을 첨가하여 식물플랑크톤의 영양염소비 및 성장특성을 파악하였다. 현장에서 영양염류농도는 유광층 상부에서 낮았고, 100 m보다 깊은 수심에서 증가하였다. N:P비는 Redfield비(16)보다 표층에서 21-25로 높았고, 조사 최대심도인 400 m 층에서는 6 전후로 극히 낮게 관찰되었다. 식물플랑크톤의 총개체수는 St.UD3과 St.50에서 각각 $4.9{\times}10^5cells\;L^{-1}$$1.9{\times}10^5cells\;L^{-1}$로 관찰되었다. 주요 우점종은 St.UD3에서 침편모조류 Heterosigma akashiwo, 은편모조류 Crytomonas spp., 규조류 Leptocylindrus danicus로 파악되었고, St.50에서는 규조류 Chaetoceros socialis, H. akashiwo, L. danicus로 각각 관찰되었다. 영양염첨가실험의 +N과 +NP실험군에서 빠른 식물플랑크톤의 성장반응을 보였고, +P실험군에서는 대조군과 유사하게 식물플랑크톤 성장이 관찰되지 않았다. 아울러 Fe을 첨가한 대조군, +N, +P, +NP실험군에서 Fe을 첨가하지 않은 다른 실험군과 비교하여 형광값의 유의한 차이를 보이지 않았다는 것은 Fe첨가에 따른 식물플랑크톤의 성장반응이 명확하지 않다는 것을 의미한다(p>0.05). 결과적으로 현장에서 우점한 H. akashiwo 와 L. danicus는 영양염이 추가적으로 공급된 환경의 생물검증실험에서도 빠르게 반응하여 높은 개체수로 우점한 것을 파악하였고, 특히 +Fe 실험군에서 L. danicus의 빠른 성장이 두드려졌다.