References
- Atkinson MJ, Carlson B, Crow GL (1995) Coral growth in high-nutrient, low pH seawater: a case study of corals cultured in the Waikiki Aquarium, Honolulu, HI. Coral Reefs 14:215-223 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00334344
- Bell PRF, Tomascik T (1993) The demise of the fringing corals reefs of Barbados and of regions in the Great Barrier Reef (GBR) lagoon-impacts of eutrophication. In: Ginsburg RN (ed) Proceedings of the colloquium on global aspects of coral reefs: health, hazards and history. Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, FL, pp 319-325
- Brown BE, Tissier MDA, Bythell JC (1995) Mechanisms of bleaching deduced from histological studies of reef corals sampled during a natural bleaching event. Mar Biol 122:655-663 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00350687
- Chavanich S, Viyakarn V, Loyjiw T, Pattaratamrong P, Chankong A (2009) Mass bleaching of soft coral, Sarcophyton spp. in Thailand and the role of temperature and salinity stress. ICES J Mar Sci 66:1515-1519 https://doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsp048
- Cortes J, Fonseca AC, Nivia-Ruiz J, Nielsen-Munoz, V, Samper-Villarreal J, Salas E, Martinez S, Zamora-Trejos P (2010) Monitoring coral reefs, seagrasses and mangroves in Costa Rica. Rev Biol Trop 58:1-22
- Costanza R, d'Arge R, de Groot R, Farber S, Grasso M, Hannon B, Limburg K, Naeem S, O'Neill RV, Paruelo J, Raskin RG, Sutton P, van der Belt M (1997) The value of the world's ecosystem services and natural capital. Nature 387:253-260 https://doi.org/10.1038/387253a0
- Dollar SJ (1994) Sewage discharge on coral reefs: not always pollution. Coral Reefs 13:224 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00303635
- Drew EA (1972) The biology and physiology of algainvertebrate symbiosis. II. The density of symbiotic algal cells in a number of hermatypic hard corals and alcyonarians from various depths. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 29:71-75
- Dubinsky Z, Stambler N, Ben-Zion M, McCloskey L, Muscatine L, Falkowski PG (1990) The effect of external nutrient resources on the optical properties and photosynthetic efficiency of Stylophora pistillata. Proc R Sot Land B 239:231-246 https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.1990.0015
- Dustan P (1979) Distribution of zooxanthellae and photosynthetic chloroplast pigments of the reef-building coral Montastrea annularis Ellis and Solander in relation to depth on a West Indian coral reef. B Mar Sci 29(1):79-95
- Fagoonee I, Wilson HB, Hassell MP, Turner JR (1999) The dynamics of zooxanthellae population: a long term study in the field. Science 283:843-845 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.283.5403.843
- Ferrier-Pagés C, Gattuso JP, Dallot S, Jaubert J (2000) Effect of nutrient enrichment on growth and photosynthesis of the zooxanthellate coral Stylophora pistillata. Coral Reefs 19:103-113 https://doi.org/10.1007/s003380000078
- Fletcher CH, Richmond BM (2010) Climate change in the Federated States of Micronesia. University of Hawaii, Honolulu, 28 p
- Furnas MJ (1991) Nutrient status and trends in waters of the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park. In: Yellow D (ed) Land uses, patterns and nutrient loadings of the Great Barrier Reef Region. James Cook University, Townsville, pp 162-179
- Gates RD, Baghdasarian G, Muscatine L (1992) Temperature stress causes host cell detachment in symbiotic cnidarians:implications for coral bleaching. Biol Bull 182:324-332 https://doi.org/10.2307/1542252
- Heck JL, Hays G, Orth RJ (2003) Critical evaluation of the nursery role hypothesis for seagrass meadow. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 253:123-136 https://doi.org/10.3354/meps253123
- Hoegh-Guldberg O (1999) Climate change, coral bleaching and the future of the world’s coral reefs. Mar Freshw Res 50:839-866 https://doi.org/10.1071/MF99078
- Hoegh-Guldberg O (2006) The population dynamics of symbiotic zooxanthellae in the coral Pocillopora damicornis exposed to elevated ammonium (NH4Cl) concentrations. Pac Sci 48:263-272
- Hoegh-Guldberg O, Smith J (1989) Influence of the population density of zooxanthellae and supply of ammonium on the biomass and metabolic characteristics of the reef corals Seriatopora hystrix and Stylophora pistillata. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 57:173- 186 https://doi.org/10.3354/meps057173
- Kim T (2012) Comparison between in situ Survey and High-Spatial Resolution Satellite Imagery in Reef Habitat Distribution Patterns in Chuuk Atoll, Federated States of Micronesia. Master's Thesis, University of Science and Technology, 82 p
- Kinsey DW, Davies PJ (1979) Effect of elevated nitrogen and phosphorus on coral reef growth. Limnol Oceanogr 24:935-940 https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.1979.24.5.0935
- Kline DI, Kuntz NM, Breitbart M, Knowlton N, Rohwer F (2006) Role of elevated organic carbon levels and microbial activity in coral mortality. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 314:119-125 https://doi.org/10.3354/meps314119
- Marubini F, Davies PS (1996) Nitrate increases zooxanthellate density and reduces skeletogenesis in corals. Mar Biol 127:319-328 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00942117
- Muscatine L, Falkowski PG, Dubinsky Z, Cook PA, McCloskey L (1989) The effect of external nutrient resources on the population dynamics of zooxanthellae in a reef coral. Proc Biol Sci 236:311-324 https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.1989.0025
- Naumann MS, Niggl W, Laforsch C, Glaser C, Wild C (2009) Coral surface area quantification-evaluation of established techniques by comparison with computer tomography. Coral Reefs 28:109-117 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00338-008-0459-3
- NOAA (2008) The State of Coral Reef Ecosystems of the United States and Pacific. NOAA, 574 p
- Freely Associated States: 2008. NOAA Technical Memorandum NOS NCCOS 73. NOAA/NCCOS Center for Coastal Monitoring and Assessment's Biogeography Team, Silver Spring, MD, 569 p
- Renegar DA, Riegl BM (2005) Effect of nutrient enrichment and elevated CO2 partial pressure on growth rate of Atlantic scleractinian coral Acropora cervicornis. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 293:69-76 https://doi.org/10.3354/meps293069
- Stambler N, Popper N, Dubinsky Z, Stimson J (1991) Effects of nutrient enrichment and water motion on the coral Pocillopora damicornis. Pac Sci 45:299-307
- Steven ADL, Broadbent AD (1997) Growth and metabolic responses of Acropora prolifera to long-term nutrient enrichment. Proc 8th International Coral Reef Symposium 1:867-872
- Stimson J (1997) The annual cycle of density of zooxanthellae in the tissues of field and laboratory-held Pocillopora damicornis (Linnaeus). J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 214:35-38 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-0981(96)02753-0
- Stimson J, Kinzie III RA (1991) Temporal pattern and release rate of zooxanthellae from the reef coral Pocillopora damicornis (Linnaeus) under nitrogen-enrichment and control conditions.). J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 153:63-74 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-0981(05)80006-1
- Stone L, Huppert A, Rajagopalan B, Bhasin H, Loya Y (1999) Mass coral reef bleaching: a recent outcome of increased El Nino activity? Ecol Lett 2:325-330 https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1461-0248.1999.00092.x
- Sutton DC, Hoegh-Guldberg O (1990) Host-zooxanthella interactions in four temperate marine invertebrate symbiosies: assessment of effect of host extracts on symbionts. Biol Bull 178:175-186 https://doi.org/10.2307/1541975
- Szmant AM (2002) Nutrient Enrichment on coral reefs: is it a major cause of coral reef decline? Estuaries 25:743-766 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02804903
- Tomascik T, Sander F (1985) Effects of eutrophication on reef building corals. I. Effects of eutrophication on the reef building coral Montastraea annularis. Mar Biol 87(2):143-155 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00539422
- Veron J (2000) CORALS of the world (Vol 1). Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville, 222 p
- Walker DI, Ormond RFG (1982) Coral death and phosphate pollution in aquaba, Red Sea. Mar Pollut Bull 13:21-25 https://doi.org/10.1016/0025-326X(82)90492-1
- Walther GR, Post E, Convey P, Menzel A, Parmesan C, Beebee TJC, Fromentin JM, Hoegh-Guldberg O, Bairlein F (2002) Ecological responses to recent climate change. Nature 416:389-395 https://doi.org/10.1038/416389a
- Warner ME, Fitt WK, Schmidt GW (1999) Damage to photosystemII in symbiotic dinoflagellates: a determinant of coral bleaching. P Natl Acad Sci Usa 96:8007-8012 https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.96.14.8007
- Yuen YS, Nakamura T, Yamaziki SS, Yamasaki H (2008) Long-term effect of inorganic nitrogen enrichment on the reef-building corals Stylophora pistillata and Acropora spp. In: Proceedings of the 11th International Coral Reef Symposium, Ft. Lauderdale, Florida, 7-11 July 2008. pp 940-944