• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.427-436
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• 2001

The effects of storage form (paddy and milled rice) and storage period (1, 2, and 3 years) of rice at low temperature $(4^{\circ}C)$ on physicochemical properties of milled and cooked rice and sensory characteristics of cooked rice were investigated. The proximate compositions except moisture content of rice decreased as the storage period increased. Water binding capacity, solubility and swelling power of rice flour decreased with the extended storage period. In the amylogram, the initial pasting temperature, paste viscosity and breakdown of paddy rice flour slurry decreased after 2 years of storage. Moisture content of cooked rice increased while the amount of water evaporated during cooking decreased. These trends were obvious with the longer storage period. Lightness and yellowness of cooked rice were greatly changed after 3 years of storage, regardless of storage form. Texture profile analysis of cooked rice by Texture Analyzer revealed that hardness, fracturability, gumminess were gradually increased while adhesiveness decreased as the storage period of rice increased. A trained panel found that color intensity, intactness of grains, rancid flavor, rice bran flavor, wet cardboard flavor, hardness and chewiness of cooked rice increased with the longer storage period. However, glossiness, transparency, plumpness, puffed corn flavor, dairy flavor, boiled egg white flavor, sweet taste, adhesiveness to lips, smoothness and inner moisture decreased with the extended storage period up to 3 years. Instrumental hardness was highly correlated with sensory hardness.

• Clinics in Shoulder and Elbow
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.72-78
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• 2010

Purpose: Too develop a flexible drill device that can be inserted into the shoulder joint so that arthroscopic transosseous suture repair for Bankart lesion is possible. Materials and Methods: We created a device composed of a flexible drill unit and a guide pipe unit. The flexible drill unit was made of flexible multifilament wires (1.2 mm in diameter) that was twisted into one cord so that it can flex in any direction and a drill bit (1.2 mm in diameter) that is attached onto one end of the flexible wire. The guide pipe unit was a 150 mm long metal pipe (2.0 mm in inner diameter and 3.0 mm in outer diameter), with one end bent to 30 degrees. The flexible drill set was inserted into the shoulder joint through the posterior portal of the joint. The guide pipe component was placed onto the medial wall of the glenoid so that the pipe was placed 5 mm posterior to the margin of the anterior glenoid rim. The flexible drill was driven through the glenoid by the power drill so that holes were made in the glenoid. A non- absorbable suture was passed through the hole. Tying of a sliding knot tying was accomplished over the capsule and labrum after making a stitch through the capsule and labrum with a suture hook loaded with suture passer. The same procedures were done at the 2 and 4 O'Clock positions of the glenoid. Results: Five cases with Bankart lesion received arthroscopic transosseous repair with our flexible drill device. There were no intraoperative problems. Neither redislocation nor subluxation was reported at final follow-up. Conclusion: Arthroscopic transosseous suture repair without suture anchors and easy tying of a sliding knot are possible with a flexible drill set.

• Korean Security Journal
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• no.22
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• pp.91-111
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• 2010

Around the middle of the ninth century the strict bone-rank system of Silla frustrated many people who had political ambition but lacked nobility. They had to seek other ways, including maritime trade. Such an undertaking reflected and also increased their economic and military power. Trade prospered with T'ang China and with Japan as well. The threat of piracy to Silla's thriving maritime trade caused to create a succession of garrisons at important coastal points. Chonghae Jin (Chonghae garrison) was regarded as the most important of these. It was established in 828 by Chang Pogo. Chonghae Jin was on Wando, an island just east of the southwestern tip of Korea and a key place at this time in the trade between China, Korea, and Japan. From this vantage point Chang Pogo became a merchant-prince with extensive holdings and commercial interests in China and with trade contacts with Japan. Although piracy was rampant in East Asia at that time, either the Chinese or Silla government was not able to control it due to inner political strife and lack of policing resources. Infuriated by the piracy and the government's inability to control it, Chang Pogo came back to Silla to fight against the pirates and to protect maritime trade. He persuaded the king of Silla and was permitted to control the private armed forces to sweep away the pirates. In 829 he was appointed Commissioner of Chonghae-Jin with the mission of curbing piracy in that region. Chang's forces were created to protect people from pirates, but also developed into traders among Silla Korea, T'ang China, and Japan in the 9th century. This was geographically possible because the Chonghae Garrison was situated at the midpoint of Korea, China, and Japan, and also because Chang's naval forces actually dominated the East Asia Sea while patrolling sea-lanes. Based on these advantages, Chang Pogo made a great fortune, which might be collected from a charge for protecting people from pirates and the trades with China and Japan. Chang's forces could be termed the first private security company in the Korean history, at least in terms of historical documents. Based on historical documents, the numbers of private soldiers might be estimated to exceed tens of thousands at least, since Chang's forces alone were recorded to be more than ten thousand. Because local powers and aristocratic elites were said to have thousands of armed forces respectively, the extent of private forces was assumed to be vast, although they were available only to the privileged class. In short, the domination of Chang's forces was attributable to the decline of central government and its losing control over local powers. In addition it was not possible without advanced technologies in shipbuilding and navigation.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.286-293
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• 2016

BACKGROUND: 18% of difenoconazole+iminoctadin triacetate microemulsion (3%+15%) formulation were mixed and sprayed as closely as possible to normal practice on the ten of farms located in the Youngju of South Korea. Patches, cotton gloves, socks, masks and XAD-2 resin were used to measure the potential exposure for applicators wearing standardized whole-body outer and inner dosimeter (WBD). This study has been carried out to determine the dermal and inhalation exposure to difenoconazole during preparation of spray suspension and application with a power sprayer on a grape orchard. METHODS AND RESULTS: A personal air monitor equipped with an air pump IOM sampler and cassette and glass fiber filter were used for inhalation exposure. The field studies were carried out in a grape orchard. The temperature and relative humidity were monitored with a thermometer and a hygrometer. Wind speed was measured using a pocket weather meter. All mean field fortification recoveries were between 97.3% and 119.6% in the level of 100 LOQ (limit of quantification) while the LOQ for difenoconazole was $0.025{\mu}g/mL$ using HPLC-UVD. The arms exposure to difenoconazole for the mixer/loader (0.0794 mg) was higher than other body parts (head, hands, upper body, legs). The exposure to difenoconazole in the legs for applicator (3.78 mg) was highest in the parts of body. The dermal exposure for mixer/loader and applicator were 0.02 and 2.28 mg on a grape orchard, respectively. The inhalation exposure during application was estimated as 0.02 mg. The ratio of inhalation exposure to dermal exposure was equivalent to 0.9% of the dermal exposure. CONCLUSION: The inhalation exposure for applicator indicated $18.8{\times}10^{-3}mg$, which was level of 0.9% of the dermal exposure (2.28 mg). Operator exposure (0.004 mg/kg bw/day) to difenoconazole during treatment for grape is calculated as 2.5% of the established AOEL (0.16 mg/kg bw/day).

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.31-40
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• 1986

Cylindrical and conical types of grain-straw separation equipment which has a stationary crimped sieve drum with rotating inner rotor were constructed. The developed equipments were tested to investigate the characteristics of separating performance under various mechanical conditions and crop conditions. As increase of the inclination of equipment and decrease of pitch of cover vane, the grain recovery was increased while straw rejection was decreased. The grain recovery and overall efficiency were decreased as the rotor speed and feeding velocity were increased for both varieties of rice, moisture contents, and test equipments. Conical prototype equipment performed higher straw rejection, lower grain recovery, and lower power requirement. However, separation performance of conical type equipment was more widely varied with various test conditions compared to cylindrical one. The performance of both equipments showed relatively insensitive to crop feedrate and crop properties, such as variety, moisture content, and grain-to-straw ratio.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.21-37
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• 1989

Environmental design pattern of the nine Small Urban Spaces at C.B.D. in City of Seoul are surveyed and analyzed for user's satisfaction and behavior under the environmental design evaluation by using Christopher Alexander's Pattern Language. Small Urban Spaces as a part of streetscape are formed by physical factors as well as visual environment and interacting user's behavior. Therefore, user's satisfaction and behavior at the nine Urban Small Spaces were investigated under the further search for some possibilities of application of those Pattern Languages. A pattern language has a structure of a network. It is used in sequence, going through the patterns, moving always from large patterns to smaller, always from the ones which create comes simply from the observation that most of the wonderful places of the city were not blade by architects but by the people. It defines the limited number of arrangements of spaces that make sense in any given culture. And it actually gives us the power to generate these coherent arrangement of space. As a results, 'Plaza', 'Seats'and 'Aecessibility' related design Patterns are highly evaluated by Pattern Frequency, Pattern Interaction and their Composition ranks, thus reconfirm Whyte's Praise of urban Small Spaces in our inner city design environments. According to the multiple regression analysis of user's evaluation, the environmental functions related to the satisfaction were 'Plaza', 'Accessibility' and 'Paving'. According to the free response, user's prefer such visually pleasing environmental design object as 'Waterscape' and 'Setting'. In addition to, the basic needs in Urban Small Spaces are amenity facilities as bench, drinking water and shade for rest.

• Publications of The Korean Astronomical Society
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.65-78
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• 2021

Jagyeokru, an automatic striking water clock described in the Sejong Sillok (Veritable Records of King Sejong) is essentially composed of a water quantity control device and a time-signal device, with the former controlling the amount or the flow rate of water and the latter automatically informing the time based on the former. What connects these two parts is a signal generating device or a power transmission device called the 'Jujeon' system, which includes a copper rod on the float and ball-racked scheduled plates. The copper products excavated under Gongpyeong-dong in Seoul include a lot of broken plate pieces and cylinder-like devices. If some plate pieces are put together, a large square plate with circular holes located in a zigzag can be completed, and at the upper right of it is carved 'the first scheduled plate (一箭).' Cylinder-like devices generally 3.8 cm in diameter are able to release a ball, and have a ginkgo leaf-like screen fixed on the inner axis and a bird-shaped hook of which the leg fixes another axis and the beak attaches to the leaf side. The lateral view of this cylinder-like device appears like a trapezoid and mounts an iron ball. The function of releasing a ball agrees with the description of Borugak Pavilion, where Jagyeokru was installed, written by Kim Don (1385 ~ 1440). The other accounts of Borugak Pavilion's and Heumgyeonggak Pavilion's water clocks describe these copper plates and ball releasing devices as the 'Jujeon' system. According to the description of Borugak Pavilion, a square wooden column has copper plates on the left and right sides the same height as the column, and the left copper plate has 12 drilled holes to keep the time of a 12 double-hours. Meanwhile, the right plate has 25 holes which represent seasonal night 5-hours (Kyeong) and their 5-subhours (Jeom), not 12 hours. There are 11 scheduled plates for seasonal night 5-hours made with copper, which are made to be attached or detached as the season. In accordance with Nujutongui (manual for the operation of the yardstick for the clepsydra), the first scheduled plate for the night is used from the winter solstice (冬至) to 2 days after Daehan (大寒), and from 4 days before Soseol (小雪) to a day before the winter solstice. Besides the first scheduled plate, we confirm discovering a third scheduled plate and a sixth scheduled plate among the excavated copper materials based on the spacing between holes. On the other hand, the width of the scheduled plate is different for these artifacts, measured as 144 mm compared to the description of the Borugak Pavilion, which is recorded as 51 mm. From this perspective, they may be the scheduled plates for the Heumgyeonggak Ongru made in 1438 (or 1554) or for the new Fortress Pavilion installed in Changdeokgung palace completed in 1536 (the 31^st year of the reign of King Jungjong) in the early Joseon dynasty. This study presents the concept of the scheduled plates described in the literature, including their new operating mechanism. In addition, a detailed model of 11 scheduled plates is designed from the records and on the excavated relics. It is expected that this study will aid in efforts to restore and reconstruct the automatic water clocks of the early Joseon dynasty.

• Journal of Korean Philosophical Society
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• v.131
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• pp.223-244
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• 2014

In this paper, the author interprets Juyeok (The Book of Changes) as a philosophical book on self-culture instead of a book on divination. Juyeok, originally, was a book on divination written to tell fortunes; however, it has been a rich source producing the discourse of the humanities. This is because it has a unique system of linguistic symbols. Gwae-Hyo (Hexagrams and Horizontal Lines) system of Juyeok has a number of symbolic features, and there is too much room for new philosophical, cultural interpretations. Thus, Juyeok can be applied to any information and events, and it can, accordingly, help solve the problems of life we are facing. Moreover, Juyeok's unique characteristics are revealed very well in active intervention of persons who read and interpret it. Carl Gustav Jung is the very person who argued that one should interpret Juyeok through this active intervention. In the foreword of Juyeok translated by Richard Wilhelm, he mentions a possibility of the interpretation of Juyeok applying 'synchronicity.' According to him, Juyeok is a material not to predict the future or tell the fate ordained, but to look back on oneself or find the solutions of problems oneself. It allows the inquirer to interpret Gwae-Hyo-Sa (Explanations) not simply through the result of fortune-telling but the act of telling one's fortune. He applies 'synchronicity' to the finding of answers to one's problems in the given Gwae-Hyo-Sa. Synchronicity refers to 'the principle of non-causal relationship explaining a phenomenon of meaningful coincidence.' Here, simultaneity, unlike contingency the principle of causality refers to, means 'meaningful coincidence.' He presents a theory that the divination signs derived from Gwae-Hyo-Sang (Images) through synchronicity is a reflection of the psychology of the unconscious the fortune-teller or a man who receives the results of the divination signs has under certain circumstances on the outside. This is because Jung interprets it like this because the way of communication of Juyeok using symbolic language is not direct but indirect. Juyeok's system of symbolic language aims not at delivering objective knowledge, but the reader's self-transformation. This point can be applied in clinical philosophy. People who suffer from agony and pain in their daily lives may find meaningful and helpful advice for themselves no matter what Gwae-Hyo-Sa they choose in Juyeok. This is because it was originally hidden in their inner space and just revealed concretely through Gwae-Hyo-Sang or Gwae-Hyo-Sa in Juyeok. In this sense, we connect the meaning Gwae-Hyo-Sang or Sa contains from Juyeok to their circumstances, read counsel or advice needed ourselves and make it our own to be able to have power to change and help ourselves. And at this very point may be evaluated as an important role of Juyeok.

• Journal of Korean Philosophical Society
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• v.117
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• pp.327-354
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• 2011

This study has a key assumption that 'characteristics of discouse can be found in not its inside, but its outside'. The prism through which we can see those characteristics was provided by Foucault and Bakhtin who were introduced in the study. As an effort co probe the outside of discourse, the study is briefed 'the three attributes of discourse' that were suggested by Foucault First, discourse has the principle of selection and exclusion, which is based on power relations. Second, discourse is not transparent at all since it is always offensive towards other discourses and defensive against selected ones Third, discourse which is naturally accepted because of its dailiness had a deep structure secretly hidden in it. Based on the above attributes, Foucault and Bakhtin paid their attention to the outside of discourse. Specifically, they considered discourse fundamentally and went beyond it, and reflected the procedures of discourse. This study focused on 'Socrates', something common in the two scholars' works with discourse. In dealing with discourse, Bakhtin started with 'Socratic dialogue' that is based on the dialogic nature of human thoughts which purse the truth. For Foucault, it was Socrates who had the 'courage to cell the truth' and practiced 'self-consideration'. According to Foucault, the ethics of self-practice originated from the philosopher. The ethics is neither the precise representation of individual life that is withdrawn towards the inner self, nor the skills of happiness. It is just relational and cross-sectional. For a better understanding, this study pointed out that Kafka created a variety of 'dialogic voices' focusing on the outside of discourse. Dialogues found in his writings are 'interminable dialogues' that truly 'communicate with different times and different spaces'. For example, his novel, 'Der Prozess' opens the possibility of discussing in various ways the court which is look beyond conventions and extraordinary. Kafka's novels have a structure that their starting point found at the introduction reappears at the termination, presenting multi-vocal dialogues.

• The Journal of Korean Society for Radiation Therapy
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.17-24
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• 2019

Purpose: The present study aims to assess the level of coherency and the accuracy of Point dose of the Isocenter of VERO, a linear accelerator developed for the purpose of the Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy(SBRT). Materials and Method: The study was conducted randomly with 10 treatment plans among SBRT patients in Kyungpook National University Chilgok Hospital, using VERO, a linear accelerator between June and December, 2018. In order to assess the equipment's power stability level, we measured the output constancy by using PTW-LinaCheck, an output detector. We also attempted to measure the level of accuracy of the equipment's Laser, kV(Kilo Voltage) imaging System, and MV(Mega Voltage) Beam by using Tofu Phantom(BrainLab, Germany) to assess the accuracy level of geometrical Isocenter. We conducted a comparative analysis to assess the accuracy level of the dose by using an acrylic Phantom($30{\times}30{\times}20cm$), a calibrated ion chamber CC-01(IBA Dosimetry), and an Electrometer(IBA, Dosimetry). Results: The output uniformity of VERO was calculated to be 0.66 %. As for geometrical Isocenter accuracy, we analyzed the error values of ball Isocenter of inner Phantom, and the results showed a maximum of 0.4 mm, a minimum of 0.0 mm, and an average of 0.28 mm on X-axis, and a maximum of -0.4 mm, a minimum of 0.0 mm, and an average of -0.24 mm on Y-axis. A comparison and evaluation of the treatment plan dose with the actual measured dose resulted in a maximum of 0.97 % and a minimum of 0.08 %. Conclusion: The equipment's average output dose was calculated to be 0.66 %, meeting the ${\pm}3%$ tolerance, which was considered as a much uniform fashion. As for the accuracy assessment of the geometric Isocenter, the results met the recommended criteria of ${\pm}1mm$ tolerance, affirming a high level of reproducibility of the patient's posture. The difference between the treatment plan dose and the actual measurement dose was calculated to be 0.52 % on average, significantly less than the 3 % tolerance, confirming that it obtained predicted does. The current study suggested that VERO equipment is suitable for SBRT, and would result in notable therapeutic effect.