• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2004.05b
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• pp.381-385
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• 2004

본 인구에서는 레이놀즈응력모형을 이용하여 직사각형 개수로 흐름을 수치모의 하고 이차흐름의 생성 메커니즘을 제시하였다. 수치모의 결과 자유수면과 측벽의 접합부 근처에서 inner secondary flow가 발생하였다. 이는 최근 Grega 등(1995)과 Hsu 등(2000)에 의해 밝혀진 새로운 이차흐름이다. 또한 측벽에서의 전단력 분포를 계산한 결과 inner secondary flow에 의하여 수면 근처에서의 전단력 값이 증가하는 것으로 나타났다. 계산된 결과를 이용하여 와도 방정식에서 각 항의 크기를 비교하여 이차 흐름의 생성 메커니즘을 살펴보았다. 그 결과 벽 및 측벽 경계 부근에서는 난류의 비등방성에 의한 와도 생성항에 의해 이차 흐름이 생성되고, 경계와 멀리 떨어진 영역에서는 레이놀즈응력에 의한 와도 생성항이 이차흐름을 생성시키는데 중요한 역할을 하는 것으로 나타났다.

• Korean Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Engineering
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• v.14 no.10
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• pp.833-843
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• 2002

The present experimental and numerical investigations are performed for the characteristics of transitional flow in a concentric annulus with a diameter ratio of 0.52, whose outer cylinder is stationary and inner one rotating. The pressure losses and skin- friction coefficients have been measured for the fully developed flow of water and glycerine-water solution (44%) with the inner cylinder rotating at speed of 0∼600 nm, respectively. The transitional flow has been examined by the measurement of pressure losses to reveal the relation of the Reynolds and Rossby numbers with the skin-friction coefficients. The occurrence of transition has been checked by the gradient changes of pressure losses and skin-friction coefficients with respect to the Reynolds numbers. The increasing rate of skin-friction coefficient due to the rotation is uniform for laminar flow regime, whereas it is suddenly reduced for transitional flow regime and, then, it is gradually declined for turbulent flow regime.

• Korean Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Engineering
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• v.11 no.5
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• pp.615-623
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• 1999

The objective of present study is to analyze a hot steel-tube cooling system as a kind of concentric triple-passage heat exchanger, whose inner tube is moving with a constant speed. Velocities and temperatures of an antioxidant gas flowing between inner and outer tubes are calculated theoretically for both laminar and turbulent flow regimes and used to give Nusselt numbers and friction factors with respect to various radius ratios and velocity ratios. In addition, it is shown that heat transfer coefficients based on ratios of average heat fluxes from inner and outer tubes might result in great errors for the temperature distributions of the flows, since the local heat transfer coefficients are dependent on the local heat flux ratios.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers A
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• v.24 no.1 s.173
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• pp.16-28
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• 2000

The steady rotating flows in eccentric annulus has been studied by a numerical method based on the spectral collocation method. The inner cylinder has a constant angular velocity while the outer on e is stationary. Flow between eccentric cylinders is of considerable technical importance as it occurs in journal bearings. In the present work, the governing equations for laminar flow are expressed as Navier-Stokes equations, including the non-linear convection terms. The solutions were utilized i, estimate the effects of the nonlinear terms on the load acting on the rotating cylinder. Based on the half and the full Sommerfeld methods, the load on the rotating cylinder is evaluated with eccentricity, by integrating the pressure and skin friction around the cylinder. The attitude angle and Sommerfeld reciprocal are calculated from the load. Also, the torque on the rotating inner cylinder was calculated. considering the skin friction. The attitude angle and Sommerfeld reciprocal are decreased with eccentricity. Viscous damping coefficient due to the skin friction becomes larger with decreasing the annular space. It is found the non-linear effects of the convection terms on the flow and the load are important. especially on the attitude angle, for relatively wide annular configurations however, the effects on those are minor for very narrow annular ones.

• Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology
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• v.17 no.11
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• pp.1793-1800
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• 2003

The present study addresses an experimental investigation of the near field flow structures of supersonic, dual, coaxial, free, jet, which is discharged from the coaxial annular nozzle. The secondary stream is made from the annular nozzle of a design Mach number of 1.0 and the primary inner stream from a convergent-divergent nozzle. The objective of the present study is to investigate the interactions between the secondary stream and inner supersonic jets. The resulting flow fields are quantified by pitot impact and static pressure measurements and are visualized by using a shadowgraph optical method. The pressure ratios of the primary jet are varied to obtain over-expanded flows and moderately under-expanded flows at the exit of the coaxial nozzle. The pressure ratio of the secondary annular stream is varied between 1.0 and 4.0. The results show that the secondary annular stream significantly changes the Mach disc diameter and location, and the impact pressure distributions. The effects of the secondary annular stream on the primary supersonic jet flow are strongly dependent on whether the primary jet is under-expanded or over-expanded at the exit of the coaxial nozzle.

• The KSFM Journal of Fluid Machinery
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• v.4 no.4 s.13
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• pp.37-42
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• 2001

In the present study, flow characteristics of turbulent oscillatory flow in an oscillator connected to square-sectional $180^{\circ}$ curved duct are investigated experimentally. In order to investigate wall shear stress and pressure distributions, the experimental studies for air flows we conducted in a square-sectional $180^{\circ}$ curved duct by using the LDV system with the data acquisitions and the processing system. The wall shear stress at bend angle of the $150^{\circ}$ and pressure distribution of the inlet (${\phi}=0^{\circ}$) to the outlet (${\phi}=180^{\circ}$) by $10^{\circ}$ intervals of the duct are measured. The results obtained from the experiment are summarized as follows : wall shear stress values in the inner wall we larger than those in an outer wall, except for the phase angle (${\omega}t/{\pi}/6$) of 3, because of the intensity of secondary flow. The pressure distributions are the largest in accelerating and decelerating regions at the bend angle(${\phi}$) of $90^{\circ}$ and pressure difference of inner and outer walls is the largest before and after the ${\phi}=90^{\circ}$.

• Proceedings of the KSME Conference
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• 2008.11b
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• pp.2713-2717
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• 2008

Whole flow fields of a room air conditioner (RAC) have been visualized by a Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) technique to analyze the flow structure with various inlet and outlet angles, and to control an eccentric vortex which affects an efficiency and noise of the RAC. A test model with 5 stages of a cross flow fan has been manufactured and a transparent acryl has been installed at the side of the test model for the PIV experiment. The inlet and outlet flows and the flow inside the cross flow fan have been analyzed by varying the inlet grill angles and outlet blade angles. The movement of the eccentric vortex has been investigated experimentally by developing the measurement technique for the inner flow field of the cross flow fan. From the visualization of the inner flows, the origins of the noise inside the RAC and the condensation points around the outlet parts of the cold air have been observed and the solution of the problems can be proposed in this study.

• Publications of The Korean Astronomical Society
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.457-459
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• 2015

Observations show that the accretion flows in low-luminosity active galactic nuclei (LLAGNs) probably have a two-component structure with an inner hot, optically thin, advection dominated accretion flow (ADAF) and an outer truncated cool, optically thick accretion disk. As shown by Taam et al. (2012), within the framework of the disk evaporation model, the truncation radius as a function of mass accretion rate is strongly affected by including the magnetic field. We define the parameter ${\beta}$ as $p_m=B^2/8{\pi}=(1-{\beta})p_{tot}$, (where $p_{tot}=p_{gas}+p_m$, $p_{gas}$ is gas pressure and $p_m$ is magnetic pressure) to describe the strength of the magnetic field in accretion flows. It is found that an increase of the magnetic field (decreasing the value of ${\beta}$) results in a smaller truncation radius for the accretion disk. We calculate the emergent spectrum of an inner ADAF + an outer truncated accretion disk around a supermassive black hole by considering the effects of the magnetic field on the truncation radius of the accretion disk. By comparing with observations, we found that a weaker magnetic field (corresponding to a bigger value of ${\beta}$) is required to match the observed correlation between $L_{2-10keV}/L_{Edd}$ and the bolometric correction $k_{2-10keV}$, which is consistent with the physics of the accretion flow with a low mass accretion rate around a black hole.

• Proceedings of the KSME Conference
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• 2001.06e
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• pp.45-50
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• 2001

This experimental study concerns the characteristics of a transitional flow in a concentric annulus with a diameter ratio of 0.52, whose outer cylinder is stationary and inner one rotating. The pressure losses and skin-friction coefficients have been measured for the fully developed flow of a 0.2 % aqueous solution of sodium carbomethyl cellulose (CMC) at a inner cylinder rotational speed of $0{\sim}600$ rpm. The transitional flow has been examined by the measurement of pressure losses, to reveal the relation of the Reynolds numbers with the skin-friction coefficients, in the laminar and transitional flow regimes. The occurrence of transition has been checked by the gradient change of pressure losses and skin-friction coefficient with respect to the Reynolds numbers. The increasing rate of skin-friction coefficient due to the rotation is uniform for laminar flow regime, whereas it is suddenly reduced for transitional flow regime and, then, it is gradually declined for turbulent flow regime. Consequently, the critical(axial-flow) Reynolds number decrease as the rotational speed increases. Thus, the rotation of inner cylinder promotes the early occurrence of transition due to the onset of taylor vortices.

• Korean Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Engineering
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.8-15
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• 2005

This study concerns the characteristics of helical flow in a concentric and eccentric annulus with a diameter ratio of 0.52 and 0.9, whose outer cylinders are stationary and inner ones are rotating. Pressure losses and skin friction coefficients have been measured for fully developed flows of water and $0.2\%$ aqueous of sodium carboxymethyl cellulose(CMC), respectively, when the inner cylinder rotates at the speed of $0\~500$ rpm. The effect of rotation on the skin friction coefficient is significantly dependent on the flow regime. In all flow regimes, the skin friction coefficient is increased by the inner cylinder rotation. This study shows the change of skin friction coefficient and wall shear stress corresponding to the variation of rotating speed of the inner cylinder, radius ratio, eccentricity, and working fluids.