• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.5 no.4
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• pp.411-427
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• 1996

A Lagrangian dispersion model has been developed to study the transport of atmospheric pollutants over the southern Korean peninsula on sunny summer days. A mesoscale atmospheric model has been employed to provide the wind fields and information for turbulent diffusion for the calculation of trajectories using a conditioned particle technique. The model has been applied to the simulation of the transport of atmospheric pollutants emitted from five sources in the coastal locations under various synoptic scale winds. Under calm synoptic scale condition, the particles emitted during daytime are mixed vertically and transported toward inland by sea-breeze, according to the model simulation. The particles are then transported upward at she sea-breeze front or by the upward motion over the mountain, and some particles show tendency of returning toward the coast by the return flow of the sea-breeze circulation. The particles are found to remain over the peninsula throughout the integration period under calm synoptic scale condition. When there is westerly synoptic scale winds the particles emitted in the west coast can reach the east coast within a day of faster depending on the speed. With a synoptic scale southerly wind of 5 m/s, most of the particles from the fine sources are advected toward inland during daytime. During nighttime, significant portion of particles released in the west coast remains over the land, while most particles released in the east coast move toward the sea to the east of the middle peninsula.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.135-144
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• 1999

Air quality modeling about coastal urban region such as Pusan shoud be consider shipping source emmited from ships anchoraging and running. It has been proved at our previous studies that the ratios of air pollutants emission amount in coastal area to inland are 12.2% for NO$_2$ and 11.7% for $SO_2$ and the air qualify of coastal urban area consierably counts on ships. Also the dispersion pattern of the all pollutants followed local circulation system in this region. Therefore this study has been developed air quality model which can describe the formation, transport, transformation and deposition processes of air pollutants considering shipping source. Currently, restriction for emission amount of ships does not exist, so our study will be useful to set the omission standard and for devising air quality policy in coastal urban region.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.17 no.10
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• pp.1169-1182
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• 2008

The chemical and meteorological effects on the concentration variations of air pollutants ($O_3$ and its precursors) were evaluated based on ground observation data in coastal and inland regions, Busan during springs and summers of 2005-2006. For the purpose of this study, study areas were classified into 5 categories: coastal area (CA), industrial area (IA), downtown area (DA), residential area (RA), and suburban area (SA). Two sites of Dongsam (DS) and Yeonsan (YS) were selected for the comparison purpose between the coastal and inland regions. $O_3$ concentrations in CA and SA were observed to be highest during spring (e.g., 40 ppb), whereas those in DA and RA were relatively low during summer (e.g., $22\sim24$ ppb). It was found that $O_3$ concentrations in IA were not significantly high although high VOCs (especially toluene of about 40 ppb) and $NO_x$ ($\geq$ 35 ppb) were observed. On the other hand, the concentration levels of $O_3$ and $PM_{10}$ at the DS site were significantly higher than those at the YS site, but $NO_x$ was slightly lower than that at the YS site. This might be caused by the photochemical activity and meteorological conditions (e.g., sea-land breeze and atmospheric stagnance). When maximum $O_3$ (an index of photochemical activity) exceeds 100 ppb, the contribution of secondary $PM_{10}\;((PM_{10})_{SEC})$ to total observed $PM_{10}$ concentrations was estimated up to 32% and 17% at the DS and YS sites, respectively. In addition, the diurnal variations of $(PM_{10})_{SEC}$ at the DS site were similar to those of $O_3$ regardless of season, which suggests that they are mostly secondary $PM_{10}$ produced from photochemical reactions.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.44 no.4
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• pp.364-372
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• 2011

The pale chub (Zacco platypus) is generally found in Asian countries, such as Korea, Japan, and China. Nevertheless, very little information exists about the genes involved in the metabolism of xenobiotics in this species. This species is useful in monitoring the environmental impact on various pollutants in freshwater as a sentinel fish species. We cloned the full-length cDNA sequence of xenobiotic metabolizing cytochrome P450 1A (CYP1A) gene from Z. platypus and characterized it. Tissue distribution and timedependent induction of CYP1A were studied by real-time RT-PCR. Induction pattern of CYP1A was studied by exposing the fish to an arylhydrocarbon receptor agonist, ${\beta}$-naphthoflavone (BNF). The liver showed the highest level of expression in basal state as well as BNF- treated fish. However, appreciable levels of expression were also recorded in Gill and kidney and the least level of expression was observed in the eye. The results of the time-course study revealed an induction in the liver, brain, and gills after 6 h and 12 h in most of the tissues. This study provides an insight into the xenobiotics metabolizing system of Z. platypus and offers baseline information for further research related to biomarker, stress, and adaptive response of this ecologically important fish species in the freshwater environment.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.247-253
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• 2003

Sequencing Batch Reactor (SBR) was operated under various experimental conditions to improve the efficiency of biological filters used for the treatment of recycled wastewater from aquaculture. This SBR system was operated for removing COD, ammonia and suspended solid that were the major pollutants in aquaculture wastewater. Aerobic and anoxic conditions after FILL mode were applied intermittently for effective removal of nitrogen. SETTLE and DRAW modes were followed by the complete aerobic and anoxic REACT mode. The total volume of the SBR was 75 liter, while the working volume in a cycle was 35 liters. When the final operating strategy of the SBR was FILL/REACT/SETTLE/DRAW of 0.5/10/1/0.5 hr. the removal efficiencies of TCODcr, $NH_{4}^{+}-N,$ and T-N were 94, 98, and $89\%,$ respectively.

• The Journal of Fisheries Business Administration
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.115-136
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• 2003

As of late, people who enjoy fishing as a pastime in Korea has dramatically increased on the back of the increased national income and 5-day working system being in place. In the past, people used to fish in inland waters, but fishing on the sea has also shown a steady increase. The expanded fishing community along with increasing types of fishing, however, led to destruction of ecosystem by littering the waters of both inland and sea with wastes and reckless exploitation of fish resources. Fishing activities are usually taking place in inland waters, or on the sea, which is, by definition, a common property, and side effects such as free riding and diseconomy are frequently observed occurring. In other words, everyone can use the property free of charge(except paying fishing lot), and littering the waters with pollutants and wastes stemming from fishing activities is currently rampant. In this context, this paper studies the necessity of introducing fishing license system and its feasibility in Korea from a perspective to improve the national welfare through policy measures based on 'polluter pays principle' to prevent further environmental pollution in the fishing lot and preserve fishery resources. Study shows that introduction of Recreational fishing license system is urgently needed, but it is concluded that it should take more time to implement the system so as to accomodate the differing interests of all parties involved including recreational fishing industry, while strengthening public relation activities to solicit for the people's understanding of the system to be introduced.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.5 no.3
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• pp.277-284
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• 1996

The Characteristics of atmospheric flow and dispersion of air pollutants in the mountainous coastal area were studied using two-dimensional model by the combination of land-sea breezes and transport. The pollutants emitted into the simulated wind field in considering with the mesoscale local circulations. The typical effects of land-sea breezes and tophography of coastal area on the dispersion are discussed in detail, and the model is proved as an useful tool to pridict real time pollutant transport by the results of application studies in Pusan, Korea where the urbanized coastal area with mountainous topography. It was found that sulfur dioxide ($SO_2$) are differently transported and concentrated as going inland by the influence of the sea breeze with topographic changes. Key words : land-sea breezes, sulfur dioxide, dispersion, coastal area.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.44 no.6
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• pp.612-621
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• 2011

The influences of inland pollution sources because of rainfall events on the bacteriological water quality in Geoje Bay, a major shellfish production area in Korea, were investigated. The sanitary status of sea water and shellfish after rainfall events was also evaluated. The flow rates of 13 streams around Geoje Bay showed 6 to 7-fold increases after 15 to 21 mm of rainfall. Peak pollution was observed in the Naegan Stream, the Gandeok Stream and the Seojeong Stream. The calculated impact area of inland pollution sources was 3.1 $km^2$ immediately after 15 mm of rainfall and expanded to 3.5 $km^2$ after 24 hours. These calculations of impacted area matched results from fecal coliform analyses with sea water. The distance between the major pollution source in the bay (the Gandeok Stream) and the station with the worst bacteriological water quality immediately after 15 mm of rainfall, which was below the Korean standard, was 0.8 km in a straight line; this distance increased to 2.0 km after a period of 24 hours. The area impacted by inland pollution sources after a 15 mm rainfall event was wider than after a 21 mm rainfall. Although the flow rate from inland pollution sources was higher, the concentration of fecal coliform in the discharged water was lower after higher rainfall events. These observations corresponded with the results of fecal coliform analyses with sea water samples. According to the evaluation of the influences of inland pollution sources and fecal coliform analyses on sea water and shellfish samples in Geoje Bay, pollutants from inland sources did not reach the boundary line of the shellfish growing area after rainfall events of 15 or 22 mm. The bacteriological water quality of the shellfish growing area in Geoje Bay met the Korean standard and US NSSP requirements for approved shellfish growing areas.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.17.1-17.9
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• 2016

The seasonal variation of fecal coliforms (FCs) and physicochemical factors was determined in seawaters of the Hansan-Geojeman area, including a designated area for oyster, and in inland pollution sources of its drainage basin. The mean daily loads of FCs in inland pollution sources ranged from $1.2{\times}10^9$ to $3.1{\times}10^{11}$ most probable number (MPN)/day; however, the pollutants could not be reached at the designated area. FC concentrations of seawaters were closely related to season, rainfall, and inland contaminants, however, within the regulation limit of various countries for shellfish. The highest concentrations for chemical oxygen demand (COD) and $chlorophyll-{\alpha}$ in seawaters were shown in the surface layer during August with high rainfall, whereas the lowest for dissolved oxygen (DO) in the bottom layer of the same month. Therefore, it indicates that the concentrations of FC, COD, DO, and $chlorophyll-{\alpha}$ of seawaters were closely related to season and rainfall.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.18 no.6
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• pp.487-501
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• 2002

The concentrations of gaseous (NO$_{x}$, SO$_2$, and $O_3$) and particulate (Elemental Carbon, EC and Organic Carbon, OC) pollutants were measured to evaluate the air quality of Kosan. Samples were taken at Kosan during ACE-Asia (Asian Pacific Regional Aerosol Characterization Experiment) IOP (Intensive Observation Period) (2001. 3. 21~2001. 5. 5). The mean concentrations of $O_3$(46.3$\pm$10.4 ppb) is higher than those at urban area such as Seoul and Busan in Korea. On the other hand, the mean concentrations of other gaseous species, NO$_{x}$(4.73$\pm$3.42 ppb) and SO$_2$(0.62$\pm$0.63 ppb) are lower than those at great cities. So we concluded that there are a few primary sources emitting atmospheric pollutants. The concentration of EC is higher and the concentration of OC is similar with or higher than those at other background sites. The recent EC concentration is higher than those measured before at Kosan. We concluded that there are more primary sources than other background sites and the amount of primary source have increased recently in Jeju. Backward trajectory and co..elation analysis were used to study where the air masses originated and distinguish the source of pollutants. While NO$_{x}$ and $O_3$ were mainly emitted and formed from Jeju inland area, concentrations of SO$_2$, OC and EC were affected by Asian Dust from China. Using the mean relative standard deviation of ozone, cleanness coefficient was obtained. The cleanness coefficient value, is 1.6 times larger than the value in 1992. Recently, the air quality of Kosan has been contaminated because of the Asian Dust events since spring and the rapid industrialization development.pment.