• 한국식품위생안전성학회지
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.19-26
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• 1988

Most of meat spoilage bacteria area Gram negative, which are very sensitive to freezing ; for instance , 90% of E. coli cells are killed or sub-lethally injured by freezing at -3$0^{\circ}C$, and the freeze-injury rate is dependent upon freezing rate. Since the injured bacterial cells are sensitive to selective agents, they fail to multiply in selective media. Injured bacterial cells are, however, capable of spontaneous repair at appropriate environmental and nutritional conditions . Enumeration of injured bacterial cells involves artificial induction of repair at these conditions. Cubic beef samples(3$\times$3$\times$3cm) were frozen at -6$0^{\circ}C$, -4$0^{\circ}C$, or -18$^{\circ}C$. The samples frozen at each temperature were thawed at 4$^{\circ}C$, 2$0^{\circ}C$, or by microwave . After these respective freezing an thawing treatments, the percentage of sub-lethally injured total coliforms out of total surviving ones was measured and compared. The results were as follows: 1. The interaction between freezing and thawing on injury rate was not significant. 2. The injury rates(as means of all three thawing treatments post-freezing) by freezing at -6$0^{\circ}C$, -4$0^{\circ}C$, or -18$^{\circ}C$ were 32.2$^{\circ}C$ and 19.2$^{\circ}C$ respectively . 3. The injury rates(as means of all three freezing treatments)by thawing at 4$^{\circ}C$, 2$0^{\circ}C$, or by microwave were 49.3%, 11.7% and 21.0% respectively. The highest injury rate was caused by freezing at -6$0^{\circ}C$ and subsequent thawing at 4$^{\circ}C$. However since the injury rates by freezing treatment were not significantly different, freezing at -18$^{\circ}C$ and subsequent thawing at 4$^{\circ}C$ can also be recommended , from an economic perspective.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• 제32권1호
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• pp.67-70
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• 2005

Recently, the usage of an exercising treadmill has increased in Korean homes. Along with increasing utilization of these machines, injuries relating to the inadvertent usage of the machine have gradually increased for the last several years. The purpose of this study is to identify the feature of this type of injury, thereby to help prevent and to raise an awareness of the potential injury. 25 patients who had been admitted to Hangang Sacred Heart Hospital from January 2002 through March 2004 were investigated retrospectively. Age, sex, place of injury, the area and the extent of injury, treatment and prognosis were analyzed for each case. All injuries involved in the children with an average age of 3.5 years. This new type of injury was at least a deep second-degree burn of the friction-burn type in all cases. Most of them primarily involved hands. Inattention of the guardian was the main cause of such injuries. 68% of the cases needed an operation such as a split-thickness skin graft or a full-thickness skin graft. In this study, authors reached a conclusion that such injuries may be prevented by an education of the potential risks of using a treadmill and by developing additional safety devices.

• 한방재활의학과학회지
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• 제18권3호
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• pp.19-39
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• 2008

목 적 : 천궁은 중추신경계 신경조직의 손상을 감소시키는 데에 유효한 것으로 보고되었다. 따라서 손상 척수신경에서 천궁에 의한 각각의 신경조직의 반응성을 조사하기 위하여 흰쥐의 손상된 척수 신경에 천궁 추출물을 처리하여 관찰하였다. 방 법 : 흰쥐의 척수조직에 타박손상을 가한 후 천궁을 처리하고 손상부위의 GAP-43과 Cdc2 및 Erk1/2 단백질의 수준, 축삭 및 성상세포의 수, 아교상혼의 정도를 각각 확인하여 손상부위 및 피질척수로의 재성장 여부를 관찰하였다. 결 과 : 천궁처리에 의하여 손상부위에서는 GAP-43과 Cdc2 및 Erk1/2 단백질의 수준이 증가하였다. 손상척수 부위에서 성상세포의 수는 천궁처리에 의하여 비손상대조군에 비해 증가하였다. CSPG 단백질에 의하여 확인된 아교상흔의 정도는 천궁처리에 의하여 감소하였다. Dil에 의한 정방향 염색에 의하여 피질척수로를 확인하였으며, 측방축삭의 싹돌기는 천궁처리에 의하여 손상부위 상단부 및 하단부에 각각 증가하였다. 고분자미세관을 손상척수부위에 이식하여 미세관내부로 축삭 및 비신경세포의 이주양상을 분석한 결과 천궁처리에 의하여 축삭 및 성상교세포의 이주증가를 확인하였다. 결론 : 천궁이 손상척수신경부위에서 비신경세포 특히 성상세포의 활성화에 기여함을 알 수 있었다. 이러한 활성화는 손상 피질척수로 축삭의 재성장 반응을 증가시키는 효과가 있는 것으로 판단된다.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• 제1권3호
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• pp.251-262
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• 1997

Peripheral nerve injury sometimes leads to neuropathic pain and depletion of calcitonin gene related-peptide (CGRP) and substance P (SP) in the spinal cord. However, the pathophysiological mechanisms for depletion of CGRP and SP following the neurorathic injury are still unknown. This study was performed to see whether the distribution of immunoreactivity for CGRP and SP in the superficial dorsal horn and dorsal root ganglia(DRG) was related to the distance between the DRG and injury site. To this aim, we compared two groups of rats; one group was subjected to unilateral inferior and superior caudal trunk transections at the level between the S3 and S4 spinal nerves (S34 group) and the other group at the levels between the S1 and S2, between S2 and S3 and between S3 and S4 spinal nerve (S123 group). The transections in both groups equally eliminated the inputs from the tail to the S1-3 DRG, but the distance from the S1/S2 DRG to the injury site was different between the two groups. Immunostaining with SP and CGRP antibody was done in the S1-S3 spinal cord and DRG of the two groups 1 and 12 weeks after the injury. The results obtained are as follows: 1. The immunoreactivity for CGRP and SP in the ipsilateral superficial dorsal horn and DRG decreased 1 and 12 weeks after neuropathic nerve injury. 2. The immunoreactive area of SP and CGRP in the S1 dorsal horn was smaller in the S123 group than in the S34 group, whereas that in the S3 dorsal horn was not significantly different between the two groups. The number of SP-immunoreactive DRG cells decreased on the neuropathic side as compared to the sham group's in all DRGs of experimental groups except the S1 DRG of the S34 group. These results suggest that the amounts of SP and CGRP in the dorsal horn and DRG following neuropathic injury inversely decrease according to the distance between the DRG and injury site.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• 제37권4호
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• pp.396-399
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• 2010

Purpose: In hand injury, pedicle is usually damaged by avulsion injury or crushing injury. Because of postoperative pedicle obliteration, it is often hard to save the injured hand and fingers, even after successful replantation. The author introduces three cases of extensive hand injury, and successful results after applicatoin of multiple venous grafts to these patients. Methods: In all cases there was no circulation in any finger. In the first case, some vessels were extracted, so venous graft was applied to two sites of severely damaged venous sites. In the second case, venous grafts were applied to all four digital arteries of all fingers except thumb which got severely crushed, and two sites of dorsal veins. In the third case, venous graft was applied to all four digital arteries of all five fingers, and two sites of dorsal veins and palmar veins each. Results: In all cases, survival of hands and fingers was successful. In the second case, however, amputation in thumb and little finger at DIP joint level was inevitable, because of its severe damage, and the large dorsal defect on index finger was filled with DIEP free flap. Thumb was reconstructed with toe-to-thumb free flap, and additional debulking procedures and contracture release is furtherly needed. In the first case, additional surgery was done, as FDP tendon got re-ruptured, but in long term follow-up, satisfactory range of motion was attained. In the third case, FTSG on dorsal skin region was planned. as flap on dorsal area got partial necrosis. Conclusion: In hand injury, there are many structures to be repaired, but sometimes venous graft is avoided for its long operating time. Even though the length of damaged vessel is enough for anastomosis, the endothelium is often damaged (zone of injury). In extensive hand injury, successful reconstruction would be possible with active venous graft to all vessels suspicious for damage.

• Journal of the Korean Data and Information Science Society
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• 제20권5호
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• pp.797-807
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• 2009

후미추돌사고가 발생하면 사고의 규모인 차량손상정도와 승차자 상해는 속도변화에 영향을 받는다. 본 연구는 서울, 인천 지역에서 발생한 실제 사고사례자료로부터 사진판독에 의해 손상깊이를 측정하고 사고개황 및 속도에 관한 진술 자료로부터 속도변화를 산출하였으며, 진단기간, 입원일 등 상해발생관련 자료를 수집하였다. 손상깊이와 승차자의 상해.무상해의 유무 및 증상기간의 예측평가를 위한 손상깊이와 입원치료기간에 대한 관계영역도표를 구하여 실증적인 자료와 비교하였다. 또한, 수집한 실제 사고자료의 진단기간 및 입원일 등 상해정도는 통계분석결과 객관적 충격정도인 피추돌차의 손상깊이 및 속도변화와 전혀 상관관계가 없는 것으로 나타났는데, 이는 선행연구와 본 연구의 통계분석결과를 종합하여 설정한 상해역치에 미달하는 대인사고 사례가 약 78.1%로 거짓 또는 과장된 상해주장이 많은 것으로 나타났다. 향후 상해주장에 대한 인정은 사고 규모에 대한 객관적 정보의 제공 및 본 연구에서 제시한 상해역치 수준의 적용은 유용할 것으로 사료된다.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• 제21권4호
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• pp.289-296
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• 2018

Purpose: We aimed to study the pattern of liver-injury in children with dengue fever (DF) and validate serum aminotransferase ${\geq}1,000IU/L$ as a marker of severe DF. Methods: Children admitted with DF were included. DF was defined by presence of clinical criteria and positive serological or antigen tests in absence of other etiology. DF severity was graded as dengue without or with warning signs and severe dengue. Liver-injury was defined as alanine aminotransferase (ALT) more than twice the upper limit of normal (boys, 30 IU/L; girls, 21 IU/L). Results: Of 372 children with DF, 144 (38.7%) had liver-injury. Risk of liver-injury and aminotransferase levels increased with DF severity (p<0.001). Recommended ALT and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) cut-off at ${\geq}1,000IU/L$ had sensitivity 4.8% (5/105), specificity 99.3% (265/267) for detection of severe DF. In children with ALT and AST <1,000 IU/L (n=365), the area under receiver operating curves for prediction for severe DF, were 0.651 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.588-0.714; p<0.001) for ALT and 0.647 (95% CI, 0.582-0.712; p<0.001) for AST. Serum ALT at 376 IU/L and AST at 635 IU/L had sensitivity and specificity comparable to ${\geq}1,000IU/L$ for defining severe DF. Conclusion: Liver-injury is common in DF. The ALT and AST levels increase with DF severity. ALT and AST levels of ${\geq}1,000IU/L$ could be lowered to 376 IU/L and 635 IU/L respectively for defining severe DF.

• Childhood Kidney Diseases
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.13-18
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• 2013

발세포병증은 발세포의 손상을 특징으로 하는 사구체질환이다. 발세포의 손상은 여러 사구체질환에서 관찰될 수 있으나, 미소변화질환과 FSGS에서 주요 병인으로 작용한다. 이 글에서는 FSGS에서 발세포 손상의 형태 변화와 분절경화의 유형을 설명하고자 한다. 발세포가 손상되면 형태 변화로 발돌기의 소실, 발세포 세포질 내 공포, 발세포하 낭 등이 관찰되며, 심하면 발세포의 탈락 및 자멸사가 관찰된다. 그러나 분절경화가 초래되기까지에는 일정 수준 이상의 발세포의 소실이 있어야 하며, 손상된 발세포는 동일한 사구체 소엽 내 주변 발세포로 손상을 전파하여 병변이 커지게 된다. FSGS는 광학현미경 소견을 기초로 NOS형, perihilar형, cellular형, tip형, collapsing형의 다섯 가지 유형으로 나뉜다. 각 아형에 따라 임상 경과나 스테로이드 치료에 대한 반응이 다르고 흔히 동반되는 임상 조건들도 다르다고 보고되었으나 이에 대하여는 아직도 논란이 있는 실정이다. 앞으로 FSGS 발생에 관여하는 유전 정보와 혈액 내 투과인자의 성분 등 관련된 인자들에 대한 체계적인 연구가 이루어지면 FSGS에서 관찰되는 조직 변화나 병태생리를 더 잘 설명할 수 있을 것으로 기대해 본다.

• Journal of Trauma and Injury
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• 제27권4호
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• pp.139-144
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• 2014

Purpose: Detection and determination of tendon injury in the finger or hand is not easy. Therefore, we aimed to study and evaluate the accuracy and the effectiveness of ultrasonography for the diagnosis of finger tendon injury. Methods: In this study, we enrolled patients, regardless of age and sex, with lacerations on their fingers. Patients with invisible wounds were excluded. We evaluated the accuracy and the effectiveness of ultrasonography and compared the results obtained from ultrasonography and with those obtained by visual observation of the injuries. Results: The sensitivity, the specificity and the accuracy of ultrasonography were found to be 66.7%, 100% and 91.3%, respectively (p<0.001) while those of physical examination were 71.4%, 98.3% and 91.3%, respectively. Small differences were observed between the sensitivities and specificities of the two examinations; however, the accuracies were the same (p<0.001). The area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve, which was used for diagnosis of tendon rupture using ultrasonography, was found to be 0.985 (95% confidence interval CI: 0.929-0.999),while that of physical examination was 0.938 (95% CI: 0.861-0.980). Conclusion: Ultrasonography can be used an effective diagnostic tool for patients with finger tendon injury.

• Journal of Medicine and Life Science
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.7-15
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• 2020

The field triage guidelines have been widely implemented in the Korean trauma system. This study aimed to evaluate and validate whether it is reliable to use the field triage guidelines for predicting severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) and traumatic spinal injury (TSI) patients. This study retrospectively analyzed in-hospital cohort registries of all TBI and TSI patients, who visited the emergency department (ED) of the Jeju National University Hospital from 1 January 2013 to 31 December 2015. The primary outcome was defined as TBI and TSI patients with an injury severity score (ISS)>15. Secondary outcomes were defined as cases in which one or more of the following conditions: in-hospital death, ISS>15, admission to the intensive care unit, emergency surgery. We enrolled 14,889 TBI and TSI patients who visited ED, of which 7,966 (53.5%) were triage positive. The overall sensitivity, specificity and area under the curve (AUC) of the full cumulative field triage guidelines step's model (Step 1+3+4 criteria) for primary outcome were 82.8%, 47.0%, and 0.646, respectively. In the results for secondary outcomes, the specificity did not show a significant difference, but the sensitivity decreased to 66.5% and AUC to 0.568. The results of this study suggest that further optimization of the field triage guidelines is needed to identify high-risk TBI and TSI patients.