• Toxicological Research
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• 제14권3호
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• pp.393-400
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• 1998

As a series of safety studies on DA-3585, a recombinant human erythropoietin, its local irritancy was examined in rabbits after the following treatments; application into the conjunctival sac of the eye(single), subcutaneous injection (single and -day repeated)and intravenous injection (7-day repeated.)In addition, perivascular irritation of DA-3585 was investigated in mice. In the result of ocular irritation test, 10,000IU/ml solution of DA-3585 could be considered as a non-irritating material. The local irritation of DA-3585 by a single and 7-day repeated subcutaneous injection was negligible and not so much different from that of saline. In the vascular irritancy test, macro-and microscopic observations revealed that local irritation of DA-3585 was comparable to that of saline when injected into retroauricular vein of rabbits for 7 consecutive days. Furthermore the perivascular administration of DA-3585 upto the concentration of 10,000 IU/ml did not induce any morphological abnormalities at injection sites. The results obtained from the present study suggest that the local irritancy of DA-3585 is not different from that of saline when injected through intravenous or subcutaneous route for clinical practice.

• 대한약침학회지
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• 제17권3호
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• pp.50-56
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• 2014

Objectives: Mountain ginseng pharmacopuncture (MGP) is an extract distilled from either mountain cultivated ginseng or mountain wild ginseng. This is the first intravenous injection of pharmacopuncture in Korea. The word intravenous does not discriminate between arteries, veins, and capillaries in Oriental Medicine, but only the vein is used for MGP. The aim of this study is to evaluate the intravenous injection toxicity of MGP through a single-dose test in Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. Methods: Male and female 6-week-old SD rats were injected intravenously with MGP (high dosage of 20 mL/kg or low dosage of 10 mL/kg). Normal saline was injected into the rats in the control group by using the same method. After the rats has treated, we conducted clinical observations, body-weight measurements and histological observations. Results: In this study, no mortalities were observed in any of the experimental groups. Also, no significant changes by the intravenous injection of MGP were observed in the body weights, or the histological observations in any of the experimental groups compared to the control group. The lethal dose for intravenous injection of MGP was found to be over 20 mL/kg in SD rats. Conclusion: Considering that the dosage of MGP generally used each time in clinical practice is about 0.3 mL/kg, we concluded with confidence that MGP is safe pharmacopuncture.

• 정보보호학회논문지
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• 제34권3호
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• pp.451-461
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• 2024

최근 거대 언어 모델을 기반으로 한 다양한 인공지능 챗봇이 출시되고 있다. 챗봇은 대화형 프롬프트를 통해 사용자에게 빠르고 간편하게 정보를 제공할 수 있다는 이점을 가지고 있어서 질의응답, 글쓰기, 프로그래밍 등 다양한 분야에서 활용되고 있다. 그러나 최근에는 챗봇의 취약점을 악용하는 '프롬프트 주입 공격'이 제안되었는데, 이는 챗봇이 기입력된 지시사항을 위반하도록 하는 공격이다. 이와 같은 공격은 거대 언어 모델 내부의 기밀 정보를 유출하거나 또 다른 악성 행위를 유발할 수 있어서 치명적이다. 반면 이들에 대한 취약점 여부가 한국어 프롬프트를 대상으로는 충분히 검증되지 않았다. 따라서 본 논문에서는 널리 사용되는 챗봇인 ChatGPT를 대상으로 악성 한국어 프롬프트를 생성하여 공격을 수행해보고, 이들에 대한 실행 가능성을 분석하고자 한다. 이를 위해 기존에 제안된 프롬프트 주입 공격 기법을 분석하여 악의적인 한국어 프롬프트를 자동으로 생성하는 시스템을 제안하고자 한다. 특히 유해 표현을 유도하는 악성 프롬프트를 중점적으로 생성하였고 이들이 실제 유효함을 보이도록 한다.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• 제24권4호
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• pp.205-215
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• 2011

Background: Interventional pain management (IPM) is a branch of medical science that deals with management of painful medical conditions using specially equipped X-ray machines and anatomical landmarks. Interventional physiatry is a branch of physical medicine and rehabilitation that treats painful conditions through intervention in peripheral joints, the spine, and soft tissues. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted using three years of hospital records (2006 to 2008) from the Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Department at Chittagong Medical College Hospital in Bangladesh, with a view toward highlighting current interventional pain practice in a tertiary medical college hospital. Result: The maximum amount of intervention was done in degenerative peripheral joint disorders (600, 46.0%), followed by inflammatory joint diseases (300, 23.0%), soft tissue rheumatism (300, 23.0%), and radicular or referred lower back conditions (100, 8.0%). Of the peripheral joints, the knee was the most common site of intervention. Motor stimulation-guided intralesional injection of methylprednisolone into the piriformis muscle was given in 10 cases of piriformis syndrome refractory to both oral medications and therapeutic exercises. Soft tissue rheumatism of unknown etiology was most common in the form of adhesive capsulitis (90, 64.3%), and is discussed separately. Epidural steroid injection was practiced for various causes of lumbar radiculopathy, with the exception of infective discitis. Conclusion: All procedures were performed using anatomical landmarks, as there were no facilities for the C-arm/diagnostic ultrasound required for accurate and safe intervention. A dedicated IPM setup should be a requirement in all PMR departments, to provide better pain management and to reduce the burden on other specialties.

• 대한약침학회지
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• 제18권2호
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• pp.76-85
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• 2015

Objectives: Radix Ginseng has been traditionally used as an adaptogen that acts on the adrenal cortex and stimulates or relaxes the nervous system to restore emotional and physical balance and to improve well-being in cases of degenerative disease and/or old age. Radix Ginseng has been used for a long time, but the safety of ginseng pharmacopuncture needs testing. This study was done to analyze the single-dose toxicity of water- soluble ginseng pharmacopuncture (GP) intramuscular injections in rats. Methods: All experiments were performed at Biotoxtech, an institution authorized to perform non clinical studies under the regulations of Good Laboratory Practice (GLP). Each group contained 10 Sprague-Dawley rats, 5 males and 5 females. GP was prepared in a sterile room at the Korean Pharmacopuncture Institute under regulations of Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP). GP dosages were 0.1, 0.5 and 1.0 mL for the experimental groups; normal saline was administered to the control group. The animals general condition was examined daily for 14 days, and the rats were weighed on the starting day and at 3, 7 and 14 days after administration of the pharmacopuncture. Hematological and biochemistry tests and autopsies were done to test the toxicological effect of GP after 14 days. This study was performed with approval from the Institutional Animal Ethics Committee of Biotextech. Results: No deaths were found in this single-dose toxicity test of intramuscular injections of GP, and no significant changes in the general conditions, body weights, hematological and biochemistry tests, and autopsies were observed. The local injection site showed no changes. Based on these results, the lethal dose was assumed to be over 1.0 mL/animal in both sexes. Conclusion: These results suggest that GP is relatively safe. Further studies, including a repeated toxicity test, are needed to provide more concrete evidence for the safety of GP.

• 한국지반공학회논문집
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• 제38권2호
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• pp.15-27
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• 2022

암반 그라우팅은 시설물 지반의 안정성을 향상시키는 보강 및 재해방지 대책으로서의 적용성이 날로 증가하고 있으나, 현장에서의 그라우팅은 대부분 경험에 의존하는 바 가이드라인으로 사용할 수 있는 주요 계획인자에 대한 최소 기준값이 필요한 실정이다. 본 연구에서는 암반 그라우팅 계획에 있어 중요한 인자인 주입조건(물-시멘트비, 주입압, 단위 시멘트 주입량)과 그라우팅 효과(변형계수와 투수성)에 대한 기준값을 제시하였다. 제시된 기준값들은 국내외 수압파쇄시험 및 암반 투수시험 자료, 국내외 17개 현장의 그라우팅 시험시공 자료, 그리고 국내외 기준 및 연구를 분석한 결과이다. 또한 그라우팅 효과를 제고하기 위한 안정한 주입재의 조건에 부합하도록 국내의 높은 물-시멘트비는 조정되어야 하며, 조정된 물-시멘트비 적용에 따른 기준값 조정방안도 살펴보았다. 본 연구의 결과 역시 경험의존적인 측면이 있지만, 현재 기준 보다 합리적인 그라우팅 계획의 기준을 제시를 위한 향후 세부연구의 기초자료로 활용할 수 있을 것이다.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• 제37권3호
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• pp.233-238
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• 2010

Purpose: As the use of soft tissue fillers becomes more popular, complications such as foreign body granuloma (FBG) are increasing. We report 120 cases of facial FBG and review the available literatures. Methods: 120 patients of facial FBG in our clinic from Mar. 2003 to Feb. 2008 were complied and analyzed. A retrospective chart review was done and patient satisfaction was evaluated with a questionnaire using 5 score scale. Patients with severe inflammation sign or bizarre deformity underwent surgical excision and those with minimal symptoms or a history of hyaluronic acid injection received injection therapy using hyaluronidase. Results: 100 females and 20 males were observed. The average age was 43.7 years (from 16 to 74). 84 patients received surgical therapy and 36, injection therapy. Deformity of facial contour, foreign body sensation and inflammation sign were the three main chief complaints. 84 patients did not know what the injection materials were. The known materials are as follows: collagen, hyaluronic acid, silicone oil, paraffin. 92 cases were performed by unlicensed practitioners, 29 by physicians. Anatomical site most frequently affected by the foreign body granuloma was the cheek (25.8%), followed by forehead (19.2%), lips (15.8%), nose (9.2%), mentum (8.3%), eyelid and eyebrow (4.3%) and temple (0.8%). In 21 patients (17.5%), FBGs were found on multiple sites. Patients with inflammation sign got the highest satisfaction ($3.19{\pm}0.73$) (p=0.001) among 3 chief complaints. And patient satisfaction was statistically higher in surgical therapy group ($3.43{\pm}0.72$) than in injection therapy group ($2.97{\pm}0.88$) (p=0.003). Conclusion: We suggest that it may be beneficial to tailor the type of treatment for FBG relying on wound state and patient's chief complaints. In surgical therapy, resolute approach is necessary to correct facial deformity definitely and to minimize inflammation. Injection therapy could be another option for those with minimal symptoms or a history of hyaluronic acid injection. To prevent foreign body granuloma, not only plastic surgeons but also other physicians should inject soft tissue fillers with great caution and we should warn the public of disastrous consequences associated with illegal medical practice.

• 기본간호학회지
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• 제6권2호
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• pp.331-346
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• 1999

Many studies have reported that a lot of nursing colleges do not have good facilities for the nursing practice in hospitals, so many students do not have the good ability which is needed to be a competent nurse. The purpose of this study was to develop a program in which students could improve their ability in fundamental nursing skills before the graduation. This study was primarily designed to identify items of the fundamental nursing practice in which nursing college students have perceived deficiencies. According to previous studies, a total 75 items were presented. In Identifying them, a modified Porter format was used. The questionnaire contained three sections. A. How well do you think you can/could perform the item when you graduate/graduated the college? B. How well do you think you should perform/should be able to perform the item when you graduate/graduated the college? C. How important do you think the item is? For each of the 75 items, the respondents were instructed to answer the above three questions, by circling a number on a rating scale extending from 1 to 5, where low numbers represented a low degree of performance or minimum amount, and high numbers represented a high degree of performance or maximum amount. The perceived degree of deficiency in performance on each questionnaire item was obtained by subtracting the answer to Part A of an item from that to of Part B. The larger difference means a larger perceived degree of deficiency in performance. This method of measuring the perceived degree of deficiency in performance is an indirect measure derived from two direct answers by the respondent for each item. From this result Part C of each item was used to rank the items, and the items were prioritized. The items which had the highest priority were IV injection, simple catheterization, indwelling catheterization, CPR, and nurse recording. By this method, through these results from a nursing college, and the items which will be used first in developing the supplementation program for nursing college students can be identified.

• 성인간호학회지
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• 제18권2호
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• pp.194-201
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• 2006

Purpose: This study was attempted to estimate the effects of diabetic education fortified with individual practice on plasma glucose, self-care, and self reported physical symptoms in type 2 diabetes patients Method: The subjects consisted of 46 patients with type 2 diabetes patients, who took the hospitalization diabetes education program from July 2003 until February 2004 at Seoul C university hospital. The experimental group was assessed at preand post intervention. The diabetes education was provided for one week. The education consisted of diabetes education videos for the diabetic introduction, group education for medication therapy, dietetic treatment and diabetes complication education. Also individual education for nurses examination of glycemia and insulin injection practice. Results: The HbA1c values significantly decreased from 9.6% on the time of hospitalization to 7.4% 3 months after discharge. In respect to the number of days of self-care, medication, diet, exercise, cleansing feet, and carrying sweets to prepare for hypoglycemia all significantly increased 3 months after discharge compared to the values at the time of hospitalization. Self reported physical symptoms were also significantly increased 3 months after discharge compared to the time of hospitalization. Conclusion: The diabetic education fortified with individual practice can be practically used as a plan for managing glycemia, self-care, and self reported physical symptom of diabetes patients.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• 제48권3호
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• pp.262-267
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• 2021

Objective: Progesterone application for luteal phase support is a well-established concept in in vitro fertilization (IVF) treatment. Water-soluble subcutaneous progesterone injections have shown pregnancy rates equivalent to those observed in patients receiving vaginal administration in randomized controlled trials. Our study aimed to investigate whether the results from those pivotal trials could be reproduced in daily clinical practice in an unselected patient population. Methods: In this retrospective cohort study in non-standardized daily clinical practice, we compared 273 IVF cycles from 195 women undergoing IVF at our center for luteal phase support with vaginal administration of 200 mg of micronized progesterone three times daily or subcutaneous injection of 25 mg of progesterone per day. Results: Various patient characteristics including age, weight, height, number of oocytes, and body mass index were similar between both groups. We observed no significant differences in the clinical pregnancy rate (CPR) per treatment cycle between the subcutaneous (39.9%) and vaginal group (36.5%) (p=0.630). Covariate analysis showed significant correlations of the number of transferred embryos and the total dosage of stimulation medication with the CPR. However, after adjustment of the CPR for these covariates using a regression model, no significant difference was observed between the two groups (odds ratio, 0.956; 95% confidence interval, 0.512-1.786; p=0.888). Conclusion: In agreement with randomized controlled trials in study populations with strict selection criteria, our study determined that subcutaneous progesterone was equally effective as vaginally applied progesterone in daily clinical practice in an unselected patient population.