• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.440-449
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• 2015

Pine wood nematode (PWN), Bursaphelenchus xylophilus is one of the most serious pests of pine tree. Trunk injection of some nematicides in tree is well known as an effective control method. However there are some limitating factors which hindering the efficacy of trunk injection in field or potted tree. In this study we suggested easy and useful alternative screening methods of nematicides against PWN. Reproduction of PWN was influenced by tree twig moisture (high reproduction in high moisture trig) and paraffin coating was 78.6% reduced moisture loss in tested twig. There were no reproduction different in up and down site from infection site of twig at 1 month after inoculation of PWN and also distance (5 and 10 cm) from inoculation site of PWN did not influence the reproduction of PWN. Numbers of reproduced PWN were higher with decreasing diameter of twig. Numbers of reproduced PWN were similar to P. thunbergii and P. densiflora. However reproduction was increased depending on high inoculation density and longer propagation period. When inoculation of PWN on cut twig injected with emamectin benzoate 2.15% EC and morantel tartrate 8% SL in trunk of Pinus thunbergii in the field, PWN number were significantly reduced than untreated control. We suggest this screening method for PWN control agents.

• Tunnel and Underground Space
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.13-30
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• 2013

Increase of pore fluid pressure resulting from injection of $CO_2$ may reactivate pre-existing faults, and the induced seismic activities can raise the safety issues such as seal integrity, restoration of storage capacity, and, in the worst case, removal of previously injected $CO_2$. Thus, fault stability and potential for $CO_2$ leakage need to be assessed at the stage of site selection and planning of injection pressure, based on the results of large-scale site investigations and numerical modeling for various scenarios. In this report, studies on the assessment of fault stability during injection of $CO_2$ were reviewed. The seismic activities associated with an artificial injection of fluids or a release of naturally trapped high-pressure fluids were first examined, and then site investigation methods for the magnitude and orientation of in situ stresses, the distribution and change of pore fluid pressure, and the location of faults were generally summarized. Recent research cases on possibility estimation of fault reactivation, prediction of seismic magnitude, and modeling of $CO_2$ leakage through a reactivated fault were presented.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.168-172
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• 2003

Radiation synovectomy is one of the most useful methods for treating patients with refractory synovitis because of its convenience, long-term effects, repeatability and the avoidance of surgery. In this study, we investigated the toxicity, stability and biodistribution of a rhenium-188 ($^{188}$Re)-tin colloid to evaluate its suitability as a synovectomy agent. Twenty four hours after injecting the $^{188}$Re-tin colloids (74 KBq/0.1 mL) into the tail vein of ICR mice, most of the $^{188}$Retin colloidal particles was found in the lungs. In addition, there were no particle size changes at either room temperature or at $37^{\circ}C$ after injecting the $^{188}$Re-tin colloids in human plasma and synovial fluid. In vitro stability tests showed that the $^{188}$Re-tin colloid remained in a colloidal form without a critical size variation over a 2-day period. We investigated the leakage of $^{188}$Retin colloids from the intraarticular injection site with gamma counting in New Zealand white rabbits. The $^{188}$Re-tin colloids (55.5 MBq/0.15 mL) were injected at the cavum articular and the mean retention percentage of the $^{188}$Re-tin colloid was 98.7% for 1 day at the injection site, which suggests that there was neither change in the particle size nor leakage at the injection sites. In the biodistribution study with the SD rats, the liver showed the highest radioactivity (0.0427% ID/organ) except for the injected knees (99.49%). In the SD rats, mild toxicities including the skin or a synovium inflammation were observed as a result of a radioactivity of 15 mCi/kg at the intraarticular injection site. However, there was no systemic toxicity. In the Ovalbumin (OVA)-induced arthritic rabbits, the $^{188}$Re-tin colloid improved the macroscopic, the histological score and reduced the knee joint diameter when compared to the arthritic control. In conclusion, a $^{188}$Re-tin-colloid is considered as a strong candidate for radiation synovectomy with a superior efficacy and safety.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.49 no.4
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• pp.260-267
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• 2005

[ $PGE_1$ ] is an endogenous substance of potent vasodialator as well as inhibitor of platelet aggregation. It has been used therapeutically in peripheral arterial occlusive disease and impotence. Intracavernous injection of $PGE_1$ for erectile dysfunction has been established for several years as a treatment option for erectile dysfunction of diverse etiologies, but this mode of administration is limited by penile discomfort, pain at the injection site, inconvenience and noncompliance. As the matter of worse, the $\beta-hydroxy$ moiety of $PGE_1$ is extremely susceptible to dehydration in solution to give inactive $PGA_1$ and $PGB_1$. For the improvement of stability, rapid absorption at action site and the convenience of application, $PGE_1$ was formulated as urethral suppositories of three types of formulations, such as PEG, witepsol, and the mixture of PEG and witepsol. The stability test of $PGE_1$ and the release test in urinary suppositories were performed. Futhermore, the effect of enhancers and vehicle composition on the penetration of $PGE_1$ through excised rat skin was evaluated by permeability coefficient and enhancement ratio.

• Convergence Security Journal
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.71-76
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• 2012

As the use of Mashups, web3.0, JavaScript and AJAX(Asynchronous JavaScript XML) widely increases, the new security threats for web vulnerability also increases when the web application services are provided. In order to previously diagnose the vulnerability and prepare the threats, in this paper, the classification of security threats and requirements are presented, and the web vulnerability is analyzed for the domestic web sites using WVS(Web Vulnerability Scanner) automatic evaluation tool. From the results of vulnerability such as XSS(Cross Site Scripting) and SQL Injection, the total alerts are distributed from 0 to 31,177, mean of 411, and standard deviation of 2,563. The results also show that the web sites of 22.5% for total web sites has web vulnerability, and the previous defenses for the security threats are required.

• Korean Journal of Digital Imaging in Medicine
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.39-49
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• 2008

Extravasation of contrast material is a not infrequent complication of enhanced imaging studies and large volume extravasation may result in severe damage. Subcutaneous extravasation of the radiographic contrast medium is one of the complications of the contrast medium-enhanced procedures. Automated power injectors enable the contrast material to be delivered at a uniform high-flow-rate and as a nonfragmented bolus, and this is essential for many contrast material enhanced CT(computed tomography) applications. The major risk associated with the use of automated power injectors is the well known complication of contrast material extravasation at the injection site. Automated injection of CT contrast material can produce the compartment syndrome. Selection of the nonionic contrast material after careful evaluation of the intravenous administration site and monitoring of the patient during the use of a mechanical power injector may help minimize or prevent extravasation injuries. Early identification is important and conservative management is effective in most cases. Prevention of these injuries with the education of radiological technologist remains the ultimate aim.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Soil and Groundwater Environment Conference
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• 2005.04a
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• pp.53-56
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• 2005

A Laboratory study was conducted to evaluate the kinetics of oxidation of trichloroethylene (TCE) in groundwater by potassium permanganate $(KMnO_4)$, Consumption of permanganate by TCE and aquifer materials was also evaluated to obtain an appropriate injection rate of $KMnO_4$. TCE degradation by $KMnO_4$ in the absence of aquifer material showed effective with pseudo-first order rate constant, $k_{obs}=1.8110^{-3}\;s^{-1}\;at\;KMnO_4=500mg/L$. TCE oxidation by $KMnO_4$ was found to be second order reaction and the rate constant, $k=0.65{\pm}0.08\;M^{-1}s^{-1}$, was independent of pH changes. $KMnO_4$ consumption rate by groundwater sampled from field site was not significant, indicating that groundwater containing negligible amount of dissolved organic matter does not have any influence on the $KMnO_4$ degradation. Meanwhile, aquifer materials from field site were actively reacted with permanganate, resulting in the significant consumption of $KMnO_4$. It might be attributed to the existence of metal oxides in aquifer materials, Based on the rate constants obtained from this study, appropriate injection rate of permanganate and TCE removal rate in groundwater could be estimated.

• Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
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• v.21 no.6
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• pp.192-203
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• 2016

A field investigation was conducted on an aquifer contaminated with trichloroethylene (TCE) for application of in situ reactive zone treatment using nanosized zero-valent iron (NZVI). The aquifer was an unconfined aquifer with a mean hydraulic conductivity of $5.14{\times}10^{-4}cm/sec$, which would be favorable for NZVI injection. Seasonal monitoring of TCE concentration revealed a presence of non-aqueous phase liquid form of TCE near IW (injection well). The hydrochemical data characterized the site groundwater to be a $Ca-HCO_3$ type. The average value of Langelier Saturation Index of the groundwater was -1.33, which implied that the site was favorable for corrosion of NZVI. Dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration varied between 2.5~11.5 mg/L, which indicated that DO would greatly compete with TCE as an electron acceptor. The hydrogeological and hydrochemical characterization reveals that the time around November would be appropriate for NZVI injection when water level and temperature are relatively high and DO concentration is low.

• Tunnel and Underground Space
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.89-99
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• 2017

For a successful performance of Carbon Capture Sequestration (CCS) projects, appropriate injection conditions should be designed to be optimized for site specific geological conditions. In this study, we built a simple 2-dimensional analysis model, based on the geology of Jang-gi basin which is one of the potential sites of domestic CCS projects. We evaluated the impact of initial stress conditions and injection rate through coupled TOUGH-FLAC simulator. From the preliminary analysis, we constructed risk scenarios with the higher potential of shear slip and performed scenario analysis. Our analysis showed that normal stress regime produced the highest potential of shear slip and stepwise increasing injection rate scenario resulted in much larger pore pressure build up and consequent higher potential of the shear slip, which was evaluated using a mobilized friction coefficient.

• Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
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• v.19 no.6
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• pp.80-90
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• 2014

The laboratory and field studies were conducted to identify an optimal injection concentration of nanoscale zero-valent iron particles (NZVI) and to evaluate the applicability of NZVI-based reactive zone technology to the site contaminated with trichloroethylene (TCE) DNAPL (Dense Non-Aqueous Phase Liquid). The laboratory test found an optimal injection concentration of NZVI of 5 g/L that could remove more than 95% of 0.15 mM TCE within 20 days. Eleven test wells were installed at the aquifer that was mainly composed of alluvial and weathered soils at a strong oxic condition with dissolved oxygen concentration of 3.50 mg/L and oxidation-reduction potential of 301 mV. NZVI of total 30 kg were successfully injected using a centrifugal pump. After 60 days from the NZVI injection, 86.2% of the TCE initially present in the groundwater was removed and the mass of TCE removed was 405 g. Nonchlorinated products such as ethane and ethene were detected in the groundwater samples. Based on the increased chloride ion concentration at the site, the mass of TCE removed was estimated to be 1.52 kg. This implied the presence of DNAPL TCE which contributed to a higher estimate of TCE removal than that based on the TCE concentration change.