• International Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration
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• 제13권4호
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• pp.196-205
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• 2005

In this paper, recent research trend on heat transfer in impinging jet is reviewed. We focused on submerged jet that air issued into air or liquid issued into liquid. To control and enhance the heat transfer in single jet, researchers have performed a lot of experiments by considering the nozzle geometry, impinging surface and active method such as jet vibration, secondary injection and suction flow. The studies on multiple jet have been mainly focused on finding out the optimum condition and on investigating many different factors concerned with application condition (crossflow, rotation and geometry etc.) and combined techniques (rib turbulator, pin fin, dimple and effusion hole etc.). All most experiments showed the detailed heat transfer data by using liquid crystal method, infrared camera technique and naphthalene sublimation method. Many numerical calculations have been performed to investigate the flow and heat transfer characteristics in laminar jet region. Various turbulence models such as $k-\varepsilon-\bar{\nu^2}$, modified $k-\varepsilon-f_{\mu}$ were applied to the calculation for turbulent jet and the predicted results showed a good agreement with the experimental data. Although a lot of studies on impinging jet have performed consistently up to recently, further studies are still required to understand the flow and heat transfer characteristics more accurately, and to give a guideline for optimum impinging jet design in various applications.

• 한국가축번식학회지
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.147-156
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• 1997

Ultrasound-guided follicular aspiration was performed in Holstein heifers once weekly with or without pretreatment of single or multiple decreasing doses using a total of 400 mg FSH. Oocytes were aspirated with a 6.5 MHz convex-array ultrasound trasducer designed for intravaginal use. All the visible follicles larger than 4 mm in diameter were punctured with a 17 gauge, 55 cm needle at each aspiration session and the follicular fluids containing oocytes were obtained by vacuum suction. The results obtained were as follows: As a preliminary experiment, the recovery rates of folicular oocytes by ultrasound-guided aspiration from the isolated ovaries of Korean native cows were compared between suction methods using manual syringe or vacuum pump. The recovery rate of oocytes using vacuum pump (80.7%) was significantly (P<0.05) higher than that using manual syringe (47.1%). The follicles were counted by their size in diameter with ultrasound image, and recovery rates and grades of follicular oocytes collected by ultrasound-guided aspiration were investigated in Holstein heifers pretreated with or without FSH. A group of heifiers were injected with multiple decreasing doses (twice a day for 3 days) of a total of 400 mg FSH. The other 2 groups were injected with a single dose of 400 mg FSH mixed with 25% PVP. Ultrasound observation of follicle population and/or ultrasound-guided transvaginal oocyte aspiration were performed 12 hrs following the last FSH injection in the multiple dose group, and 48 or 60 hrs after FSH injection in the single dose groups. Most of the visible follicles had small size of less than 3 mm in diameter in unstimulated heifers (71.0%), but medium size in all the heifers treated with FSH. (70.5 to 92.8%). The number of OPU follicles per session (4.6$\pm$1.9) were much less, compared to the vilsible follicle counts (9.7$\pm$2.2), in the nustimulated heifers due to the small dominant follicles. Among 4 goups of heifers the most visible as well as OPU follicles were observed in the heifers at 60 hrs following treatment of a single dose of 400 mg FSH (21.2$\pm$2.3 and 21.0$\pm$2.0), and the differences in both the follicle counts between the groups was found significant (P<0.05) The rates of oocyte recovery from the follicles by ultrasound-guilded aspiration were varied 46.3 to 75.0% in the heifers unstimulated and treated with a single dose of 400 mg FSH, but the group difference was not significant. The number of recovered oocytes per session a, pp.ared to be highest at aspiration at 60 hrs following single FSH (10.6$\pm$2.2) than at aspiration at 48 hrs after single FSH (7.8$\pm$2.7) or in the unstimulated heifers (3.4$\pm$3.0). The proportion of grade I and II oocytes to all oocytes collected was varied 31.8 to 64.0% between the groups. However, there was found no significant difference in both the number of oocytes recovered per session and the percentage and the percentage of grade I and II oocytes. From the above results it was concluded that the more oocytes of superior quality might be recovered economically by ultrasound-guided aspiration at 60 hrs following the pretreatment of a single dose of 400 mg FSH and by suction using a vacuum pump system of about negative pressure of 75 to 85 mmHg.

• Clinics in Shoulder and Elbow
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.3-10
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• 2020

Background: The aim of this study was to evaluate clinical experience with arthroscopic debridement for septic arthritis of the shoulder joint and to report on our patient outcomes. Methods: The retrospective analysis included 36 shoulders (male:female, 15:21), contributed by 35 patients (mean age, 63.8 years) treated by arthroscopy for septic arthritis of the shoulder between November 2003 and February 2016. The mean follow-up period was 14.3 months (range, 12-33 months). An additional posterolateral portal and a 70° arthroscope was used to access the posteroinferior glenohumeral (GH) joint and posteroinferior subacromial (SA) space, respectively. Irrigation was performed with a large volume of fluid (25.1±8.1 L). Multiple suction drains (average, 3.3 drains) were inserted into the GH joint and SA space and removed 8.9±4.3 days after surgery. Intravenous antibiotics were administered for 3.9±1.8 weeks after surgery, followed by oral antibiotic treatment for another 3.6±1.9 weeks. Results: Among the 36 shoulders, reoperation was required in two cases (5.6%). The average range of motion achieved was 150.0° for forward flexion and T9 for internal rotation. The mean simple shoulder test score was 7.9±3.6 points. Nineteen shoulders (52.8%) had acupuncture or injection history prior to the infection. Pathogens were identified in 15 shoulders, with Staphylococcus aureus being the most commonly identified pathogen (10/15). Both the GH joint and the SA space were involved in 21 shoulders, while 14 cases involved only the GH joint and one case involved only the SA space. Conclusions: Complete debridement using an additional posterolateral portal and 70° arthroscope, a large volume of irrigation with >20 L of saline, and multiple suction drains may reduce the reoperation rate.

• Journal of Advanced Marine Engineering and Technology
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• 제35권5호
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• pp.566-575
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• 2011

LPG 연료공급방식은 배출가스를 저감시킬 수 있는 유용한 시스템으로 연구가 지속적으로 진행되고 있다. LPG는 경유와 휘발유보다 높은 증기압과 낮은 점도와 표면장력을 유지하므로 고무류와 화학 반응에 따른 연료펌프의 기계적인 손상으로 내구성이 저하되고 있는 실정이다. 본 연구에서는 이러한 문제점을 해결하기 위해 LPLi 시스템에서 유지보수의 편리함과 가격경쟁을 위해 개발된 외장형 펌프를 사용하여 LPG 연료의 조성 및 온도에 따른 특성을 평가하고자 실험을 하였다. 그 결과로서, 내장형 펌프와 외장형 펌프의 성능차이는 거의 없으며 프로판 함유율이 높고, 연료온도가 높아짐에 따라 유량은 많아지나 펌프효율은 거의 차이가 없었다. 또한 LPG 자동차 연료공급장치의 특성상 연료조성 및 온도변화에 따른 차압도 거의 일정하게 나타내었다.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• 제43권5호
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• pp.466-469
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• 2016

External volume expansion of the recipient site by suction has been proposed as a way of improving fat graft survival. The objective of this study was to present an innovative and simple intraoperative external expansion system to enhance small-volume autologous fat grafting (40-80 mL) and to discuss its background and its mechanism of action. In this system, expansion is performed using a complete vacuum delivery system known as the Kiwi VAC-6000M with a PalmPump (Clinical Innovations). The recipient site is rapidly expanded intraoperatively 10 times for 30 seconds each with a negative pressure of up to 550 mm Hg before autologous fat injection. During this repetitive stimulation, the tissues become grossly expanded, developing macroscopic swelling that regresses slowly over the course of hours following the cessation of the stimulus. The system sets various mechanisms in motion, including scar release, mechanical stimulation, edema, ischemia, and inflammation, which provide an environment conducive for cell proliferation and angiogenesis. In order to maintain the graft construct in its expansive state, all patients are encouraged postoperatively to use the Kiwi three times daily for one minute per session over the course of three days. The handling of this system is simple for both the patients and the surgeon. Satisfactory clinical outcomes have been achieved without significant complications.

• 한국추진공학회지
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• 제2권3호
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• pp.20-35
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• 1998

벽면을 통한 유체의 유동이 있는 난류운동장의 특성을 분석하였다. 벽면을 통한 유체의 유동은 유출과 유입의 경우를 포함하여 Re$_{w}$ 의 절대크기가 0~160으로 다양하며 입구에서의 $Re_{in}$도 3${\times}$$10^3$에서 8${\times}$$10^4$까지 넓은 범위를 대상으로 하였다. 벽면을 통한 유체의 유동은 벽면 경계층의 변화를 초래하고 이에 따라 난류 유동장의 급격한 변화를 일으켜 벽면을 포함한 전 유동장의 특성을 변화시킨다. 이러한 복잡한 유동장을 올바로 예측하기 위하여 난류운동에너지 소산율 방정식의 자 항에 대한 모델을 개선한 수정 $\kappa$-$\varepsilon$ 모델을 도입하였으며 기존의 난류모델과의 비교를 통하여 성능 검증을 시도하였다. 해석을 통한 분석결과로부터 수정 $\kappa$-$\varepsilon$ 모델은 벽면을 통한 유체유동이 있는 복잡한 유동장을 올바로 예측할 수 있음을 알 수 있었다. 따라서 수정 $\kappa$-$\varepsilon$ 모델을 이용하여 다양한 경우의 벽면 및 입구 조건을 갖는 난류유동장을 해석할 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.단된다.

• 대한간호
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• 제32권1호
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• pp.61-76
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• 1993

This study was done in order La provide basic data to a Fee System for hospital based Home Health Care services in Korea in the future. It was done by investigating activities provided to possible Home Health Care clients who could be discharged early from genera] hospitals and then estimating the nursing care fee according to each nursing activity based upon the time used for activity. The subjects of the study were selected by convenience sampling and consisted of 35 clients who might be clients for Home Nursing Care and were presently admitted to a medical- surgical ward of Y University Medical Center located in Seoul, Korea. The data collection period was from September 1, 1991 to September 30, 1991. The research in strum nets utilized for the study were a client selection criterial for Home Health Care developed by Choo(l991) and a check-list of nursing activity developed by researcher. The results of the study were as follows : 1. There were 44 different nursing activities provided in the seven days but the time was calculated for only 25 of the nursing activities. 2. Fees for the 25 different nursing activities were calculated by multipling the median of the average wage of a staff nurse having five years experience in an A grade general hospital to the Lime of the nursing activity. The results were compared with the insurance fee which the government recognized as an appropriate fee for that activity. The nursing activities with a lower calculated fee than the insurance fee were suction, catheterization, exercise education and dressing change. The nursing activities with a higher calculated fee than the government recognized fee were 1M injection and vital sign check. 3. There was a range of 1-15 nursing activities provided daily to the client. For the average number of nursing activities per day of 6.26 events the nursing care fee was calaulated at W 6136 per day. 4. Based upon the results of the study, a recommentdation for a Home Health Care fee per visit based on the nursing activities provided could be formulated for a Home Health Care fee system. It could be formulated as following: 1) Home health Care fee per visit $=[(direct{\;} nursing{\;}fee(direct{\;}nursing{\;}care{\;}time{\;}per{\;}activity{\;}{\times}{\;}average{\;}nursing{\;}wage)+indirect fee]{\times}average$ nursing activity per visit]+management fee+ materials fee+a travel fee In this way a nursing fee could be calculated based upon the result of the study of the nursing fees per visit. 2) Nursing activity fees per visit. = $([direct nursing{\;}care{\;}fee+indirect{\;}nursing{\;}fee]{\times}average$ number of nursing activities provided per visit] (W 6, 136) + travel fee(\ 5, 542) +management fee material $fee({\alpha})\{\;}16, 436+{\alpha}$ The nursing fee per visit as calculated in this research of $\{\;}15, 0000+{\alpha}$ could be adjusted according to the patient's condition or the use of high technology nursing care or according to the amount of time spent for travel. The nursing care fee per visit presented in this study can be validated through a Home Health Care demonstration project.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• 제18권2호
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• pp.117-124
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• 1984

It has been recently reported that cingulate cortex mar facilitate gastric acid secretion, but its facilitatory mechanism on the gastric acid secretion is still unclear. This study was undertaken to investigate the facilitatory mechanism of the cingulate cortex upon gastric acid secretion in rats. Twenty·three male albino rats were divided into the cingulate(N= 13) and the operated control(N= 10) groups. The cingulate group in which cingulate cortex was removed by suction through a slit-shaped opening on each side of, and parallel to, the sagittal suture. In the operated control group, the surgical procedure was ended with the skull opening and the incision of dura mater. The gastric juice was collected via a chronic gastric cannula after 24 hours of fast, with water ad libitum. The juice was collected continuously for 6 hours, starting 3 hours prior to the injection of gastric secretagogue, pentagastrin$(12\;{\mu}g/kg)$ or histamine dihydrochloride $(320\;{\mu}g/kg)$. Three one·hour samples were obtained before ana after the administration of each secretagogue. The two agents were injected separately and subcutaneously at intervals of 1 week, the blood samples were drawn from the abdominal aorta for the radioimmunoassay of postprandial plasma gastrin concentration in response to the forced feeding of 10% cod liver oil. 1) After pentagastrin administration, the volume of gastric juice tended to decrease, but its acidity tended to increase in the cingulate group compared with those of the operated control group. However, there was no any difference in the acid output between the two groups. 2) Histamine-stimulated acid output and volume of the gastric juice of the cingulate group decreased significantly compared with those of the operated control group, while there was not significantly different in the acidity between the two groups. 3) Before pentagastrin or histamine administration, any change was not observed in the gastric acid secretion following the cingulate cortical ablation. 4) Postprandial plasma gastrin concentration in response to the forced feeding of 10% cod liver oil was insignificantly lower in the cingulate group than in the operated control group. It is inferred from the above results that the cingulate cortex exerts a facilitatory influence upon the histamine-stimulated gastric acid secretion in rats, and its influence may not be mediated by the stimulation of gastrin secretion.

• 유기물자원화
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.23-32
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• 2014

최근 들어 유기성폐기물의 혐기소화를 이용한 처리(에너지화)가 증가하고 있다. 이에 따라서 혐기소화 후 발생하는 혐기소화폐액의 처리방안에 대한 연구도 증가하고 있다. 그러나, 혐기소화폐액의 특성상 문제로 고액분리에 매우 어려움이 있다.이에 본 연구에서는 CST와 TTF를 이용하여 혐기소화폐액에 대한 응집에 따른 고액분리 특성을 파악하였다. 또한 이러한 문제를 해결하기 위하여 실험실수준의 멤브레인 필터프레스를 제작하고, 혐기소화폐액에 적용하였다. 고분자 응집제는 7192PLUS와 1T60가 가장 적합한 것으로 확인되었으며, 최소 7192PLUS (200 mg/L), 1T60 (100 mg/L)이상의 투입이 필요하였다. 탈수효율을 평가하기 위하여 탈수케이크의 함수율과 탈리여액의 입자성 고형물을 이용하였다. 결과적으로, 멤브레인 필터프스를 이용하여 고액분리 시 입자성 고형물의 제거효율은 97.4%로 높게 나타났으며, 탈수케이크의 함수율은 65%이하로 나타났다.

• 대한간호학회지
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• 제25권3호
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• pp.441-456
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• 1995

This study was done to determine direct and in-direct nursing time in nursing units in hospital to ap-plied computer system and expect that those results contribute to measure efficiency of nursing practice and planning of nursing manpower. The design for study was a descriptive study. The study results are as follows. 1. Patients admitted to the Internal Medicine and General Surgery units were grouped into four. Group Ⅰ, 32.9% of the total patients, consisted patients whose condition was considered minor Group Ⅱ, 26.1%, was of those whose condition was considered moderate, Group Ⅲ, 41. 8%, moderate severe and Group Ⅳ, 29.2% the most severe. 2. Nursing intervention times by care type were as follows four minutes spent for suction eight minutes, for simple position change, ten minutes, for sheet change, seven minutes for a hot or cool compress, six minutes for dressing change, four minutes for Ⅰ.M. injection, six minutes for patient health education and five minutes for body temperature check. 3. Direct care time by patient group revealed the following : Group Ⅰ rquired 191.4 minutes, Group Ⅱ required 331.1 minutes, Group Ⅲ rquired 499.4 minutes, and Group Ⅳ rquired 1328.0 minutes. 4. The ratio of time for adequate nursing care and direct care time in the Internal Medicine and Goneral Surgery units was 67.4%-83.4% and 94.7%-99.3% in the Intensie Care Unit. 5. Average daily direct care time per patient was 5.5 hours in the Internal Medicine unit and 11.5 hours in the Intensive Care Unit. 6. Time spent in indirect care was 48.3 minutes for computer recording,34.8 minutes for giving and receiving patient information for shift duty, 28.0 minutes for eating and resting time, 26.6 minutes for transfering and identifying patients, 25.6 minutes for identifying Doctor's order, 23.9 minutes for recording vital signs. 7. Time spent in indirect care was 282.2 minutes by head nurses (charge nurses), 258.7 minutes by nurses and 261.6 minutes by nurse aids. 8. The average nurse's workload was 9.3 hours and daily indirect nursing time required 46.3%-50. 5% of above mentioned workload time. .9. The average daily indirect care time per patient was expected to be 57.7 minutes in the Internal Medicine unit and 3.3 hours in the Intensive Care Unit.