• 제목/요약/키워드: Inhibition process by $CO_2$

검색결과 56건 처리시간 0.031초

침지용매에 따른 숙지황의 품질특성 (Quality Characteristics of Rehmannia radix Preparata with Pre-soaking Solvents)

  • 우관식;송대식;이준수;이희봉;정헌상
    • 한국식품과학회지
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    • 제39권3호
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    • pp.289-294
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    • 2007
  • 숙지황의 제조에 미치는 침지용매의 영향을 살펴보기 위하여 건지황을 막걸리와 증류수에 24시간 침지한 후 구증구포하여 숙지황을 제조하면서 증수에 따른 catalpol, 5-HMF, polyphenol, flavonoid, 항산화활성 및 ACE 저해활성 등을 분석하였다. Catalpol 함량은 건지황에서 631.4ppm으로 나타났으며, 증수가 증가할수록 급격히 감소하였고 막걸리 침지는 8증(75.84 ppm)까지, 증류수 침지 처리구는 9증(61.27 ppm)까지만 검출되었다. 5-HMF, 총 폴리페놀, 총 플라보노이드 함량은 증수가 증가할수록 증가하였으며, 5-HMF는 막걸리 침지는 13증(0.40%) 이후에, 증류수 침지 처리구는 11증(0.40%) 이후에 시판 숙지황의 함량과 비슷하였고 총 폴리페놀 함량과 총 플라보노이드 함량은 막걸리와 증류수침지 처리구 모두 14증에서 가장 높은 함량을 나타내었다. 전자공여능은 건지황과 시판 숙지황 모두 1 mg/mL의 농도에서 각각 19.44 및 52.49%이었으며, 막걸리와 증류수침지 시료 모두 14증에서 각각 66.80 및 75.60%로 증가하였다. 총 항산화력도 처리증수가 증가할수록 증가하였다. ACE 저해활성은 건지황과 시판 숙지황 모두 1 mg/mL의 농도에서 각각 28.70 및 49.37%로 이었으며, 처리증수가 증가할수록 증가하여 막걸리와 증류수침지 시료 모두 10증에서 각각 93.23 및 94.78%로 가장 높은 활성을 나타내었다.

The role of ginsenoside Rb1, a potential natural glutathione reductase agonist, in preventing oxidative stress-induced apoptosis of H9C2 cells

  • Fan, Hui-Jie;Tan, Zhang-Bin;Wu, Yu-Ting;Feng, Xiao-Reng;Bi, Yi-Ming;Xie, Ling-Peng;Zhang, Wen-Tong;Ming, Zhi;Liu, Bin;Zhou, Ying-Chun
    • Journal of Ginseng Research
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    • 제44권2호
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    • pp.258-266
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    • 2020
  • Background: Oxidative stress-induced cardiomyocytes apoptosis is a key pathological process in ischemic heart disease. Glutathione reductase (GR) reduces glutathione disulfide to glutathione (GSH) to alleviate oxidative stress. Ginsenoside Rb1 (GRb1) prevents the apoptosis of cardiomyocytes; however, the role of GR in this process is unclear. Therefore, the effects of GRb1 on GR were investigated in this study. Methods: The antiapoptotic effects of GRb1 were evaluated in H9C2 cells by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide, annexin V/propidium iodide staining, and Western blotting. The antioxidative effects were measured by a reactive oxygen species assay, and GSH levels and GR activity were examined in the presence and absence of the GR inhibitor 1,3-bis-(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea. Molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations were used to investigate the binding of GRb1 to GR. The direct influence of GRb1 on GR was confirmed by recombinant human GR protein. Results: GRb1 pretreatment caused dose-dependent inhibition of tert-butyl hydroperoxide-induced cell apoptosis, at a level comparable to that of the positive control N-acetyl-L-cysteine. The binding energy between GRb1 and GR was positive (-6.426 kcal/mol), and the binding was stable. GRb1 significantl reduced reactive oxygen species production and increased GSH level and GR activity without altering GR protein expression in H9C2 cells. Moreover, GRb1 enhanced the recombinant human GR protein activity in vitro, with a half-maximal effective concentration of ≈2.317 μM. Conversely, 1,3-bis-(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea co-treatment significantly abolished the GRb1's apoptotic and antioxidative effects of GRb1 in H9C2 cells. Conclusion: GRb1 is a potential natural GR agonist that protects against oxidative stress-induced apoptosis of H9C2 cells.

Enhanced Anti-inflammatory Effects of γ-irradiated Pig Placenta Extracts

  • Kim, Kang Chang;Heo, Jae Hyeok;Yoon, Jong Kwang;Jang, Yuyeon;Kim, Youn Kyu;Kim, Chang-Kyu;Oh, Yu-Kyung;Kim, Young Bong
    • 한국축산식품학회지
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    • 제35권3호
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    • pp.293-298
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    • 2015
  • Porcine placenta extract (PPE) is known to possess anti-inflammatory properties owing to its high concentration of bioactive substances. However, the need to eliminate blood-borne infectious agents while maintaining biological efficacy raises concerns about the optimal method for sterilizing PPE. Therefore, the objective of this study was to compare the effects of the standard pressurized heat (autoclaving) method of sterilization with γ-irradiation on the anti-inflammatory effects of PPE. The anti-inflammatory actions of these two preparations of PPE were evaluated by measuring their inhibitory effects on the production of NO, the expression of iNOS protein, and the expression of iNOS, COX2, TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 mRNA in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. Compared with autoclaved PPE, γ-irradiated PPE showed significantly greater inhibition of NO production and iNOS protein expression, and produced a greater reduction in the expression of iNOS, COX2, TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 mRNA. These results provide evidence that the sterilization process is crucial in determining the biological activity of PPE, especially its anti-inflammatory activity. Collectively, our data suggest that γ-irradiated PPE acts at the transcriptional level to effectively and potently suppresses the production of NO and the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines.

염산-에탄올에 의해 유발된 흰쥐 위염에 대한 생강 및 법제생강 추출물의 억제작용 (Inhibitory Effects of Ginger and Processed (Beopje) Ginger Extracts on HCl-ethanol Induced Gastritis in Rats)

  • 김신정;김용규;박건영
    • 한국식품영양과학회지
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    • 제41권11호
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    • pp.1528-1533
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    • 2012
  • 본 연구에서는 한의학 이론에 근거한 법제(포제)의 가공처리과정을 거친 생강과 일반생강의 위손상 억제효과를 알아보고자 하였다. Sprague-Dawley계 수컷 흰쥐에 HCl-ethanol로 급성위염을 유도하고, 이에 대한 위손상 억제효과를 검토하였다. 생강과 법제생강을 70% ethanol로 열수 추출 및 농축하여 실험에 사용하였고, 생강과 법제생강 투여군 모두 유의적인 위손상 억제효과가 있는 것으로 나타났다(p<0.05). 생강 저농도와 법제생강 저농도의 위손상 억제율은 40.2%, 64.9%, 생강 고농도와 법제생강 고농도의 위손상 억제율은 68.4%, 99.6%로 법제생강 투여군이 생강 투여군보다 위손상 억제효과가 증가되었다. 특히 법제생강 고농도의 위손상 억제율은 대조약물인 cimetidine의 74.9%보다 높은 99.6%를 나타내었다. 위액분비량은 생강과 법제생강을 투여한 군 모두 유의적으로 감소하였고, 법제생강 투여군의 위액분비량(0.32 mL, 2.69 mL)이 생강 투여군(2.66 mL, 3.23 mL)보다 유의적으로 감소되었다(p<0.05). 위액 pH는 법제생강 고농도가 유의성 있게 증가하였고, 유리산도는 cimetidine과 법제생강 고농도에서 유의성 있게 감소되었다(p<0.05). 생강과 법제생강의 투여 용량의 증가에 따라 위손상 억제효과가 증가하였으며, 특히 법제생강고농도는 대조약물인 cimetidine보다도 높은 위손상 억제효과를 나타내었다. 이상의 결과로 생강은 위손상 억제효과가 있음을 확인하였고, 법제의 가공과정에 의해 생강의 위손상 억제효과가 더 증가되었음을 확인할 수 있었다.

구강 편평세포암종 세포주에서 Cyclosporin A와 Taxol 투여시 PI-3 kinase/Akt1 Pathway에 의한 세포사멸 병용효과 (APOPTOTIC EFFECT IN COMBINATION OF CYCLOSPORIN A AND TAXOL ON ORAL SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA CELL LINE THROUGH THE PI-3 KINASE/AKT1 PATHWAY)

  • 김규영;이재훈
    • Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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    • 제33권5호
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    • pp.426-436
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    • 2007
  • Oral cancer take up 2-6% of all carcinomas and squamous cell carcinoma, which is the most common type in oral cancer, has a poor prognosis due to its high metastasis and recurrence rates. In treating oral cancer, chemotherapy to the primary, metastasized and recurrent lesion is a very important and useful treatment, even though its widespread usage is limited due to high general toxicity and local toxicity to other organs. Taxol, a microtubule stabilizing agent, is an anticancer drug that induces cell apoptosis by inhibiting depolymerization of microtubules in between the metaphase and anaphase of the cell mitosis. Recently, its effectiveness and mechanism on various tumor has been reported. However, not much research has been done on the application of Taxol to oral squamous cell carcinoma. Cyclosporin A, which is an immunosuppressant, is being used on cancers and when co-administered with Taxol, effectiveness of Taxol is enhanced by inhibition of Taxol induced multidrug resistance. In this study, Cyclosporin A with different concentration of Taxol was co-administered to HN22, the oral squamous cell carcinomacell line. To observe the cell apoptosis and the mechanisms that take part in this process, mortality evaluation of tumor cell using wortmannin, c-DNA microarray, RT-PCR analysis, cytometry analysis and western blotting were used, and based upon the observation on the effect and mechanism of the agent, the following results were obtained: 1. The HN22 cell line viability was lowest when $100{\mu}M$ of Wortmannin and $5{\mu}g/ml$ of Taxol were co-administered, showing that Taxol participates in P13K-AKT1 pathway. 2. In c-DNA microarray, where $1{\mu}g/ml$ of cyclosporine A and 3mg/ml of Taxol were co-administered, no up regulation of AKT1, PTEN and BAD c-DNA that participate in cell apoptosis was observed. 3. When $1{\mu}g/ml$ of Cyclosporin A was applied alone to HN22 cell line, no difference was found in AKT1, PTEN and BAD mRNA expression. 4. Increased AKT1, mRNA expression was observed when $3{\mu}g/ml$ of Taxol was applied alone to HN22 cell line. 5. When $1{\mu}g/ml$ of Cyclosporin A and Taxol($3{\mu}g/ml\;and\;5{\mu}g/ml$) were co-administered to HN22 cell line, PTEN mRNA expression increased, whereas AKT1 and BAD mRNA decreased. 6. As a result of cytometry analysis, in the group of Cyclosporin A($1{\mu}g/ml$) and Taxol($3{\mu}g/ml$) co-administration, increased Annxin V was observed, which shows that apoptosis occurred by deformation of plasma membrane. However, no significant difference was observed with vary ing concentration. 7. In western blot analysis, no caspase 3 was observed in the group of Cyclosporin A($1{\mu}g/ml$) and Taxol($3{\mu}g/ml$) co-administration. From the results of this study, it can be concluded that synergistic effect can be observed in combination therapy of Taxol and Cyclosporin A on oral squamous cell carcinoma cell line, where decreased activity of the cell line was observed. This resulted in decreased AKT1 and BAD mRNA and increased PTEN mRNA expression and when wortmannin and Taxol were co-administered, the viability decreased which confirms that Taxol decreases the viability of tumor cell line. Hence, when Taxol and cyclosporine A are co-administered, it can be assumed that cell apoptosis occurs through AKt1 pathway.

허혈이 유발된 흰쥐 해마에서 Acetylcholine 유리에 미치는 Adenosine 수용체의 역할 (The Role of Adenosine Receptor on Acetylcholine Release from Ischemic-Induced Rat Hippocampus)

  • 최봉규;김도경;강헌;전재민;강연욱
    • 대한약리학회지
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    • 제32권2호
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    • pp.127-138
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    • 1996
  • The effects of adenosine analogues on the electrically-evoked acetylcholine(ACh) release and the influence of ischemia on the effects were studied in the rat hippocampus. Slices from the rat hippocampus were equilibrated with $0.1{\mu}M$ $[^3H]-choline$ and the release of the labelled product, $[^3H]-ACh$, was evoked by electrical stimulation(3 Hz, 2 ms, 5 $VCm^{-1}$ and rectangular pulses for 2 min), and the influence of various agents on the evoked tritiumoutflow was investigated. Ischemia(10 min with 95% $N_2$ + 5% $CO_2$) increased both the basal and evoked ACh release. These increases were abolished by glucose addition into the superfused medium, and they significantly inhibited either by 0.1 & $0.3{\mu}M$ TTX pretreatment or by removing $Ca^{++}$ in the medium. MK-801($1{\sim}10{\mu}M$), a specific NMDA receptor antagonist, and glibenclamide $(1{\mu}M)$, a $K^+-channel$ inhibitor, did not alter the evoked ACh release and nor did they affect the ischemia-induced increases In ACh release. However, polymyxin B(0.03 mg), a specific protein kinase C inhibitor, significantly inhibited the effects of ischemia on the evoked ACh release. Adenosine and $N^6-cyclopentyladenosine$ decreased the ACh release in a dose dependent manner in ischemic condition, though the magnitude of inhibition was far less than those in normal(normoxic) condition. However, the treatment with $5{\mu}M$ DPCPX, a potent $A_1-adenosine$ receptor antagonist, potentiated the ischemia-effect. These results indicate that the evoked-ACh release is potentiated by ischemia, and this process being most probably mediated by protein kinase C, and that the decreased effect of ACh release mediated by $A_1-adenosine$ receptor is significantly inhibited in ischemic state.

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참나물 Methylene Chloride 분획의 Aspergillus niger에 대한 항진균 활성 (Antifungal Activity of Methylene Chloride Fraction of Pimpinella brachycarpa Against Aspergillus niger)

  • 안선미;최태호;권인숙;손호용
    • 한국미생물·생명공학회지
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    • 제39권2호
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    • pp.168-174
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    • 2011
  • 본 연구에서는 안전하고 효율적인 항진균제 개발 연구의 일환으로 73종의 약용 및 식용식물의 메탄올 추출물을 조제하고 이들의 hexane, methylene chloride, ethylacetate, butanol 분획물 및 water 잔류물 365종을 각각 조제하여 Aspergillus niger에 대한 항진균력을 조사하였다. 활성 선별단계에서 비교적 경제적이면서도 손 쉬운 순차적 유기용매 분획물을 제조하여 항진균 천연물 탐색을 시도함으로서 기존에 천연물 추출물에서 검색되지 않은 참나물, 뽕나무, 단삼의 항진균 활성을 확인하였다. 특히 항진균 활성이 보고된 바 없는 참나물의 경우 methylene chloride 분획에서 A. niger에 대한 MIC, MFC 가 각각 0.25 및 0.5 mg/mL임을 확인하여 강력한 항진균 활성을 확인하였으며, 0.25 mg/mL 농도에서 포자발아 억제활성도 나타냄을 확인하였다. 또한 활성분획은 0.5 mg/mL농도까지 인간 적혈구에 대해 용혈활성을 나타내지 않았으며, 활성물질은 당이 결합된 flavonoid로 추측되었다. 본 연구결과는 참나물 methylene chloride 분획의 우수한 항진균 활성을 제시하며, 비교적 간단한 유기 용매 분획법을 이용한 천연물 시료제조 및 이를 이용한 활성탐색이 새로운 활성물질 선별에 효과적임을 제시하고 있다.

제과공장 폐수의 화학적 응집공정 최적화 (Optimization of Chemical Coagulation for Wastewater Treatment in a Confectionery Factory)

  • 금승해;장규섭;송경빈;안길환
    • 한국식품과학회지
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    • 제27권3호
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    • pp.318-323
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    • 1995
  • 제과회사 폐수처리의 화학적 응집공정을 최적화하기 위하여 이 연구를 수행하였다. 미처리 폐수의 $COD_{Mn}$과 총 고형분은 각각 $200{\sim}820ppm$$860{\sim}1360ppm$이었다. 폐수의 총 고형물의 성분은 당 40%, 단백질 10%, hexane-soluble 20%, 회분 30%였다. 650 nm에서의 turbidity와 suspended solid(SS)간에는 상관관계가 있었으므로, turbidity는 폐수의 on-line 측정도구로 사용할 수 있었다. 여러 응집제 중에서 $COD_{Mn}$과 SS 제거에 가장 효과적인 것은 $Al_2(SO_4)_3:Ca(OH)_2$의 조합 사용이었다. 최적의 $Al_2(SO_4)_3:Ca(OH)_2$ 농도는 480 ppm : 200 ppm이었다. 최적의 폐수처리 시간은$(Al_2(SO_4)_3$ 첨가 : $Ca(OH)_2$ 첨가 : 응집 숙성) 2 : 2 : 10분이었다. 이러 번의 $Al_2(SO_4)_3:Ca(OH)_2$ 처리공정은 gelatin과 계면활성제의 응집저해 현상을 극복할 수 있었으며, 미생물 슬러지의 첨가는 이 응집저해 물질들 제거에 도움이 되었다.

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발효녹용의 균주 선별 및 발효녹용의 생리활성 (Isolation of Strain for the Preparation of the Fermented Antler and Its Physiological Activities)

  • 김민경;정은영;이현순;신광순;김유경;나경수;박철수;우문제;이상훈;김진수;서형주
    • 한국식품영양과학회지
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    • 제38권9호
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    • pp.1237-1242
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    • 2009
  • 본 연구에서는 녹용의 효율을 높이고 아울러 새로운 약리효과를 기대하기 위해 녹용을 분해하는 미생물을 탐색하였으며, 선정된 미생물 이용하여 발효시킨 녹용에 대하여 생리활성을 측정하였다. Bacillus sp., Lactobacillus sp. 및 버섯균사체중 녹용발효에 적합 균주로 B. subtilis KH-15, SCB-3과 버섯 균사체인 Cordyceps militaris, Phellinus linteus, Inonotus obliquus 26136, Inonotus obliquus 26147을 이용하여 발효녹용 제조 시 발효물의 고형분 함량은 B.subtilis KH-15와 SCB-3가 가장 높았으며, total sugar, uronic acid, S-GAG 함량은 C. militaris에 의한 발효물이 각각 1619.3 ${\mu}g$/mL, 302.0 ${\mu}g$/mL, 119.9 ${\mu}g$/mL로 가장 높은 함량을 보였으며, sialic acid 함량도 21.6 ${\mu}g$/mL로 B. subtilis KH-15의 24.8 ${\mu}g$/mL보다 다소 낮은 함량을 보였다. 면역 증강을 예측할 수 있는 항보체 활성은 B. subtilis 균주로 발효한 경우는 B. subtilis KH-15 균주의 $ITCH_{50}$값이 42.3%로 SCB-3 29.9%보다 높은 값을 보였으며, 버섯균사체를 이용한 발효 녹용 중에는 C. militaris가 50.1%로 가장 높은 항보체 활성을 보였다. 항산화력을 알 수 있는 ABTS 라디칼 소거능은 B. subtilis KH-15 발효물이 4.97 mg/mL로 가장 높은 소거능을 보였으며, DPPH 라디칼 소거능은 Inonotus obliquus 26147가 16.98 mg/mL의 $IC_{50}$값으로 가장 높은 라디칼 소거능을 보였다. 이상의 결과에 의하면 녹용추출물에 비하여 녹용 발효물은 uronic acid, S-GAG, sialic acid 등 생리활성물질을 많이 함유하였으며, 항보체 활성과 라디칼 소거능이 증진되는 것을 확인하였다. 따라서 녹용자체가 지니는 조혈작용 등 생리활성 외에 항보체 활성처럼 새로운 활성이 발현될 수 있을 뿐만 아니라 라디칼 소거능처럼 기존의 활성을 증진시키는 효과를 가지고 있음을 확인하였다.

Autophagy Inhibitor, 3-Methyladenine, Reduces Preimplantation Development and Blastocyst Qualities in Pigs

  • Park, Jin-Mo;Min, Sung-Hun;Hong, Joo-Hee;Lee, E-Nok;Son, Hyeong-Hoon;Park, Hum-Dai;Koo, Deog-Bon
    • Reproductive and Developmental Biology
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    • 제35권3호
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    • pp.287-294
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    • 2011
  • Autophagy is a process of intracellular bulk protein degradation, in which the accumulated proteins and cytoplasmic organelles are degraded. It plays important roles in cellular homeostasis, apoptosis, and development, but its role during early embryo development remains contentious. Therefore, in the present study, we investigated the effects of 3-methyladenine (3-MA) on early embryonic development in pigs, we also investigated several indicators of developmental potential, including mitochondrial distribution, genes expressions (autophagy-, apoptosis- related genes), apoptosis and ER-stress, which are affected by 3-MA. After in vitro maturation and fertilization, presumptive pig embryos were cultured in PZM-3 medium supplemented with 3-MA for 2 days at $39^{\circ}C$ 5% $CO_2$ in air. Developmental competence to the blastocyst stage in the presence of 3-MA was gradually decreased according to increasing concentration. Thus, all further experiments were performed using 2 mM 3-MA. Blastocysts that developed in the 3-MA treated group decreased LC3-II intensity and expressions of autophagy related genes than those of the untreated control, resulting in down-regulates the autophagy. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL) showed that the number of containing fragmented DNA at the blastocyst stage increased in the 3-MA treated group compared with control ($6.0{\pm}1.0$ vs $3.3{\pm}0.6$, p<0.05). Also, the expression of the pro-apoptotic gene Bax increased in 3-MA treated group, whereas expression of the anti-apoptotic gene Bcl-XL decreased. Mito Tracker Green FM staining showed that blastocysts derived from the 3-MA treated group had lower mitochondrial integrity than that of the untreated control, resulting in decrease the embryonic qualities of preimplantation porcine blastocysts. Then, the expression of the spliced form of pXBP-1 product (pXBP-1s) increased in 3-MA treated group, resulting increase of ER-stress. Taken together, these results indicate that inhibition of autophagy by 3-MA is closely associated with apoptosis and ER-stress during preimplantation periods of porcine embryos.