• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.91-97
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• 1985

The capacity of tobacco infusions of Korean cigarettes to activate the complement pathway was investigated in vitro by hemolytic assay. Complement activity was studied using samples of normal rabbit serum incubated at $37^{\circ}C$ with tobacco infusions. In all mixtures containing tobacco infusion A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H and I at a concentration of 0.1 : 1, total hemolytic complement showed a progressive decrease of 55.92%, 48.62%, 42.89%, 49.12%, 42.26%, 52.26%, 71.96%, 60.90%, and 61.14% respectively, after 60min of incubation. This study suggests that all tobacco infusions of Korean cigarettes are activators of complement.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.57-61
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• 1996

Four castrated Corriedale sheep were used in an experiment to observe the changes in insulin, growth hormone and cortisol in blood plasma following a prolonged infusion of a high rate of somatostatin (SRIF). The animals wee infused with either saline, 25 or $50{\mu}g/kg/h$ of SRIF for 3 hours. Blood samples wee taken every 20 minutes until 1 hour following the end of the SRIF infusion. Both SRIF infusion levels suppressed the release of insulin into plasma to approximately 3.5 mU/l. The SRIF infusions reduced the concentration of growth hormone to barely detectable levels. Following the withdrawal of SRIF there was a massive release of growth hormone. The plasma concentration of growth hormone reached 60 ng/ml within 20 minutes, the length of the growth hormone discharge was in excess of 1 hour. The extent of the discharge of growth hormone following the SRIF infusions was greater than that suppressed by the infusion. The SRIF apparently caused an increase in the plasma concentration of cortisol at the end of the infusion and following is withdrawal. This is possibly associated with some change in the metabolic rate associated with the suppression of insulin or glucagons release. The present experiment demonstrates that a high rate of SRIF infusion can not completely inhibit the release of insulin into the plasma.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• v.18 no.5
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• pp.1212-1217
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• 2009

This study examined the influence of manufacturing processes and extraction conditions on the chemical compositions of green tea. Green tea samples grown in various areas (Korea, China, and Japan) and processed by 4 different methods (steaming, pan-firing, steaming and pan-firing, and heavy roasting after steaming and pan-firing) were collected for study. The chemical compositions of the green tea extracts and infusions were different according to their processing methods and extraction conditions, including catechins, caffeine, and free amino acids contents. In all samples analyzed, (-)-epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), (-)-epigallocatechin (EGC), and theanine were determined as the major catechins and free amino acid, respectively. Studies of samples grown in the same area (Jeju; Korea) showed that there were significant differences in the concentrations of catechins and caffeine in extract and infusion according to the processing methods. These results indicate that processing methods influenced the chemical compositions of the green tea extracts and infusions.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.237-243
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• 2016

Many researchers revealed that collagen contribute to maintaining the skin’s elasticity and inhibit wrinkling of skin. Korean native cattle (Hanwoo) bone (leg bone, foot and tail) infusion contains the various inorganic materials, collagen and chondroitin sulfate. All of this, a large quantity of collagen is included in Hanwoo infusion. Therefore, this study emphasized on the effects of collagen in the Hanwoo bone infusion. For the first time, Hanwoo bone infusions were directly added to the media of Human Dermal Fibroblast (NHDF-c) to test anti-aging effects. First, it was identified that growth rate of skin fibroblast was increased. Furthermore, the Hanwoo bone infusion increased a 50% of fibroblast collagen synthesis. Also, suppression of skin fibroblast aging was confirmed by treatment Hanwoo bone infusion. In conclusion, this study demonstrates the effects of infusion made from Hanwoo leg bone, foot and tail on anti-aging, wrinkle inhibiting and skin fibroblast elasticity maintaining. Therefore, this study identified that traditional infusion has effects that are good for skin elasticity.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.26 no.5
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• pp.747-754
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• 2005

Liquid chromatographic methods with UV and fluorescence detection have been used to determine the levels of (+)-catechin, (-)-epicatechin, (-)-epicatechin gallate, and (-)-epigallocatechin gallate in Korean green tea infusions. The extracts of Korean green tea leaves or powders in water at various temperatures (100 ${^{\circ}C}$, 80 ${^{\circ}C}$, 60 ${^{\circ}C}$) and time, were washed with chloroform and re-extracted to ethyl acetate. The ethyl acetate phase was dried and re-dissolved in methanol and analyzed. Five catechin compounds were separated by gradient elution. The flavonoids were found decomposed on prolonged extraction, thus exhaustive extraction by a Soxhlet apparatus was found useless for green tea. Some unknown components were found in the extracts at 100 ${^{\circ}C}$. When the green tea was filtered and re-extracted with new fresh water, still some flavonoids were extracted. However, the contents of flavonoids in the third extract were found negligible. The flavonoid extraction rate of green tea powders was higher than that of green tea leaves, but flavonoid decomposition of green tea powders was also faster than that of green tea leaves. The traditional way of drinking green tea was found appropriate in view of flavonoids intake.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.40-47
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• 2016

Background: Neuropathic pain, including paresthesia/dysesthesia in the lower extremities, always develops and remains for at least one month, to variable degrees, after percutaneous endoscopic lumbar discectomy (PELD). The recently discovered dual analgesic mechanisms of action, similar to those of antidepressants and anticonvulsants, enable nefopam (NFP) to treat neuropathic pain. This study was performed to determine whether NFP might reduce the neuropathic pain component of postoperative pain. Methods: Eighty patients, who underwent PELD due to herniated nucleus pulposus (HNP) at L4-L5, were randomly divided into two equal groups, one receiving NFP (with a mixture of morphine and ketorolac) and the other normal saline (NS) with the same mixture. The number of bolus infusions and the infused volume for 3 days were compared in both groups. The adverse reactions (ADRs) in both groups were recorded and compared. The neuropathic pain symptom inventory (NPSI) score was compared in both groups on postoperative days 1, 3, 7, 30, 60, and 90. Results: The mean attempted number of bolus infusions, and effective infused bolus volume for 3 days was lower in the NFP group for 3 days. The most commonly reported ADRs were nausea, dizziness, and somnolence, in order of frequency in the NFP group. The median NPSI score, and all 5 median sub-scores in the NFP group, were significantly lower than that of the NS group until postoperative day 30. Conclusions: NFP significantly reduced the neuropathic pain component, including paresthesia/dysesthesia until 1 month after PELD. The common ADRs were nausea, dizziness, somnolence, and ataxia.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.67-78
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• 1989

Since the atrial receptor was suggested to be involved in the control of extracellular fluid volume, it has been shown that the granularity of atrial cardiocytes can be changed by water and salt depletion, and that an extract of atrial tissue, when injected intravenously into anesthetized rats, causes a large and rapid increase in renal excretions of sodium and water. The immunoreactive atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) has been found in the plasma of patients suffering from various cardiovascular diseases. A high level of ANP in the plasma has been reported in essential hypertension. Several studies on the effects of ANP on renal function and arterial blood pressure have presented contradictory results showing attenuated or accentuated responses. Thus, involvement of the ANP in the development of hypertension remains unresolved. Present study was undertaken to investigate whether the ANP is involved in the development of hypertension in two-kidney one-clip Goldblatt hypertensive rats. The plasma concentration of immunoreactive ANP appeared to be significantly elevated in hypertensive rats as compared with normotensive Goldblatt operated and sham-operated rats. Plasma renin concentration was higher in hypertensive rats than in normotensive rats, as observed in earlier experiments. Intravenous infusions of ANP resulted in increases of urine flow and urinary excretions of sodium and potassium in both hypertensive and normotensive rats. The renal response to ANP was markedly accentuated in Goldblatt hypertensive rats. The plasma concentration of ANP showed a linear relationship with the arterial blood pressure. Infusions of ANP reduced blood pressure both in hypertensive and normotensive rats. These results suggest that in Goldblatt hypertensive rats an elevation of ANP level in the plasma may not be a cause, but instead a consequence of hypertension, and that the renal responsiveness to the ANP is accentuated by some unknown mechanisms.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.19 no.6
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• pp.789-792
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• 2006

Two separate trials were conducted to determine the effects of uterine priming prior to first breeding and quantify any changes in the reproductive efficiency of gilts. In trial I twelve (12) gilts were randomly assigned to 3 treatments:T1:infusion of distilled water (control), T2: single infusion of killed semen (KS1), and T3: double infusion of killed semen (KS2). Each treatment had 4 breeding gilts which were bred by natural insemination (NI). In trial II, another set of 12 breeding gilts were randomly allotted to the same treatments and were subsequently bred by artificial insemination (AI). Infusions, through the use of AI catheters, were done during the $2^{nd}$ estrous cycle for T1 and T2, whereas infusions for T3 were made during the $1^{st}$ and $2^{nd}$ cycles. Regular breeding was subsequently made during the $3^{rd}$ estrous cycle. All gilts that returned to cycle were rebred within the 30-day period. In trial I (natural breeding), total piglets born was higher (p<0.05) in T2 (12.75 piglets) and T3 (11.75 piglets) than in the control (10.5 piglets). T3 obtained the highest (p<0.05) litter size (10.25 piglets) and heaviest litter weight (74.12 kg) at 28 days weaning, followed by T2 (9.80 piglets and 65.0 kg, respectively). The control yielded the lowest (p<0.05) litter size (7.50) and the lightest litter weight (47.00 kg) at weaning. For Trial II gilts (artificially inseminated), T3 gave higher (p<0.05) litter size born alive (10.88 piglets), total piglets born (11.72 piglets) and live litter weight at birth (15.30 kg) than those of T2 and the control. These results indicate that prebreeding intrauterine infusion of killed boar semen, either single or double, improved the reproductive performance of gilts.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.21 no.6
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• pp.845-852
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• 2008

The goal of this study was to determine whether galanin affects the mean plasma concentrations of metabolic parameters such as thyroxine (T4), triiodothyronine (T3), growth hormone (GH), insulin, glucagon, glucose, fatty acid and urea in goats fed diets differing in energy content. Sixteen goats were randomly divided into 4 groups. Animals in groups 1 and 2 were fed 100% and animals in groups 3 and 4 were fed 50% energy content in the diet for 20 days. After 20 days, animals in groups 1 and 3 received a daily infusion of $1{\mu}g$ galanin and groups 2 and 4 received a daily infusion of $2{\mu}g$ galanin into their third ventricle for 5 days. Blood samples were collected daily from the jugular vein before infusion on day 4 until 4 days after the last infusion of galanin. Samples were assayed for plasma T3, T4, GH, insulin and glucagon concentrations by double-antibody RIA. Glucose, fatty acid and urea concentrations were also measured. Lower dietary energy intake and infusions of 1 and $2{\mu}g$ galanin significantly (p<0.01) decreased the mean plasma concentrations of T3, T4, insulin and glucose and significantly (p<0.01) increased the mean plasma concentrations of GH, glucagon, fatty acid and urea of the animals in groups 3 and 4. Different dosages of the galanin infusions did not change the plasma concentrations of the metabolic parameters in the animals fed a normal dietary energy content. The results of this experiment indicated that galanin may negatively affect T3, T4, insulin and glucose and increase GH, glucagon, fatty acid and urea in goats with negative energy balance, but not in those with positive energy balance.

• Journal of Veterinary Science
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• v.22 no.6
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• pp.78.1-78.10
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• 2021

Background: Recurrent subclinical mastitis (RScM) due to resistant bacteria has low clinical and bacteriological cure rates, often requiring the culling of cows. The sequential intramammary administration of enrofloxacin hydrochloride-dihydrate (enro-C) followed by ceftiofur HCl may be useful for treating these cases. Objectives: This study assessed the bacteriological and clinical cure-efficacies of the sequentially intramammary administration of enro-C, followed by ceftiofur HCl to treat RScM in Holstein/Friesian cows. Methods: This trial was conducted in a herd with a high prevalence of RScM, and 20 Holstein/Friesian cows were included: 45% suffering subclinical mastitis and 38.9% of the mammary quarters affected. Twenty-nine bacterial isolates in vitro resistant to enro-C were obtained (coagulase-negative Staphylococcus spp, 55.2%; Staphylococcus aureus, 27.6%; Escherichia coli, 6.9%; Streptococcus uberis, 6.9%; Corynebacterium bovis, 3.4%). Polymerase chain reaction-isolated the following genes linked to enro-C resistance: chromosomal (gyrA) and plasmid (aac(6')-lb-cr). The treatments were as follows: twice-daily intramammary infusions of enro-C (300 mg/10 mL) for 5 days. Cows clinically considered treatment failures were also treated with intramammary ceftiofur (125 mg/10 mL, twice daily for 5 days. The clinical and bacteriological cure rates were carried out when completing each treatment phase and at 14 and 21 days, aided by a California mastitis test, somatic cell count, and failure to identify the initially causative bacteria. Results: Enro-C achieved 65% clinical and bacteriological cure rates, and 100% cure rates were obtained after the rescue treatment with ceftiofur HCl. Conclusions: Outstanding clinical and bacteriological cure rates in cows affected by RScM were achieved with the consecutive intramammary infusions of enro-C, followed by ceftiofur HCl.