• Clean Technology
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.265-271
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• 2012

The use of renewable energies has been required to diminish the dependency on fossil fuels. As one of clean energy sources biomass has been extensively studied because various biomass resources necessitated rapid characterization of their chemical and physical properties in an on-line or real-time basis. For such an analysis near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy has been successfully applied because of its non-invasive and informative characteristics. In this work, the applicability of nonlinear chemometric techniques based on biomass near infrared (NIR) data is evaluated for the rapid prediction of ash/char contents in different types of biomass. The prediction results of various prediction models and the effect of using preprocessing methods for NIR data are compared using six types of biomass NIR data. The results showed that nonlinear prediction models yielded better prediction performance than linear ones. It also turned out that by adopting the use of proper preprocessing methods the performance of prediction of biomass properties improved.

• Animal cells and systems
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.123-128
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• 1997

The characteristics of allelic polymorphisms of the two (CA)n microsatellite (p599 and ㅅ599) markers spanning the long arm of chromosome 5 were studied in 52 DNA samples from unrelated inhabitants of Seoul (Korea) by using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to investigate differences in allele frequencies between Korean and Caucasian populations. The 6 alleles were observed for p599 (CA)n with a polymorphism informative content (PIC) value of 0.71 and 9 alleles for ㅅ599 (CA)n with a PIC value of 0.82. The observed heterozygote frequencies of the loci were estimated to 0.730 and 0.846, respectively. Several allele frequencies of two loci showed significant differences between Korean and Caucasian populations. Genotype data from the two loci were consistent with the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium by x2 test. Linkage disequilibrium between p599 (CA)n and ㅅ599 (CA)n loci was observed in x2 test between the observed and expected frequency of allelic association. The probability of matching calculated at each locus was 0.104 for p599 (CA)n and 0.043 for ㅅ599 (CA)n, respectively. These results demonstrate the need to determine populationspecific allele frequency distributions for polymorphic markers when performing genetic linkage studies in racially defined several populations.

• Communications for Statistical Applications and Methods
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• v.24 no.6
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• pp.561-581
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• 2017

Bayesian statistics can play a key role in the design and analysis of clinical trials and this has been demonstrated for medical device trials. By 1995 Bayesian statistics had been well developed and the revolution in computing powers and Markov chain Monte Carlo development made calculation of posterior distributions within computational reach. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) initiative of Bayesian statistics in medical device clinical trials, which began almost 20 years ago, is reviewed in detail along with some of the key decisions that were made along the way. Both Bayesian hierarchical modeling using data from previous studies and Bayesian adaptive designs, usually with a non-informative prior, are discussed. The leveraging of prior study data has been accomplished through Bayesian hierarchical modeling. An enormous advantage of Bayesian adaptive designs is achieved when it is accompanied by modeling of the primary endpoint to produce the predictive posterior distribution. Simulations are crucial to providing the operating characteristics of the Bayesian design, especially for a complex adaptive design. The 2010 FDA Bayesian guidance for medical device trials addressed both approaches as well as exchangeability, Type I error, and sample size. Treatment response adaptive randomization using the famous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation example is discussed. An interesting real example of a Bayesian analysis using a failed trial with an interesting subgroup as prior information is presented. The implications of the likelihood principle are considered. A recent exciting area using Bayesian hierarchical modeling has been the pediatric extrapolation using adult data in clinical trials. Historical control information from previous trials is an underused area that lends itself easily to Bayesian methods. The future including recent trends, decision theoretic trials, Bayesian benefit-risk, virtual patients, and the appalling lack of penetration of Bayesian clinical trials in the medical literature are discussed.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.39-47
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• 1988

The aim of this study is to grasp the actual state of high school girls' clothing after liberalization of their uniform and to provide the reasonable guidance materials in clothing for both schools and homes. These are the results of the study 1. In the aspect of the favor of clothing and the interest in about clothes. a. They were fond of wearing "T" shirts, blue jeans in summer and pants and jackets in spring as their school wear. That implies that they enjoy wearing active and practical clothes. b. In the aspect of color, majority of them favored blue or similar colors, Also they had the tendency to love soft, simple clothe and more students preferred cloth without pattern. c. In their choice of them, they seldom paid attention to the informative-label are not their chief interest. d. More than half of girls prepare one or two suits in advance in a season, and they would prepare them deliberately This implies that their everyday life inclothing is based on the economic motive. 2. In the aspect of the purchasing clothes, a. Most of the girls bought them at the market and some of them at the direct-sales stall. b. when they purchased clothes, most girls were accompanied by their/mother and senior girls more often by their friends. c. The price and kinds of their favorite clothes such as "T" shirts and blouse was 5,000 won or so, and skirts, pants, one-piece and jackets are from the range of 5,000 won to below 10,000 won mostly. d. In regard to so-called brand-name items by popular designers, half of the girls responded that they wear some of such kinds of items because of superiority of sewing and longterm wearing, and the other half tend not to wear them due to high price.

• Journal of Korea Game Society
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.19-28
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• 2015

According to the Infant Educational Law, learning of the children are encouraged through playing, but there are not many tools to learn. Educational Serious Game is a game developed for the purpose of learning. And so, in this paper, we produced serious games for education learning for young children. Contents of the game is the digestive system. And we utilized touch and drag which are kinds of intuitive interface of the mobile platform being able to play easy. At the end of each stage, and it contained a scene that can learn the characteristics of the digestive system. After producing this game, we supplemented something that is inadequate through testing. In addition, the learning effect of the game was confirmed by interviews with the teachers. We hope this will be a fun and informative game for the digestive tract to the children.

• Journal of the HCI Society of Korea
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.1-10
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• 2009

The knowledge creation in early stages of new service development plays a critical role in the success of the service. The user is a crucial resource in creating knowledge in early stages of development, and user involvement is necessary. There are three roles the user can take part as in service development: informative, consultative, or participative. Based on these different roles, the process of knowledge creation varies. With this background, we proposed to investigate which creative processes need to be passed through in order to positively affect service development based on the role of the user in early stages of Internet service development. This case study was undertaken based on two new projects. The results of this study reveal the relationship between the knowledge creation process and user in early stages of development and at the same time provide guidelines regarding user involvement in actual service development.

• Composites Research
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• v.23 no.6
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• pp.55-60
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• 2010

In this paper, tensile and bending tests of glass/polypropylene composite (Twintex) specimens fabricated by various forming conditions were carried out and the results were compared according to the forming conditions to find the appropriate condition for the forming composite bone plates. From the tests it was found that the most appropriate forming conditions were $230^{\circ}C$, 3MPa. Composite bone plates were formed using this condition by two different fabricating methods for screw holes: one was a net shape molding and the other was drilling. The forming and bending tests revealed that the drilling process provided much better bending stiffness of bone plates. This paper provided the most appropriate condition for forming composite bone plates and this result was also expected to offer informative data on forming of other Twintex structures.

• Korean Medical Education Review
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.126-131
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• 2014

The purpose of this study is to analyze the medical education system of Korea and to propose a method of curriculum redesign. Although there have been many attempts by medical educators to improve the quality of medical education, the results have not been fruitful. First, there exists a limitation to the dualistic curriculum design based on Flexnerianism, and thus, this model does not provide an integrated experience to medical students. Therefore, we propose a unidimensional model for curriculum redesign. Second, it is impossible to promote excellence in medical education without solving the structural problems of teaching and learning, such as the teaching competency of the faculty, large-scale lectures, and team teaching systems. A curricular strategy that emphasizes mutual interaction and teaching accountability is necessary to promote meaningful learning. Third, the current clinical training system, the circulation model, provides incomplete training as well as a lack of sequence and articulation experiences. This system needs to be redesigned in a way that allows only those students who have mastered both the knowledge and the application of medical education to advance to the next step. Fourth, norm-referenced assessments of a medical college distort the learning process and create unconstructive system energy. A criterion-referenced assessment that values cooperation, independent study, and intrinsic motivation is more important for the reliability and validity of the assessment. Medical students should not focus on formative and informative learning. Medical colleges should investigate the multifaceted potential of the students and provide transformative learning to grow students into change agents. For this to take place, curriculum redesign-not new methods of medical education-is required.

• Journal of Fisheries and Marine Sciences Education
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.18-24
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• 2012

This study analyses the effects of various angles in sculling on human body lift and drag by means of computational fluid dynamics, discusses the importance of sculling and provides a basis for the development of future water safety education programmes. Study subjects were based on the mean data collected from males in the age of 20s from a survey on the anthropometric dimensions of the Koreans. Moreover, lift, drag as well as coefficient values, all of which were governed by the angle of the palm, were calculated using 3-dimentional modelling produced by computational fluid dynamics programmes i.e. CFD. Interpretations were performed via general k-${\varepsilon}$ turbulence modelling in order to determine lift, drag and coefficient values. Turbulence intensity was set to one per cent as per the figures from preceding research papers and 3-dimentional simulations were performed for a total of five different angles $0^{\circ}$, $15^{\circ}$, $30^{\circ}$, $45^{\circ}$ and $60^{\circ}$. The drag and lift values for the differing angles of the hands during sculling movement are as follows. The lift and drag values gradually increased with the increasing angle of the palm, however, the magnitude of increase for drag started to predominate lift from $45^{\circ}$ and lift gradually decreased from $60^{\circ}$. Overall, it is concluded that the optimal efficiency of sculling can be achieved at the angles $15^{\circ}$ and $30^{\circ}$, and it is anticipated that greater safety and informative education can be ensured for Life saving trainees if the results were to be applied to practical settings. However, as the study was conducted using simulation programmes which performed analyses on the collected anthropometric dimension, the obtained results cannot be made universal, which warrants furthers studies involving varied study subjects with actual measurements taken in water.

• Perspectives in Nursing Science
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.146-153
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• 2012

Purpose: The aims of this study were to analyze the frequency of standard nursing statements used in the Electronic Nursing Record (ENR) and to evaluate the degree of satisfaction by users of the ENR system. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the ENR of 1914 patients who were admitted to our center between 1 May 2011 and 31 May 2011. Additionally, we collected questionnaires from 100 doctors and 300 nurses to evaluate the satisfaction of the users. Results: The frequency of use for the following standard nursing statements was investigated: standard nursing assessment statements (43.6%), standard nursing diagnosis statements (61.8%), standard nursing plan statements (46.7%), standard nursing intervention statements (56.9%), and standard nursing evaluation statements (41.7%). The mean satisfaction score was 3.03 out of 5 in the nurse's group, and 3.11 in the doctor's group. The nurses said the advantages of the ENR system were as follows: easy to access, informative, and standardized terms. However 75.7% of the nurse answered that they cannot express actual nursing situations exactly with the currently limited standard nursing statements. Conclusion: Development of various standard nursing statements is needed to meet the demands of the users. As a result, the use of the ENR system would become easier and more efficient for its users.