• Journal of Intelligence and Information Systems
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.165-183
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• 2016

Over the past decade, there has been a rapid diffusion of technological devices and a rising number of various devices, resulting in an escalation of virtual reality technology. Technological market has rapidly been changed from smartphone to wearable devices based on virtual reality. Virtual reality can make users feel real situation through sensing interaction, voice, motion capture and so on. Facebook.com, Google, Samsung, LG, Sony and so on have investigated developing platform of virtual reality. the pricing of virtual reality devices also had decreased into 30% from their launched period. Thus market infrastructure in virtual reality have rapidly been developed to crease marketplace. However, most consumers recognize that virtual reality is not ease to purchase or use. That could not lead consumers to positive attitude for devices and purchase the related devices in the early market. Through previous studies related to virtual reality, there are few studies focusing on why the devices for virtual reality stayed in early stage in adoption & diffusion context in the market. Almost previous studies considered the reasons of hard adoption for innovative products in the viewpoints of Typology of Innovation Resistance, MIR(Management of Innovation Resistant), UTAUT & UTAUT2. However, product-based antecedents also important to increase user intention to purchase and use products in the technological market. In this study, we focus on user acceptance and resistance for increasing purchase and usage promotions of wearable devices related to virtual reality based on headgear products like Galaxy Gear. Especially, we added a variables like attitude confidence as a dimension for user resistance. The research questions of this study are follows. First, how attitude confidence and innovativeness resistance affect user intention to use? Second, What factors related to content and brand contexts can affect user intention to use? This research collected data from the participants who have experiences using virtual rality headgears aged between 20s to 50s located in South Korea. In order to collect data, this study used a pilot test and through making face-to-face interviews on three specialists, face validity and content validity were evaluated for the questionnaire validity. Cleansing the data, we dropped some outliers and data of irrelevant papers. Totally, 156 responses were used for testing the suggested hypotheses. Through collecting data, demographics and the relationships among variables were analyzed through conducting structural equation modeling by PLS. The data showed that the sex of respondents who have experience using social commerce sites (male=86(55.1%), female=70(44.9%). The ages of respondents are mostly from 20s (74.4%) to 30s (16.7%). 126 respondents (80.8%) have used virtual reality devices. The results of our model estimation are as follows. With the exception of Hypothesis 1 and 7, which deals with the two relationships between brand awareness to attitude confidence, and quality of content to perceived enjoyment, all of our hypotheses were supported. In compliance with our hypotheses, perceived ease of use (H2) and use innovativeness (H3) were supported with its positively influence for the attitude confidence. This finding indicates that the more ease of use and innovativeness for devices increased, the more users' attitude confidence increased. Perceived price (H4), enjoyment (H5), Quantity of contents (H6) significantly increase user resistance. However, perceived price positively affect user innovativeness resistance meanwhile perceived enjoyment and quantity of contents negatively affect user innovativeness resistance. In addition, aesthetic exterior (H6) was also positively associated with perceived price (p<0.01). Also projection quality (H8) can increase perceived enjoyment (p<0.05). Finally, attitude confidence (H10) increased user intention to use virtual reality devices. however user resistance (H11) negatively affect user intention to use virtual reality devices. The findings of this study show that attitude confidence and user innovativeness resistance differently influence customer intention for using virtual reality devices. There are two distinct characteristic of attitude confidence: perceived ease of use and user innovativeness. This study identified the antecedents of different roles of perceived price (aesthetic exterior) and perceived enjoyment (quality of contents & projection quality). The findings indicated that brand awareness and quality of contents for virtual reality is not formed within virtual reality market yet. Therefore, firms should developed brand awareness for their product in the virtual market to increase market share.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea SP
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• v.39 no.3
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• pp.58-65
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• 2002

In order to reduce blocking artifacts in inter-frame coded images, we propose a new image restoration algorithm, which directly processes differential images before reconstruction. We note that blocking artifact in inter-frame coded images is caused by both 8$\times$8 DCT and 16$\times$16 macroblock based motion compensation, while that of intra-coded images is caused by 8$\times$8 DCT only. According to the observation, we Propose a new degradation model for differential images and the corresponding restoration algorithm that utilizes additional constraints and convex sets for discontinuity inside blocks. The proposed restoration algorithm is a modified version of standard regularization that incorporate!; spatially adaptive lowpass filtering with consideration of edge directions by utilizing a part of DCT coefficients. Most of video coding standard adopt a hybrid structure of block-based motion compensation and block discrete cosine transform (BDCT). By this reason, blocking artifacts are occurred on both block boundary and block interior For more complete removal of both kinds of blocking artifacts, the restored differential image must satisfy two constraints, such as, directional discontinuities on block boundary and block interior Those constraints have been used for defining convex sets for restoring differential images.

• Journal of KIISE:Computer Systems and Theory
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• v.27 no.7
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• pp.619-628
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• 2000

Abstract Perspective views provide a powerful depth cue and thus aid the interpretation of complicated images. The main drawback of current perspective volume rendering is the long execution time. In this paper, we present an efficient perspective volume rendering algorithm based on coherency between rays. Two sets of templates are built for the rays cast from horizontal and vertical scanlines in the intermediate image which is parallel to one of volume faces. Each sample along a ray is calculated by interpolating neighboring voxels with the pre-computed weights in the templates. We also solve the problem of uneven sampling rate due to perspective ray divergence by building more templates for the regions far away from a viewpoint. Since our algorithm operates in object-order, it can avoid redundant access to each voxel and exploit spatial data coherency by using run-length encoded volume. Experimental results show that the use of templates and the object-order processing with run-length encoded volume provide speedups, compared to the other approaches. Additionally, the image quality of our algorithm improves by solving uneven sampling rate due to perspective ray di vergence.

• Research in Community and Public Health Nursing
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.757-766
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• 2002

Purpose: Recently there have been many changes in health care environments in Korea. To perform public health programs effectively and efficiently, it is necessary to analyze and identify the demand and supply for the public health nurses. Method: The study analyzed experts' opinions regarding the supply of public health nurses, as well as national and foreign statistical data on workforce supply of public health nurses. Two methods for estimating the amount of demand for public health nurses were used: one was applying the indicators of developed countries for public health nurses based on population: the other was to refer to regulations and/or recommended guidelines in Korea. Result: 1) The number of public health centers, public health sub-centers, and primary health care posts have decreased between 1990 and 2001, from 260 to 242, 1318 to 1270, 2038 to 1907, respectively. 2) Between 1997 and 2002, the number of public health nurses has also decreased from 5572 to 5112. 3) In the case of applying regulations, the number (5112) of existing public health nurses falls shortly by 942. 4) In 2001, the Korean population per one public health nurse was 9262. 5) In the case of applying regulations, the number of public health nurses required to meet the demand for health services in 2001 and 2020 is estimated at 5932 and 6347, respectively. 6) In the case of applying the indicators of developed countries, the number of public health nurses required to meet the demand for health service in 2001 and 2020 is estimated at 9.469 and 10.310, respectively. Conclusion and suggestions: Because of the importance of public health industry, public health nurses have been approved as a field specialist and specialized nurse practitioner by the newly revised legal regulation, there have been absence of approval of their role differentiation and capability. In addition, organizational activity and insufficient number of the public health nurses have contributed to the inactive utilization of them. As community public health is focused on caring individuals as well as organizations, it requires more autonomy and special skills than other fields. Therefore, public health nurses need to enhance the capability as health educator, consultant, and information management persons through advanced education course for public health nurses. Public health nurses need to be prepared as advanced nurse practitioners by receiving advanced education courses and field experiences.

• The KIPS Transactions:PartB
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• v.11B no.4
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• pp.403-410
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• 2004

Recently, studies of image analysis, as the preprocessing stage for medical image analysis or image retrieval, are actively carried out. This paper intends to propose a way of utilizing color components for image retrieval. For image retrieval, it is based on color components, and for analysis of color, CLCM (Color Level Co-occurrence Matrix) and statistical techniques are used. CLCM proposed in this paper is to project color components on 3D space through geometric rotate transform and then, to interpret distribution that is made from the spatial relationship. CLCM is 2D histogram that is made in color model, which is created through geometric rotate transform of a color model. In order to analyze it, a statistical technique is used. Like CLCM, GLCM (Gray Level Co-occurrence Matrix)[1] and Invariant Moment [2,3] use 2D distribution chart, which use basic statistical techniques in order to interpret 2D data. However, even though GLCM and Invariant Moment are optimized in each domain, it is impossible to perfectly interpret irregular data available on the spatial coordinates. That is, GLCM and Invariant Moment use only the basic statistical techniques so reliability of the extracted features is low. In order to interpret the spatial relationship and weight of data, this study has used Principal Component Analysis [4,5] that is used in multivariate statistics. In order to increase accuracy of data, it has proposed a way to project color components on 3D space, to rotate it and then, to extract features of data from all angles.

• Archives of design research
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.129-138
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• 2002

Against the projection that the volume of filing would be drastically cut in the Information Age, the needs for filing in this age increases gradually. In this respect, it is critical to study the design of office filing system furniture. Through this study, we could find out what shall be the major requirements for office lijillg system furniture. This study would also provide important raw data for developing more efficient and more satisfactory office filing system furniture. Subject for this study includes 6 representative filing system furniture including a lateral file cabinet. For the design analysis, we used catalogues of foreign and domestic office furniture, particularly filing system furniture. The analysis is classified into the following six categories such as size, shape, color, material, handle, and filing method, mobility, flexibility, and so on. According to the analysis of office furniture in the market, requirements of furniture fit for office environment are found to be as follows. -Instead of the fixed-type furniture, movable furniture is more adaptable to the ever-evolving office environment. -Design the office furniture in accordance with a standardized module would provide a more unity and diversity of arrangement in space particularly when it is arranged with other furniture. -Development of more diverse color, which ranges from achromatic color to wooden color to other various colors, is more favored in the ever-changing office environment. -As the grip provides a variety of image to the furniture let alone its function, its development is required to be more diverse and more conforming 10 the design of Ihe furniture. -The filing methods in general are with drawer and shelf, among which the drawers design is usually fixed. However, under the evolving office furniture environment, the design of Ihe drawer, bolh inlerior and exterior, shall be more diverse and flexible.

• Journal of Korea Multimedia Society
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.209-218
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• 2009

3D backprojection is a kind of reconstruction algorithm to generate volume data consisting of tomographic images, which provides spatial information of the original 3D data from hundreds of 2D projections. The computational time of backprojection increases in proportion to the size of volume data and the number of projection images since the value of every voxel in volume data is calculated by considering corresponding pixels from hundreds of projections. For the reduction of computational time, fast GPU based 3D backprojection methods have been studied recently and the performance of them has been improved significantly. This paper presents two multiple GPU based methods to maximize the parallelism of GPU and compares the efficiencies of two methods by considering both the number of projections and the size of volume data. The first method is to generate partial volume data independently for all projections after allocating a half size of volume data on each GPU. The second method is to acquire the entire volume data by merging the incomplete volume data of each GPU on CPU. The in-complete volume data is generated using the half size of projections after allocating the full size of volume data on each GPU. In experimental results, the first method performed better than the second method when the entire volume data can be allocated on GPU. Otherwise, the second method was efficient than the first one.

• Journal of KIISE:Software and Applications
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• v.36 no.12
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• pp.967-976
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• 2009

In this paper, we propose an automatic lower extremity vessel extraction based on rigid registration and bone elimination techniques in CT and CT angiography images. First, automatic partitioning of the lower extremity based on the anatomy is proposed to consider the local movement of the bone. Second, rigid registration based on distance map is performed to estimate the movement of the bone between CT and CT angiography images. Third, bone elimination and vessel masking techniques are proposed to remove bones in CT angiography image and to prevent the vessel near to bone from eroding. Fourth, post-processing based on vessel tracking is proposed to reduce the effect of misalignment and noises like a cartilage. For the evaluation of our method, we performed the visual inspection, accuracy measures and processing time. For visual inspection, the results of applying general subtraction, registered subtraction and proposed method are compared using volume rendering and maximum intensity projection. For accuracy evaluation, intensity distributions of CT angiography image, subtraction based method and proposed method are analyzed. Experimental result shows that bones are accurately eliminated and vessels are robustly extracted without the loss of other structure. The total processing time of thirteen patient datasets was 40 seconds on average.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea CI
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.1-10
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• 2000

In this paper, a new digital watermarking algorithm using wavelet transform is proposed. Wavelet transform is widely used for image processing, because of its multiresolution characteristic which conforms to the principles of the human visual system(HVS). It is also very efficient for localizing images in the spatial and frequency domain. Since wavelet coefficients can be characterized by the gaussian distribution, the proposed algorithm uses a gaussian distributed random vector as the watermark in order to achieve invisibility and robustness. After the original image is transformed using DWT(Discrete Wavelet Transform), the coefficients of all subbands including LL subband are utilized to equally embed the watermark to the whole image. To select perceptually significant coefficients for each subband, we use level-adaptive thresholding. The watermark is embedded to the selected coeffocoents, using different scale factors according to the wavelet characteristics. In the process of watermark detection, the similarity between the original watermark and the extracted watermark is calculated by using vector projection method. We analyze the performance of the proposed algorithm, compared with other transform-domain watermarking methods. The experimental results tested on various images show that the proposed watermark is less visible to human eyes and more robust to image compressions, image processings, geometric transformations and various noises, than the existing methods.

• Journal of the Korean housing association
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.67-77
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• 2010

Citizen participation in local redevelopment has recently been regarded as essential, since progress in democracy and diversified public interests have contributed to more importance being placed on citizen participation in the implementation of public policies. While the importance of resident participation has been increasingly emphasized in principle, in reality more effort is still required in its application. We need to develop practical strategies of collecting community opinion in order to reflect it in public policy, if we are to achieve a resident and citizen-centered society. The purpose of this study is to develop an image map construction tool that can be applied to the "Maul-Mandulgi" projects as a visualized method to facilitate the exchange of opinions and work toward agreements. The tool is intended to assist public discussion by visualizing policies and plans and reducing the possibility of misunderstanding, so that residents can properly respond to the plans. Second, this study will verify the effectiveness of the tool in the application to local community workshops. The main research method is participant observation method and field study. Major findings are as follows, First, every resident who had participated in previous workshops gathered together, used the tool and represented their opinions unusually more than once. Each resident tried to make sure that other participants appropriately understood his or her opinion. The workshop finished when all participants agreed and produced a consensus. The workshop took much less time, which is in stark contrast to previous workshops in which it took significantly more time to collect opinions. Second, it proved that residents in the redevelopment area can strike a broad agreement by themselves on a method and direction for residential improvement. In previous workshops, conflicts between residents developed over the choice between the two methods, of local improvement and total demolition prior to multi-housing construction. In this study, opinions of residents were not limited to the two methods by finding a winwin solution. Third, the use of the tool kit for image map became efficient for inactive residents to develop their own opinions in regard to the direction and orientations of the residential improvement process. In addition, for those who have either no or a slight understanding of the residential improvement projects, the tool can provide access to information and knowledge. This study concludes that the developed tool for imaging of the redevelopment projection like a design game, rather than using forms of text and speech, can be a useful tool in collecting opinions and forming an agreed opinion for forthcoming residential improvement plans.