• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.48 no.12
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• pp.1348-1353
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• 2005

Purpose : Influenza is a respiratory disease which prevails widely every year and shows high morbidity and mortality among not only chronic invalids and the old, but also among infants and young children. To prevent community-acquired influenza infection, to facilitate prompt antiviral therapy and to avoid unnecessary use of antibiotics, an easy, rapid diagnostic method for the influenza virus is needed. We evaluated a lateral-flow immunoassay(QuickVue Influenza Test), compared to viral culture. Methods : During two consecutive years from Jan. 2004 to June 2004 and from Feb. 2005 to Jan. 2005, 408 patients who were suffering from fever, cough and/or sore throat and myalgia were enrolled in our study. A total of 408 patients were tested with $QuickVue^{(R)}$(Quidel Co., San Diego, USA) influenza rapid antigen test and virus cultures at the same time. Results : Of the 408 patients tested, children who showed positive results at the virus culture numbered 77; among them, 55(71.4 percent) were type A/H3N2 and 22(28.5 percent) were type B. QuickVue influenza test had a sensitivity of 71.4 percent and a specificity of 95.8 percent. The positive and negative predictive values were 79.7 percent and 93.5 percent, respectively. Conclusion : In our study, this test had comparable high sensitivity and high specificity and many advantages, such as being easy to perform and simple to interpret, and showing rapid results. If rapid influenza antigen tests are widely applied in the clinic, we can begin treatment more rapidly and reduce influenza complications and the abuse of antibiotics.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.48 no.7
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• pp.723-730
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• 2005

Purpose : This study was performed to characterize the etiology and clinical features of acute viral lower-respiratory tract infections(LRI). Methods : Etiologic agents and clinical features of acute viral LRI were studied from October. 2003 through March. 2004 in hospitalized children with LRI(253 cases) at Samsung Cheil Hospital. The viruses were identified by indirect immunofluorescent method. Medical records of patients with proven viral LRI were reviewed retrospectively. Results : Ninety two cases(36.4%) were confirmed as viral infections. The identified pathogens were respiratory syncytial virus(RSV, 76.0%), adenovirus(ADV, 12.0%), influenza virus type A(INFA, 9.8 %), influenza virus type B(INFB, 1.1%) and parainfluenza virus(PIV, 1.1%). Eight four point eight% of patients were younger than 2 years of age. Clinical diagnosis of LRI were pneumonia(56.5%), bronchiolitis(35.9%), tracheobronchitis(4.3%) and croup(3.3%). The clinical symptoms and signs were cough(98.8%), rhinorrhea(82.6%), fever(70.7%), rale(67.4%), wheezing(29.3%), chest retraction(28.3%) and cyanosis(4.3%). The severe respiratory symptoms and signs were more common in RSV-infected patients, even cyanosis could be observed. Seventeen point four percent of patient had fever of $38.5^{\circ}C$ or higher and their most common etiologic agent was INFA(66.7%). Twenty three point nine percent had fever more than 5 days and common etiologic agent was INFA(77.8%). The elevated WBC count($>14{\times}10^3/{\mu}L$) was in 14.1%, and common etiologic agents were INFA(22.2%) and ADV(18.2%). C-reactive protein(CRP >4.0 mg/dL) was increased in 13.0%, and common in ADV(63.6 %). Increased aspartate aminotransferase(AST)/alanine aminotransferase(ALT) was detected in 10.9%, and the most common etiologic agent was RSV(12.9%). Conclusion : The common agents of acute viral LRI were RSV, ADV and INF, respectively. Because the etiologic agents present variable clinical features, it may be helpful to treat and to evaluate acute viral LRI that we should understand their etiologic variability.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.53 no.1
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• pp.56-66
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• 2010

Purpose : Although oseltamivir is widely used for treatment of influenza, few clinical studies of its efficacy and resistance have been performed in Korea. We evaluated the safety, side effects, and efficacy of oseltamivir treatment in Korean pediatric patients. Methods : We analyzed 321 children diagnosed with influenza at Busan St. Mary's Medical Center, Korea, between January 2008 and June 2008 (first study period) and November 2008 and January 2009 (second study period). Patients were divided into two groups: those receiving oseltamivir treatment for 5 days and those receiving only symptomatic treatment. We investigated clinical symptoms, side effects, and resistance to oseltamivir. We also identified influenza strains and evaluated resistance to oseltamivir using an influenza virus culture. Results : One hundred eighty-six patients were assigned to the treatment group, and 135 were assigned to the control group. The treatment group showed shorter admission duration (4.4 days) compared with controls (5.0 days) (P =0.000) and had fewer lower respiratory tract complications compared with controls (P <0.05). No significant statistical difference in the virus antigenic type was observed between the groups. In the first study period, virus culture showed influenza B (41.7% vs. 49.6%), A/H3N2 (7.9% vs. 8.4%), and A/H1N1 (9.4% vs. 6.5%). In the second study period, only A/H1N1 (55.3% vs. 50.0%) was isolated, except for one case of A (H3N2) in the treatment group. No differences in short- and long-term side effects, including neuropsychologic side effects, were noted between groups. There was no resistance to oseltamivir before or after treatment in the first study period. Conclusion : Based on our results, we suggest that osetalmivir therapy in pediatric patients is effective.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• v.16 no.5
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• pp.261-270
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• 2016

The human immune system has evolved to fight against foreign pathogens. It plays a central role in the body's defense mechanism. However, the immune memory geared to fight off a previously recognized pathogen, tends to remember an original form of the pathogen when a variant form subsequently invades. This has been termed 'original antigenic sin'. This adverse immunological effect can alter vaccine effectiveness and sometimes cause enhanced pathogenicity or additional inflammatory responses, according to the type of pathogen and the circumstances of infection. Here we aim to give a simplified conceptual understanding of virus infection and original antigenic sin by comparing and contrasting the two examples of recurring infections such as influenza and dengue viruses in humans.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.465-470
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• 2009

The chicken Mx gene has been regarded as a candidate gene for resistance to avian influenza virus (AIV). In this study, three groups of chickens with homozygotes (AA, GG) and heterozygotes (AG) of the resistant (A) and susceptible alleles (G) to AIV of the Mx gene were constructed from a line of dwarf egg-type chickens. These chickens were not examined for their resistant activities to AIV because the differential resistance had only been detected in vitro. The birds of the three groups were vaccinated with inactivated H5N2 AIV vaccine and the level of hemagglutination inhibition (HI) antibody to AIV was detected. The association between disease resistant activity to AIV and antibody response to AIV vaccination in the three groups was analyzed. The chickens with homozygous resistant allele A showed the lowest antibody levels, whereas the heterozygous chickens (AG) presented the highest antibody level after the boosting vaccination, which indicates that the efficiency of artificial selection on the resistant allele of Mx gene will be compromised since the homozygotes of the allele presented the weakest antibody response to the corresponding vaccine.

• Journal of the Optical Society of Korea
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.392-397
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• 2009

We designed a wavelength interrogation-based surface plasmon resonance (SPR) biosensor to detect avian influenza DNA (AI-DNA). Hybridization reactions between target AI-DNA probes and capture probes immobilized on a gold surface were monitored quantitatively by measuring the resonance wavelength in the visible waveband. The experimental results were consistent with numerical calculations. Although the SPR detection technique does not require the DNA to be labeled, we also evaluated fluorescently-labeled targets to verify the hybridization behavior of the AI-DNA. Changes in resonance were found to be linearly proportional to the amount of bound analyte. A wavelength interrogation-type SPR biosensor can be used for rapid measurement and high-throughput detection of highly pathogenic AI viruses.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.275-282
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• 2017

Adenovirus (ADV) and human bocavirus (hBoV) cause acute respiratory tract infections, and are often associated with increased rates of hospitalization and death, particularly in infants and young children. The aim of this study was to analyze the clinical features and molecular phylogeny of ADV and hBoV isolated in Busan, from January 2011 to November 2013. In total, 3,230 specimens (throat swabs) were collected from patients with influenza-like illnesses and acute respiratory tract infections. Multiplex real-time RT-PCR was performed to detect eight respiratory viru [rhinovirus, adenovirus, respiratory syncytial virus, human coronavirus, human metapneumovirus, human bocavirus, parainfluenza virus and influenza virus] and detected 1,485(46.0%) cases. Among 1,485 positive specimens, 257(8.0%) cases were ADV and 68(2.1%) cases of hBoV. A significant clinical feature of ADV is fever and headache whereas hBoV is wheezing. Serotypic distributions of isolated ADV and hBoV were analyzed by sequencing of hexon and VP1/VP2 gene, respectively. ADV was identified seven different serotypes(1~6, 8), revealing a high similarity among the isolates (>97%). The predominant types of ADV were type 1 in 2011, type 3 and 4 in 2012, type 3 in 2013, respectively. ADV type 3 was major causative type during outbreaks in 2013. All of the hBoV was identified as hBoV type 1.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.133-138
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• 2011

The prevention of porcine respiratory disease complex (PRDC) is very important because of its high infection-rates in the swine farms and the economic impact in swne industry in Korea. To control the prevalence of PRDC, it is important to know about infection patterns of it. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the infection patterns of PRDC in the northern area of Gyeongsangnam-do. To this end, the infection of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2), Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (APP), Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (MH), and Swine influenza virus (SIV) were examined using 120 pig lung tissues by PCR analysis. As a result, single pathogen positive specimens were 25.0% and the others (75.0%) were turned out to be PRDC with at least two pathogens. Among PRDCs, 50 specimens (41.7%) was infected with PRRSV, PCV2, MH and SIV. Ten specimens (8.3%) showed triple infections of PRRSV, PCV2 and MH. Double infected specimens for PRRSV and PCV2 were 10 (8.3%), and for PCV2 and APP were 20 (16.7%).

• Journal of the Korea Convergence Society
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.201-206
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• 2021

Damage to the highly pathogenic avian influenza virus(H5N1) continues to increase, but there is a lack of antiviral research. In this study, we analyze antiviral properties on H5N1 by coating Cu/TiO2 photocatalyst on polyethylene films. The specimen was manufactured a photocatalyst master batch and coated both sides of the 3-layer polyethylene fabric at 280℃ from the extrusion coating machine. The results showed a 99.9% decrease in the Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. In particular, H5N1 type highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses, which is capable of human infection, has been found to decrease 99.9% within five minutes of contact with Cu/TiO2 films. Antibacterial effects of films coated with photocatalyst are known, but this study also confirmed the antiviral effects.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.69 no.2
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• pp.103-107
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• 2010

Background: The aim of the present study was to evaluate whether findings on initial chest computed tomography (CT) of influenza pneumonia can help predict clinical outcome. Methods: We reviewed all adult patients admitted to the Emergency Department (ED) with a confirmed diagnosis of novel influenza A H1N1 virus (2009 H1N1) pneumonia, who underwent chest CT upon admission between Aug 26, 2009 and Jan 31, 2010. Radiologic findings were characterized by type and pattern of opacities and zonal distribution. Clinical outcome measures were intensive care unit (ICU) admission, mechanical ventilation, and inhospital death. Results: Of 59 patients diagnosed with 2009 H1N1 pneumonia, 41 (69.5%) underwent chest CT on admission into ED. Nine (22%) of these patients developed adverse clinical outcomes requiring the following treatments: 9 (22.0%) ICU admissions, 5 (12.2%) mechanical ventilation, and 3 (7.3%) inhospital deaths. Counting the number of patients with more than 4 involved lobes, the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value for detection of adverse clinical outcome were 67%, 84%, 55% and 80%, respectively. Conclusion: Extensive involvement of both lungs (over 4 lobes) is related to ICU admission, mechanical ventilation, and inhospital death. Initial chest CT may help predict an adverse clinical outcome of patients with 2009 H1N1 influenza pneumonia.