• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.39 no.3
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• pp.301-307
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• 2011

Oil pollution was world-wide prevalent treat to the environment, and the physic-chemical remediation technology of the TPH (total petroleum hydrocarbon) contaminated soil had the weakness that its rate was very slow and not economical. Bioremediation of the contaminated soil is a useful method if the concentrations are moderate and non-biological techniques are not economical. The aim of this research is to investigate the influence of additives on TPH degradation in a diesel contaminated soil environment. Six experimental conditions were conduced; (i) diesel contaminated soil, (ii) diesel contaminated soil treated with microbial additives, (iii) diesel contaminated soil treated with microbial additives and the mixture was titrated to the end point of pH 7 with NaOH, (iv) diesel contaminated soil treated with microbial additives and accelerating agents and (v) diesel contaminated soil treated with microbial additives and accelerating agents, and the mixture was titrated to the end point of pH 7 with NaOH. After 10 days, significant TPH degradation (67%) was observed in the DSP-1 soil sample. The removal of TPH in the soil sample where microbial additives were supplemented was 38% higher than the control soil sample during the first ten days. The microbial additives were effective in both the initial removal rate and relative removal efficiency of TPH compared with the control group. However, various environmental factors, such as pH and temperature, also affected the activities of microbes lived in the additives, so the pH calibration of the oil-contaminated soil would help the initial reduction efficiency in the early periods.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.497-504
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• 2008

This study was conducted for the optimization of ingredients in salad dressing using Bokbunja (Rubus coreanum Miquel) juice. The experiment was designed according to the D-optimal design of mixture design, which included 14 experimental points with 4 replicates for three independent variables (Bokbunja juice $15.70\sim47.10%$, oil $23.50\sim39.20%$, vinegar $3.90\sim19.60%$). The compositional and functional properties of the prepared products were measured, and these values were applied to the mathematical models. A canonical form and trace plot showed the influence of each variable on the quality attribute of final mixture product. By the use of F-test, viscosity, color values (L, a, and b), emulsion stability and sensory characteristics (color) were expressed by a linear model, while the color values (L) and sensory characteristics (smell, taste, and overall acceptance) were by a quadratic model. The optimum formulations by numerical and graphical method were analogous: Bokbunja juice, oil and vinegar of 36.02%, 26.48%, and 12.00% by numerical method, respectively; those of 36.00%, 26.44%, and 12.06% by graphical method, respectively.

• Journal of the Earthquake Engineering Society of Korea
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.59-66
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• 2003

A novel application of nano-technology in the field of engineering, called colloidal damper, is investigated. This device is complementary to the hydraulic damper, having a cylinder-piston construction. Particularly for colloidal damper, the hydraulic oil is replacedby a colloidal suspension, which is consisted from a nano-porous matrix with controlled architecture and a lyophobic fluid. In this experimental work, the porous matrix is composed from silica gel, with labyrinth architecture, coated by organo-silicones substances in order to achieve a hydrophobic surface. Water is considered as associated lyophobic fluid. The colloidal damper test rig and the measuring technique of the hysteresis are described. the influence of the hydrophobicity level upon the colloidal damper hysteresis is investigated, for silica gels with similar pores distribution. A certain desired shape of the hysteresis can be achieved by employing mixture of silica gels with different level of hydrophobicity and/or architecture. With these results, it is believed that the proposed damper can be designed and be applied to the desired structure.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.631-642
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• 2017

For effective control of insect pest which can outbreak in a field during crop cultivation, various control agents such as eco-friendly agricultural materials (EFAM) including microbial control agents and chemical pesticides have been applied at fields and these control agents may be treated simultaneous or sequential in the same field to suppress diverse pests and diseases. The agents may influence each other and control efficacy may also differ from interactions. Therefore we need to test compatibility of microbial control agents with other agricultural agents. In this study, we investigated influence of pre-treated EFAMs, which are registered for whitefly control in greenhouse, on germination, mycelial growth and control efficacy of Isaria javanica isolate against sweet potato whitefly. The results showed that a mixture of paraffin oil+cinnamon oil among 4 EFAMs highly reduced germination ($8.9{\pm}1.3%{\sim}24.5{\pm}0.9%$) and mycelial growth ($0.81{\pm}0.01cm{\sim}0cm$) of I. javanica. To investigate the effects of the treatment interval between EFAMs and I. javanica on sweet potato whitefly control, four different EFAMs were pre-treated 0, 1, 4, and 7 days before applying I. javanica. Pre-treatment of four EFAMs inhibited insecticidal activity of I. javanica against sweet potato whitefly. Therefore when EFAMs and a mycopesticide using I. javanica spray simultaneous or sequential, application of EFAMs need more than 7 days interval after treatment of mycopesticide at field.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.21 no.7
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• pp.1053-1058
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• 2008

A total of 392 twenty eight week-old laying hens was used to study the effects of dietary inclusion of solvent-extracted palm kernel cake (PKC) (0%, 12.5% and 25%) and enzyme (mixture of mannanase, ${\alpha}$-galactosidase and protease) supplementation (0 kg/t, 1 kg/t and 2 kg/t) on the performance of laying hens. The levels of PKC did not significantly influence nitrogen corrected true metabolizable energy (TMEn) of the diets. Enzyme-supplemented PKC had significantly higher AME and TMEn values than PKC diets with no enzyme supplementation. Dietary inclusion of 12.5% and 25% PKC in the diets of laying hens did not adversely affect mean egg production or daily egg mass. However, layers consumed significantly more PKC-based diets and had significantly poorer feed conversion ratios (FCR) than controls. However, the feed intake and FCR of hens provided the 12.5% PKC-based diets with enzyme supplementation at 1 kg/t did not differ from the controls. Dietary inclusion of PKC or enzyme did not affect eggshell quality, but egg yolk colour was significantly paler when layers were fed the 25% PKC diet.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.34 no.10
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• pp.3055-3058
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• 2013

Methanesulfonic acid (MSA) was used as catalyst to remove trace organic sulfur (thiophene) from Fluid Catalytic Cracking gasoline (FCC) via alkylation with olefins. The reactions were conducted in Erlenmeyer flask equipped with a water-bath under atmospheric pressure. The influence of the temperature, the reaction time, and the mass ration of MSA were investigated. After a 60 min reaction time at 343 K, the thiophene conversion of 98.7% was obtained with a mass ration of MSA to oil of 10%. The catalyst was reused without a reactivation treatment, and the thiophene conversion reached 92.9% at the third time. The method represents an environmentally benign route to desulfur, because MSA could easily be separated from the reaction mixture via decantation and it could be reused.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.41 no.1
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• pp.26-35
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• 2011

Purpose: This study was done to compare the effects of abdominal aroma massage and meridian massage on constipation and stress in college women with functional constipation. Methods: The participants were 38 college women, 18 were in the aroma group and 20 in the meridian group. The aroma massage was given using aroma oil which was a mixture of lemon, lavender, rosemary, and cyprus. The meridian massage was given at 9 accupoints which influence intestinal functions. The treatment was given 5 days a week for 4 weeks. A constipation severity score, weekly defecation frequency, and a stress response score were measured before and every week of 4 weeks of the experiment. Results: While there was no significant difference between two groups, there was a significant difference within the groups in the constipation severity (aroma group: 1st week, meridian group: except 4th week), defecation frequency (aroma group: 3rd week, meridian group: 2nd and 3rd week), and stress (aroma group: all weeks, meridian group: except 4th week) after different duration of experiment. Conclusion: Based on these results, both abdominal massages relieved constipation and stress. Resorting to either types of massage will contribute to the reduction of use of stool softeners, suppositories, or enemas.

• Journal of the Korea institute for structural maintenance and inspection
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.58-64
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• 2012

Due to the influence of global oil prices, industrial productivity, which oil consumption is high, was significantly reduced. AC type of high-strength PHC piles is being manufactured through twice the steam curing process and this have resulted in a significant rise for product's manufacturing costs. NAC way other types of file manufacturing process has the advantage of reducing manufacturing costs by a turn of the steam curing. Nevertheless, because the initial strength be poor than that of AC method, shipment is being after the curing period of approximately three days. In addition, the growth of the product enhance with curing period can not be avoided, as a result, cost of inventory is acting as the rise. Piles by the AC method is immediately shipped after curing, damaging problems does not occur when they are introduced to the field site (for example, pile on-site). In the case of NAC, however, at least after the curing period of three days and after expressing the strength of 80 MPa or more, they are shipped on the scene. Therefore, NAC type has problems as follows: (1) increase in moderate inventory holding costs with type and (2) breakage in the field due to lack of strength. In this study, for NAC-typed PHC files, mixing characteristics research for the strength development at 1 day equivalent to AC method were conducted and strength characteristics with changes of original materials were evaluated were also identified.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Building Construction
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.313-319
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• 2018

For the entire world, due to the increased risks of explosion and terrorisms, damages on human life and properties have been increased. Regarding this issue, research on high performance fiber reinforced cementitious composite (HPFRCC) with the protecting performance for the building structures or military facilities against explosion or bombing has been increased (important). Among a series of the research, using emulsified refined cooking oil(ERCO) to reduce the autogenous shrinkage may cause some adverse effect on performance of the mixture such as increased viscosity, decreased fluidity, air content, and strength. Hence, in this research, based on the optimum design of HPFRCC induced by previous research, the influence of ERCO adding timing and dosage on autogenous shrinkage and fundamental properties were analyzed. As a result, it was revealed that 0.5% of ERCO should be added right after the mixing is most effective for the quality of HPFRCC such as fluidity, strength development and autogenous shrinkage reducing.

• International Journal of Automotive Technology
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• v.6 no.5
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• pp.437-444
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• 2005

Unburned hydrocarbon (UBHC) emissions from gasoline engines remain a primary engineering research and development concern due to stricter emission regulations. Gasoline engines produce more UBHC emissions during cold start and warm-up than during any other stage of operation, because of insufficient fuel-air mixing, particularly in view of the additional fuel enrichment used for early starting. Impingement of fuel droplets on the cylinder wall is a major source of UBHC and a concern for oil dilution. This paper describes an experimental study that was carried out to investigate the distribution and 'footprint' of fuel droplets impinging on the cylinder wall during the intake stroke under engine starting conditions. Injectors having different targeting and atomization characteristics were used in a 4-Valve engine with optical access to the intake port and combustion chamber. The spray and targeting performance were characterized using high-speed visualization and Phase Doppler Interferometry techniques. The fuel droplets impinging on the port, cylinder wall and piston top were characterized using a color imaging technique during simulated engine start-up from room temperature. Highly absorbent filter paper was placed around the circumference of the cylinder liner and on the piston top to collect fuel droplets during the intake strokes. A small amount of colored dye, which dissolves completely in gasoline, was used as the tracer. Color density on the paper, which is correlated with the amount of fuel deposited and its distribution on the cylinder wall, was measured using image analysis. The results show that by comparing the locations of the wetted footprints and their color intensities, the influence of fuel injection and engine conditions can be qualitatively and quantitatively examined. Fast FID measurements of UBHC were also performed on the engine for correlation to the mixture formation results.