• Transactions of Materials Processing
• /
• v.31 no.5
• /
• pp.281-289
• /
• 2022

Presently, 3D printers manufactured by material extrusion are economical and easy to use, so they are being used in various fields. However, this study conducted a tensile test on the infill pattern and density of the PLA+ material, due to the limitations of long printing time as well as low mechanical strength. The infill area for the infill density change was measured, using a vision-measuring machine for four infill patterns (concentric, zigzag, honeycomb, and cross) in which the nozzle path was the same for each layer. The tensile strength/weight[MPa/g] and tensile strength/printing time[MPa/min] of the tensile specimens were analyzed. In this study, efficient infill density and patterns are suggested, for cost reduction and productivity improvement. Consequently, it was confirmed that the infill area and infill percentage of the four patterns, were not constant according to the infill pattern. And the tensile strength of the infill density 40% of the honeycomb pattern and infill density 20% of the cross pattern, tended to highly consider the weight and printing time. Honeycomb and cross patterns could reduce the weight of the tensile specimen by 19.11%, 28.07%, as well as the printing time by 29.56%, 52.25%. Tensile strength was high in the order of concentric, zigzag, honeycomb, and cross patterns, considering the weight and printing time.

• Transactions of Materials Processing
• /
• v.33 no.2
• /
• pp.123-131
• /
• 2024

Plastic, the main material of FFF-type 3D printing, exhibits lower strength compared to metal. research aimed at increasing strength is needed for use in various industrial fields. This study analyzed three X-shape infill patterns(grid, lines, zigzag) with similar internal lattice structure. Moreover, tensile test considering weight and printing time was conducted based on the infill line multiplier and infill overlap percentage. The three X-shape infill patterns(grid, lines, zigzag) showed differences in nozzle paths, material usage and printing time. When infill line multiplier increased, there was a proportional increase in tensile strength/weight and tensile strength/printing time. In terms of infill overlap percentage, the grid pattern at 50% and the zigzag and lines patterns at 75% demonstrated the most efficient performance.

• Transactions of Materials Processing
• /
• v.32 no.5
• /
• pp.255-267
• /
• 2023

Recently, 3D printing using a material extrusion method is used in various fields. Since plastic material has lower strength than steel, research to increase the strength is continuously being conducted. This study investigates the lattice structure for additive manufacturing of six 3D infill patterns (octet, quarter cubic, cubic, cubic subdivision, triangles and cross 3D) which consist of tetragons, hexagonal trusses, equilateral triangles and cross shapes. Consequently, in the tensile strength considering the weight and printing time, octet, quarter cubic, cubic and triangles patterns tended to increase linearly as the infill density increased, except for the infill density of 20%. However, the tensile strength/weight performed better than the infill density of 100% when the cubic subdivision pattern had the infill density of 20% and the cross 3D pattern had the infill density of 40%. Considering the weight and printing time, the infill patterns of high tensile strength were octet, quarter cubic, cubic, cubic subdivision, triangles and cross 3D order.

• Composites Research
• /
• v.35 no.6
• /
• pp.463-468
• /
• 2022

The high porosity of the infill pattern of carbon chopped fiber-reinforced Nylon composite structures fabricated by the fused filament fabrication (FFF) type 3D printers determines the mechanical performance of the printed structures. This study experimentally evaluated the mechanical performance of Onyx composite specimens fabricated with a rectangular infill structure under the hot-pressing condition to improve the mechanical properties by reducing the porosity of the infill pattern of the printed structure, and evaluated the best mechanical performance. The hot-pressing conditions (145℃, 4 MPa, 12 min) that induce the most appropriate mechanical properties were found. As a result of microscopic observation, it was confirmed that the infill porosity of the composite specimens subjected to post hot-pressing treatment was effectively reduced. In order to confirm the mechanical performance of the post-treated specimen, a tensile test and a three-point bending test were performed with a control specimen without post-treatment and a specimen printed with the same density and dimensions after post-treatment to evaluate the mechanical properties. As a result of comparison, it was confirmed that the mechanical properties were effectively improved when the post-treatment of hot-pressing was performed.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
• /
• v.46 no.3
• /
• pp.481-493
• /
• 2022

This study investigated process conditions for 3D printing through manufacturing thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) samples under different infill conditions. Samples were prepared using a fused deposition modeling 3D printer and TPU filament. 12 infill patterns were set (2D: grid, lines, zigzag; 3D: triangles, cubic, cubic subdivision, octet, quarter cubic; 3DF: concentric, cross 3D, cross, honeycomb), with 3 infill densities (20%, 50%, 80%). Morphology, actual time/weight and compressive properties were analyzed. In morphology: it was found that, as infill density increased, the increase rate of the number of units rose for 2D and fell for 3DF. Printing time varied with the number of nozzle movements. In the 3DF case, the number of nozzle movements increased rapidly with infill density. Sample weight increased similarly. However, where the increase rate of the number of units was low, sample weight was also low. In compressive properties: compressive stress increased with infill density and stress was high for the patterns with layers of the same shape.

• Transactions of Materials Processing
• /
• v.31 no.2
• /
• pp.89-95
• /
• 2022

3D printing products manufactured by material extrusion are used in many industrial fields recently. However, these products are difficult to use in the field due to their low tensile strengths. In order to solve this problem, research on improving the tensile strength of the output using a 3D printer has been continuously conducted. In this study, we performed a tensile test using Universal Testing Machine according to infill pattern, nozzle temperature, bed temperature, and printing speed conditions. Results revealed that tensile specimen of concentric shape had the highest tensile strength in infill pattern condition and that the tensile strength increased linearly with increasing nozzle and bed temperatures. However, the tensile strength decreased with increasing printing speed. Consequently, we confirmed that tensile strength could be increased and decreased depending on output conditions of 3D printing.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
• /
• v.44 no.1
• /
• pp.85-107
• /
• 2012

The building frame and its foundation along with the soil on which it rests, together constitute a complete structural system. In the conventional analysis, a structure is analysed as an independent frame assuming unyielding supports and the interactive response of soil-foundation is disregarded. This kind of analysis does not provide realistic behaviour and sometimes may cause failure of the structure. Also, the conventional analysis considers infill wall as non-structural elements and ignores its interaction with the bounding frame. In fact, the infill wall provides lateral stiffness and thus plays vital role in resisting the seismic forces. Thus, it is essential to consider its effect especially in case of high rise buildings. In the present research work the building frame, infill wall, isolated column footings (open foundation) and soil mass are considered to act as a single integral compatible structural unit to predict the nonlinear interaction behaviour of the composite system under seismic forces. The coupled isoparametric finite-infinite elements have been used for modelling of the interaction system. The material of the frame, infill and column footings has been assumed to follow perfectly linear elastic relationship whereas the well known hyperbolic soil model is used to account for the nonlinearity of the soil mass.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Manufacturing Process Engineers
• /
• v.16 no.2
• /
• pp.94-101
• /
• 2017

Recently, the small quantity batch production method has come into the spotlight as there are more plastic processing methods. At the same time, the 3D printer market has become globally widespread due to expired 3D printer patents. In particular, the FDM method is widely used for cheap products and materials. However, the FDM scheme is not as good as the injection molding method for quality and strength. This study investigated the effect of the internal filling and strength according to layer thickness to search for the optimum printing of the factors (infill and layer thickness) that determine the strength of the model.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
• /
• v.64 no.5
• /
• pp.543-555
• /
• 2017

The non-linear behaviour of integral infilled frames (in which the infill and the frame are bonded together with help of various interface materials) is studied both experimentally and numerically. The experiments were carried out on one-sixth scale two-bay and three-storey reinforced concrete frames with and without infill against static cyclic loading. Three interface materials - cement mortar, cork and foam have been used in between the infill and the frame. The infill, interface and the frame are bonded together is called integral frame. The linear and non-linear behaviors of two dimensional bare frame and integral infilled frame have been studied numerically using the commercial finite element software SAP 2000. Linear finite element analysis has been carried out to quantify the effect of various interface materials on the infilled frames with various combinations of 21 cases and the results compared. The modified configuration that used all three interface materials offered better resistance above others. Therefore, the experiments were limited to this modified infilled frame case configuration, in addition to conventional (A1-integral infilled frame with cement mortar as interface) and bare frame (A0-No infill). The results have been compared with the numerical results done initially. It is found that stiffness of bare frame increased by infilling and the strength of modified frame increased by 20% compare to bare frame. The ductility ratio of modified infilled frame was 42% more than that of the conventional infilled frame. In general, the numerical result was found to be in good agreement with experimental results for initial crack load, ultimate load and deformed pattern of infill.

• Steel and Composite Structures
• /
• v.33 no.5
• /
• pp.729-746
• /
• 2019

The nonlinear behavior of single- and multi-story steel plate shear walls (SPSWs) strengthened with three different patterns of fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) laminates (including single-strip, multi-strip and fully FRP-strengthened models) is studied using the finite element analysis. In the research, the effects of orientation, width, thickness and type (glass or carbon) of FRP sheets as well as the system aspect ratio and height are investigated. Results show that, despite an increase in the system strength using FRP sheets, ductility of reinforced SPSWs is decreased due to the delay in the initiation of yielding in the infill wall, while their initial stiffness does not change significantly. The content/type/reinforcement pattern of FRPs does affect the nonlinear behavior characteristics and also the mode and pattern of failure. In the case of multi-strip and fully FRP-strengthened models, the use of FPR sheets almost along the direction of the infill wall tension fields can maximize the effectiveness of reinforcement. In the case of single-strip pattern, the effectiveness of reinforcement is decreased for larger aspect ratios. Moreover, a relatively simplified and approximate theoretical procedure for estimating the strength of SPSWs reinforced with different patterns of FRP laminates is presented and compared with the analytical results.