• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.147-156
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• 2001

The purpose of this study was to identify the difference of vertical movement of mandible according to Angle's molar relationship and by skeletal factors affect to vertical movement of mandible. 172(age ranged from 20 to 30) subjects who go to college within territory of Kwangju city without any experience of temporomandibular disorder, extraction and orthodontic treatment. were selected for this study. The subjects were classified into class I(male:30, female:49), class II(male:18, female:24) and class III(male:18, female:33) according to Angle's molar relationship. The distance was measured between incisal edge of maxillary and mandibular central incisor and between bottom of central fossa of maxillary and mandibular 1st molar with ruler. The arch length and width were measured on the diagnostic cast. Cephalometrics were taken and then traced. Landmarks were identified and analyzed. 1. Maximal interincisal opening of male is larger than that of female in class I, class II and class III. Among each group maximal interincisal distance is the largest in class III. Maximal intermolar distance of male is superior to that of female in class I, class II, and class III, but there is no siginficant difference among them. 2. On maximal opening movement of Angle's classification class I and class II, total mandibular length, mandibular ramal length, madibular inferior border length and upper arch width were important variables and facial length, upper arch length and lower arch length had negative relationship to that. On maximal opening movement of Angle's class III, the upper arch length, the lower arch length and anterior facial length were important variables especially when compared with class I and II, and upper arch width had negative relationship. These results suggest that maximal opening movement is affected by facial morphology in all classes, but each group is affected by different facial skeletal variables. Accordingly, facioskeletal variables might be considered as diagnosis and treatment to improve the amount of mouth opening.

• The Journal of Art Theory & Practice
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• no.5
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• pp.25-41
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• 2007

Despite continuous efforts to redraw the boundaries between art and culture, the conventional concept of originality has persisted in approaches to the practice of contemporary art. In the discourse of originality, various forms of lesser arts that employ the method of replication have been referred to as kitsch, or "rear-guard," the opposite of avant-garde. This categorization points to the contested issue regarding the oppositional relation between modernism and mass culture. With its easily accessible content and financial affordability, mass culture has become both an irresistible attraction and a most powerful threat to modernism. This threat has instigated a discursive system that has situated mass culture as a cultural other of modernism. Taking the marginalized category of kitsch as the area of contention, this paper examines a discursive repression of kitsch. It analyzes the conceptual framework that defends originality and autonomy in art and, conversely, degrades kitsch as an inferior and dangerous cultural category. Greenberg'S concept of kitsch as a by-product of industrialization evolved into the criticism that advocates the autonomy of art. The Frankfurt School scholars, particularly Theodor Adorno and Max Horkheimer, practiced comparable cultural critiques. Focusing on mass culture such as film, radio, and television, instead of art works, they critically analyzed the system of mass culture and theorized the negative implications of the ubiquitous presence of kitsch. Some critics, on the other hand, perceived the growth of mass culture as opening possibilities in cultural development. Walter Benjamin and Harold Rosenberg asserted the socio-cultural dynamics of mass culture underlining the potential for continual transformation in reality and in the subject. They acknowledged that technological advances changed the condition of creation and enabled unmediated interactions between media. By scrutinizing conflicting views on kitsch, this paper intends to reassess arts that draw "the forces of the outside."

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.51 no.5
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• pp.321-328
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• 2021

Objective: To examine the accuracy of computer-aided intraoperative navigation (Ci-Navi) in bimaxillary orthognathic surgery by comparing preoperative planning and postoperative outcome. Methods: The study comprised 45 patients with congenital dentomaxillofacial deformities who were scheduled to undergo bimaxillary orthognathic surgery. Virtual bimaxillary orthognathic surgery was simulated using Mimics software. Intraoperatively, a Le Fort I osteotomy of the maxilla was performed using osteotomy guide plates. After the Le Fort I osteotomy and bilateral sagittal split ramus osteotomy of the mandible, the mobilized maxilla and the distal mandibular segment were fixed using an occlusal splint, forming the maxillomandibular complex (MMC). Real-time Ci-Navi was used to lead the MMC in the designated direction. Osteoplasty of the inferior border of the mandible was performed using Ci-Navi when facial symmetry and skeletal harmony were of concern. Linear and angular distinctions between preoperative planning and postoperative outcomes were calculated. Results: The mean linear difference was 0.79 mm (maxilla: 0.62 mm, mandible: 0.88 mm) and the overall mean angular difference was 1.20°. The observed difference in the upper incisor point to the Frankfort horizontal plane, midfacial sagittal plane, and coronal plane was < 1 mm in 40 cases. Conclusions: This study demonstrates the role of Ci-Navi in the accurate positioning of bone segments during bimaxillary orthognathic surgery. Ci-Navi was found to be a reliable method for the accurate transfer of the surgical plan during an operation.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.49 no.2
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• pp.127-135
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• 2019

Purpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate the computed tomography (CT) imaging findings and clinical symptoms of patients who complained of neurosensory disturbances after mandibular implant surgery, and to investigate the relationships of these parameters with the prognosis for recovery. Methods: CT scans were reviewed in 56 patients with nerve disturbance after mandibular implant surgery. Two oral radiologists classified the imaging findings into intrusion, contact, close, and separate groups according to the distance from the inferior border of the implant to the roof of the mandibular canal (MC). The symptoms of 56 patients were classified into 8 groups and the frequency of each group was investigated. Patients were categorized according to symptom improvement into no recovery and recovery groups, and the relationships of recovery with the CT classification and specific symptom groups were analyzed. Results: Thirty-eight of the 56 nerve disturbance cases showed improvement. The close and separate groups in the CT classification had a strong tendency for recovery (90.9% and 81.8%, respectively) (P<0.05). Although the lowest recovery rate was found in the intrusion group, it was non-negligible, at 50%. The 6 patients with a worm crawling feeling all improved, while the 8 cases with a tightening sensation showed the lowest recovery rate, at 12.5%, and the symptom of a tightening sensation occurred only in the intrusion and contact groups. Conclusions: The closer the implant fixture was to the MC on CT images, the less likely the patient was to recover. Regarding paresthesia symptoms, while a worm crawling feeling is thought to be a predictor of recovery, a tightening sensation appeared to be associated with a lower recovery rate.

• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• v.39 no.4
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• pp.172-183
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• 2022

Objectives : An error was found in the recent standard by the World Health Organization (WHO) on the locations of the Upper arm Route of Lung Meridian (URLM) and its acupoints LU3 and LU4. This possible incorrect information is being taught throughout Korean medicine colleges nationwide, which follow WHO standards. Therefore, an investigation is required to sort out this discrepancy based on the evidence in historical documents. Methods : The location of WHO's URLM and LU3 and LU4 were compared with corresponding information in the classical literature. The anatomical structure mentioned in these classical documents was examined. Finally, an assessment was conducted on whether this structure is reflected in the WHO standards. Results : Classical literature prior to the early 20th century records the locations of the Lung Meridian and LU3 and LU4 of the upper arm to be in the artery on the medial aspect. This artery corresponds to the brachial artery. The location established by the WHO is on the anterolateral side of the upper arm, where no large arteries exist that can be found by haptic search or angiographically. The anterolateral side of the upper arm belongs to the Yang aspect, which does not coincide with the Yin aspect of Lung Meridian. Conclusions : The WHO's URLM and LU3-4 standards do not agree with the classical literature. The correct route must coincide with the brachial artery passing through the medial side of the humerus. The actual location of LU3-4 is on the medial aspect of the arm, just medial to the border of the biceps brachii muscle, on the brachial artery, 3-4 B-cun inferior to the anterior axillary fold.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Crop Science Conference
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• 2022.10a
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• pp.75-75
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• 2022

Traditional agriculture mostly focused on activity in the field, but current agriculture faces problems such as reduction of agricultural inputs, labor shortage and so on. Accordingly, traditional agricultural experiments generally considered the simple treatment effects, but current agricultural experiments need to consider the several and complicate treatment effects. To analyze such several and complicate treatment effects, data collection has the first priority. Remote sensing is a quite effective tool to collect information in agriculture, and recent easier availability of UAVs (Unmanned Aerial Vehicles) enhances the effectiveness. LAI (Leaf Area Index) is one of the most important information for evaluating the condition of crop growth. In this study, we utilized UAV with multispectral camera to evaluate plant-based LAI of sweetcorn in a small-scale field experiment and discussed the feasibility of a new experimental design to analyze the several and complicate treatment effects. The plant-based SR measured by UAV showed the highest correlation coefficient with LAI measured by a canopy analyzer in 2018 and 2019. Application of linear mix model showed that plant-based SR data had higher detection power due to its huge number of data although SR was inferior to evaluate LAI than the canopy analyzer. The distribution of plant-based data also statistically revealed the border effect in treatment plots in the traditional experimental design. These results suggest that remote sensing with UAVs has the advantage even in a small-scale experimental plot and has a possibility to provide a new experimental design if combined with various analytical applications such as plant size, shape, and color.

• Archives of Craniofacial Surgery
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• v.24 no.6
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• pp.266-272
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• 2023

Background: In recent years, there has been an increase in reports of perioral vascular complications resulting from filler injections, such as necrosis of the lip or alar rim, occlusion, and in severe cases, blindness. Conversely, the use of perioral arterial flaps is becoming more prevalent in the treatment of cleft lips, cancer, and trauma. A thorough understanding of perioral arteries is essential to minimize complications and maximize the success of these flaps. However, the course of the facial artery (FA) in the perioral region remains incompletely understood. The aim of this study was to describe the variations of the FA in the perioral region. Methods: We dissected 52 embalmed and formaldehyde-fixed Vietnamese cadavers. We then studied the size and distribution of perioral arteries in 102 specimens. Results: The superior labial artery (SLA) was the most common branch, occurring in 87.25% of cadavers, followed by the inferior labial artery (ILA) at 78.43%. The SLA primarily originated above the mouth corner (cheilion), accounting for 91.01% of cases, and predominantly exhibited a tortuous course within the submucosa (78.65%). The ILA's branching pattern varied, but it was primarily located below the cheilion (91.25%). The ILA also followed a twisted path, generally within the submucosa. The ILA exhibited two patterns: the typical pattern, distributed at the vermilion border of the lower lip (8.82%), and the horizontal labiomental artery pattern, which ran horizontally in the middle of the lower lip area (69.61%). At their origin, the SLA and ILA had average external diameters of 1.29 mm and 1.28 mm, respectively. Conclusion: Numerous anatomical variations in the FA in the perioral region were found. A detailed anatomic description, suggested landmarks, and angiography before the procedure will be useful to help doctors avoid complications.

• Anatomy and Cell Biology
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• v.56 no.3
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• pp.308-312
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• 2023

The bony notch on the inferior border of the mandible, anterior to the attachment of the masseter muscle, where the facial vessels commonly pass, has been called different names in the literature, e.g., premasseteric notch, antegonial notch, and notch for the facial vessels. Interestingly, various disciplines have leaned toward different names for this notch. Therefore, to aid in consistent communication among professionals, the present study aimed to analyze usage of these varied terms and make recommendations for the best terminology. Based on the adjacent anatomical structures used to name this notch, three groups were analyzed in this study, a group using masseter in the term, a group using gonion in the term, and a group using facial vessels in the term. A literature search found that the group using gonion in the term was found most in the literature. The orthodontics field used gonion in the term the most (29.0%: 31/107) followed by the oral and maxillofacial surgery field (14.0%: 15/107), the plastic surgery field (4.7%: 5/107), and the anatomy field (3.7%: 4/107). The dental field used gonion in this term the most (43.9%: 47/107) and the medical field used facial vessels in the term the most (33.3%: 6/18). Based on these results, the use of gonial terms for this notch seems to be preferred.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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• v.50 no.1
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• pp.1-9
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• 2012

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of a mouthguard on stress distribution under mandibular impact. Materials and methods: The FEM model of head consisted of skull, maxilla, mandible, articular disc, teeth, and mouthguard. The impact locations on mandible were gnathion, the center of inferior border, and the anterior edge of gonial angle. And the impact directions were vertical, oblique ($45^{\circ}$), and horizontal. The impact load was 800 N for 0.1 sec. Results: When vertical impact was applied, the similar stress and the distribution pattern was occurred without the relation of the mouthguard use (P>.05). The model with mouthguard was dispersed the stress to the teeth, the facial bone and the skull when the oblique ($45^{\circ}$) impacts were happened. However, the stress was centralized on the teeth in the model without mouthguard(P<.05). The model with mouthguard was dispersed the stress to the teeth, the facial bone and the skull when the horizontal impacts was occurred. However, the stress was centralized on the teeth without mouthguard (P<.05). For all impact loads, stress concentrated on maxillary anterior teeth in model without mouthguard, on the contrary, the stress was low in the model with mouthguard and distributed broadly on maxillary anterior teeth, facial bone, and skull. Conclusion: The mouthguard was less effective at shock absorbing when vertical impact was added. However, it was approved that mouthguard absorbed the shock regarded to the oblique ($45^{\circ}$) and horizontal impact by dispersing the shock to the broader areas and decreasing the stress.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.293-299
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• 2008

Bite force is created by the force of adjacent teeth accompanied with tension of masticatory muscle. The bite force value is greater in male than in female and ha maximum value at first molar. Masseter muscle is associated with bite force and during muscle contraction the electric signal is expressed in EMG form. The aim of the study is to assess recovery time for masseter muscle activity and according to each part of bite force after open reduction with internal fixation when mandibular angle fracture and subcondyle fracture occurred. And to determine the appropriate period for mandibular fracture patients to have normal masticatory activity. 30 patients with normal bite condition was selected for control group and from April, 2007 to September, 2007, 20 patients who visited our department of oral and maxillofacial surgery of Dankook University, were selected for the study and were diagnosed as mandibular angle fracture and subcondyle fracture. For control group, the bite force for incisors, canine, premolars and molars and activity of the masseter muscle was measured and compared for 1, 2, 3, 4, 6 and 8 weeks. That was divided as fracture side and normal side. Mann-Whitney U test was performed for significant difference and the following result was obtained. 1. The maximum voluntary bite force for incisors, canine, premolars and molars portion were 0.113 kN, 0.182kN, 0.295kN and 0.486kN and the masseter muscle activity was 0.192 volts in the control group. 2. The maximum bite force at fracture side was recovered by 4th weeks for incisors, 6th weeks for canine and premolars and 8th weeks for molars and the masseter muscle activity was recovered by 6th weeks in the experimental group. 2. The maximum bite force at normal side was recovered by 4th weeks for incisors, 6th weeks for canine, premolars and molars and the masseter muscle activity was recovered by 3rd weeks in the experimental group. 3. The method for internal fixation by 2.0mm miniplates at both superior and inferior border had no complications according for twenty patients and had a satisfactory recovery. According to the result, patient with mandibular angle fracture and subcondyle fracture, 8 weeks was required for bite force recovery. Therefore, patients with open reduction and internal fixation under general anesthesis, it can be assumed that 8 weeks was needed after operation in order to have normal bite force and masseter muscle recovery.