• Title/Summary/Keyword: Infection exposure

Search Result 395, Processing Time 0.025 seconds

Quantitative comparison of mRNA expression of glucosyltransferase (GTF) between $xylitol-resistant(X^R)$ and $xylitol-sensitive(X^S)$ mutans streptococci (Mutans streptococci의 자일리톨 내성균주와 감성균주의 glucosyltransferase mRNA의 정량적 비교 연구)

  • Lee, MI-Na;Kim, Young-Jae;Lee, Sung-Hoon;Kim, Chong-Chul
    • Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
    • /
    • v.33 no.1
    • /
    • pp.77-84
    • /
    • 2006
  • Since the long-term exposure of mutans streptococci to xylitol is known to select for xylitol-resistant $(X^R)$ natural mutants, the occurrence and survival of such $(X^R)$ strains were performed in batch culture methods. The aim of the study was to compare the differentiation and quantification of mRNA expression of the gtf genes of $X^R\;and\;X^S$ mutans streptococci. Using a real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction, the expression of each gtf was determined. In $X^R$ strains, the relative levels of transcription of gtfB and gtfC were decreased while that of gtfD was increased, suggesting the presence of independent promoters. It also suggested that mutation related to production of glucosyltransferase occurred under the exposure of xylitol could explain the caries-preventive mechanisms of xylitol.

  • PDF

The Reliability of the Transconjunctival Approach for Orbital Exposure: Measurement of Positional Changes in the Lower Eyelid

  • Yoon, Sung Ho;Lee, Jin Hoon
    • Archives of Craniofacial Surgery
    • /
    • v.18 no.4
    • /
    • pp.249-254
    • /
    • 2017
  • Background: Lower eyelid incisions are widely used for the orbital approach in periorbital trauma and aesthetic surgery. In general, the subciliary approach is known to cause disposition of the lower eyelid by scarring the anterior lamella in some cases. On the other hand, many surgeons believe that a transconjunctival approach usually does not result in such complications and is a reliable method. We measured positional changes in the lower eyelid in blowout fracture repair since entropion is one of the most serious complications of the transconjunctival orbital approach. Methods: To measure the positional changes in the lower eyelids, we analyzed preoperative and postoperative photographs over various time intervals. In the analysis of the photographs, marginal reflex distance 2 ($MRD_2$) and eyelash angle were used as an index of eyelid position. Statistical analyses were performed to identify the significance in the positional changes. All patients underwent orbital reconstruction through a transconjunctival incision by a single plastic surgeon. Results: In 42 blowout fracture patients, there was no statistical significant difference in the MRD2 and eyelash angle. Furthermore, there were no clinical complications, such as infection, hematoma, bleeding, or implant protrusion, during the follow-up periods. Conclusion: The advantages of the transconjunctival approach for orbital access include minimal scarring and a lower risk of eyelid displacement compared with other approaches. Based on these results, we recommend the transconjunctival approach for orbital exposure as a safe and reliable method.

Anti-Toxoplasma Activities of Zea Mays and Eryngium Caucasicum Extracts, In Vitro and In Vivo

  • Ahmadpour, Ehsan;Ebrahimzadeh, Mohammad Ali;Sharif, Mehdi;Edalatian, Sara;Sarvi, Shahabeddin;Montazeri, Mahbobeh;Mehrzadi, Saeed;Akbari, Mohammad;Rahimi, Mohammad Taghi;Daryani, Ahmad
    • Journal of Pharmacopuncture
    • /
    • v.22 no.3
    • /
    • pp.154-159
    • /
    • 2019
  • Objectives: Toxoplasmosis is a worldwide health problem that caused by intracellular apicomplexan parasite, Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii). Considering that the available drugs for toxoplasmosis have serious host toxicity, the aim of the current study was to survey the in vitro and in vivo anti-Toxoplasma activity of Zea mays (Z. mays) and Eryngium caucasicum (E. caucasicum) extracts. Methods: Four concentrations (5, 10, 25, and $50mg\;mL^{-1}$) of Z. mays and E. caucasicum methanolic extracts for 30, 60, 120, and 180 min were incubated with infected macrophages and then the viability of RH strain of T. gondii tachyzoites was evaluated by trypan blue staining method. Also, we evaluated the survival rate of acutely infected mice with the extracts (100 and $200mg\;kg^{-1}\;day^{-1}$) intraperitoneally for 5 days after infection with $2{\times}104$ tachyzoites of T. gondii. Results: The anti-Toxoplasma effect of the methanolic extracts were extremely significant compared to the negative control group in all exposure times (P < 0.05). The Z. mays (10, 25 and $50mg\;mL^{-1}$) killed 100% of the parasites after 180 and 120 min exposure, respectively. Also, high toxoplasmacidal activity was observed with E. caucasicum extract. Furthermore, treatment of experimentally infected mice with the Z. mays (100, $200mg\;kg^{-1}\;day^{-1}$) and E. caucasicum ($100mg\;kg^{-1}\;day^{-1}$) significantly increased their survival rate compared to untreated infected control (P < 0.05). Conclusion: These extracts are promising candidates for further medicine development on toxoplasmosis. However, further investigations are necessary to clarify effective fractions of the Z. mays and E. caucasicum extracts and the mechanisms of action.

A field approach to eradication of porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus in a breeding pig farm: A case-control study

  • Kim, Eunju;Yi, Seung-Won;Oh, Sang-Ik;So, Kyoung-Min;Jung, Younghun;Lee, Han Gyu;Hong, Joon Ki;Cho, Eun Seok;Kim, Young-Sin;Hur, Tai-Young
    • Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
    • /
    • v.44 no.4
    • /
    • pp.291-297
    • /
    • 2021
  • Severe outbreaks of porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus (PEDV) have continued to re-emerge worldwide. Because of the high mortality rate of suckling piglets in PEDV outbreaks, the disease causes significant economic losses in the pig industry. The limited pre-existing immunity against this virus is thought to cause an explosive increase in infection in pig farms. This study aimed to evaluate the clinical symptoms of PEDV after intentional exposure (feedback). During the first few days of the outbreak in a breeding pig farm, 14 sows showed watery diarrhoea, and the disease subsequently spread rapidly throughout the barn. Pigs that were intentionally exposed to PEDV (n=251) showed watery diarrhoea (46.6%), reduced appetite (17.5%), and vomiting (6.0%). However, 75 exposed pigs (29.9%) showed no clinical signs of disease. Four weeks after the feedback challenge, 34 sows gave birth to litters of piglets, which survived with no diarrhoea. Five weeks after the start of the outbreak, PEDV was not detected in any of the examined samples, including environmental swabs. Thus, early diagnosis, prompt establishment of herd immunity, and strict application of biosecurity are good practices to reduce the mortality rates among new-born piglets and control economic losses in pig farms showing PEDV outbreaks.

Extracellular Acidification Augments NLRP3-Mediated Inflammasome Signaling in Macrophages

  • Byeong Jun Chae;Kyung-Seo Lee;Inhwa Hwang;Je-Wook Yu
    • IMMUNE NETWORK
    • /
    • v.23 no.3
    • /
    • pp.23.1-23.17
    • /
    • 2023
  • Inflammation is a series of host defense processes in response to microbial infection and tissue injury. Inflammatory processes frequently cause extracellular acidification in the inflamed region through increased glycolysis and lactate secretion. Therefore, the immune cells infiltrating the inflamed region encounter an acidic microenvironment. Extracellular acidosis can modulate the innate immune response of macrophages; however, its role for inflammasome signaling still remains elusive. In the present study, we demonstrated that macrophages exposed to an acidic microenvironment exhibited enhanced caspase-1 processing and IL-1β secretion compared with those under physiological pH. Moreover, exposure to an acidic pH increased the ability of macrophages to assemble the NLR family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome in response to an NLRP3 agonist. This acidosis-mediated augmentation of NLRP3 inflammasome activation occurred in bone marrow-derived macrophages but not in bone marrow-derived neutrophils. Notably, exposure to an acidic environment caused a reduction in the intracellular pH of macrophages but not neutrophils. Concordantly, macrophages, but not neutrophils, exhibited NLRP3 agonist-mediated translocation of chloride intracellular channel protein 1 (CLIC1) into their plasma membranes under an acidic microenvironment. Collectively, our results demonstrate that extracellular acidosis during inflammation can increase the sensitivity of NLRP3 inflammasome formation and activation in a CLIC1-dependent manner. Thus, CLIC1 may be a potential therapeutic target for NLRP3 inflammasome-mediated pathological conditions.

The ameliorating role of sofosbuvir and daclatasvir on thioacetamide-induced kidney injury in adult albino rats

  • Ahmed H. Moustafa;Heba F. Pasha;Manar A. Abas;Adel M. Aboregela
    • Anatomy and Cell Biology
    • /
    • v.56 no.1
    • /
    • pp.109-121
    • /
    • 2023
  • Thioacetamide (TAA) exposure and hepatitis C virus infection are usually associated with renal dysfunction. Sofosbuvir (SFV) and daclatasvir (DAC) drugs combination has great value in the treatment of hepatitis C. The study aimed to identify the nephrotoxic effects of TAA and to evaluate the ameliorative role of SFV and DAC in this condition. Forty-eight adult male albino rats were divided into eight groups and received saline (control), SFV, DAC, SFV+DAC, TAA, TAA+SFV, TAA+DAC and TAA+SFV+DAC for eight weeks. Kidney and blood samples were retrieved and processed for histological (Hematoxylin and Eosin and Masson's trichrome), immunohistochemical (α-smooth muscle actin), and biochemical analysis (urea, creatinine, total protein, albumin, malondialdehyde, reduced glutathione, superoxide dismutase, and tumor necrosis factor-α). Examination revealed marked destruction of renal tubules on exposure to TAA with either hypertrophy or atrophy of glomeruli, increase in collagen deposition, and wide expression of α-smooth muscle actin. Also, significant disturbance in kidney functions, oxidative stress markers, and tumor necrosis factor-α. Supplementation with either SFV or DAC produced mild improvement in the tissue and laboratory markers. Moreover, the combination of both drugs greatly refined the pathology induced by TAA at the cellular and laboratory levels. However, there are still significant differences when compared to the control. In conclusion, SFV and DAC combination partially but greatly ameliorated the renal damage induced by TAA which might be enhanced with further supplementations to give new hope for those with nephropathy associated with hepatitis.

QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS OF TRANSFORMING GROWTH $FACTOR-{\beta}_1$ IN HUMAN FIBROBLASTS INDUCED WITH STAPHYLOCOCCUS ENTEROTOXIN B AND LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDE (Staphylococcus enterotoxin B와 lipopolysaccharide를 작용시킨 사람 섬유아 세포에서 생성된 Transforming Growth $Factor-{\beta}_1$의 정량적 분석)

  • Lee, Seong-Geun;Kim, Kwang-Hyuk;Kim, Uk-Kyu;Kim, Jong-Ryoul;Chung, In-Kyo;Yang, Dong-Kyu
    • Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
    • /
    • v.22 no.2
    • /
    • pp.123-132
    • /
    • 2000
  • $TGF-{\beta}_1$ is a potent chemotactic factor for inflammatory cells and fibroblasts. It also stimulates the celluar source and components of extracellular matrix and the production of proteinase inhibitors. Collectively, these biologic activities lead to the accumulation and stabilization of the nascent matrix, which is vital to infection control. The objective of this study is to investigate production of $TGF-{\beta}$ in vitro fibroblast culture in the presence of Staphylococcus enterotoxin B(SEB) and/or lipopolysaccharide(LPS) and to elucidate the role of $TGF-{\beta}_1$ which may be responsible for infection control. The fibroblasts were originated from gingiva and facial dermis in 26 year-old male patient. In the presence of LPS($0.01{\mu}g$, $0.1{\mu}g$, $1.0{\mu}g$), SEB($0.01{\mu}g$, $0.l{\mu}g$, $1.0{\mu}g$) respectively, $cells(5{\times}10^3ml)$ were cultivated in vitro. At 1, 3, and 5 days after incubation, cells were counted. Also, $cells(2.5{\times}10^5ml)$ were cultivated in EMEM with LPS(0.01, 0.1 and $1.0{\mu}g$), SEB(0.01, 0.1 and $1.0{\mu}g$) respectively and $LPS(0.1{\mu}g)$ and $SEB(0.1{\mu}g)$ in combination for 24, 48, and 72 hours respectively. Culture supernatants were harvested at 1, 2, and 3 days after incubation period and triplicate culture supernatants were pooled and $TGF-{\beta}_1$ was assayed in duplicate. The results were as follows. 1. In gingival fibroblast induced with SEB and LPS respectively or in combination, the suppression of cell Proliferation occurred very significantly since 3 days after incubation, compared with the control and the production of $TGF-{\beta}_1$ occurred very significantly at 1 day after incubation, compared with the control. 2. In facial dermal fibroblast induced with SEB and LPS respectively or in combination, the suppression of cell proliferation occurred very significantly at 1 day after incubation, compared with the control. In SEB exposure, the production of $TGF-{\beta}_1$ was decreased very significantly at 1 day after incubation, compared with the control. However, in LPS, SEB and LPS exposure, the production of $TGF-{\beta}_1$ was increased very significantly at 1 day after incubation, compared with the control. In conclusion, the concentration of bacterial toxins and the incubation period correlated with cell proliferation and production of $TGF-{\beta}_1$ very significantly. The gingival and facial dermal fibroblasts have different phenotype each other The orchestrated understanding of fibroblast proliferation and $TGF-{\beta}_1$ production play an important part in host defense against the bacterial Infection and may prevent tissue necrosis such as necrotizing fasciitis and life-threatening syndrome such as multiple organ failure.

  • PDF

Tow-Year Follow-up Study for Clinical Feature and Immunity of The Children, Vaccinated by 47 Passaged Oka Strain Live Attenuated Varicella Vaccine (47계대 Oka주 약독화 생백신 접종 후 2년간 임상 및 면역성의 추적 연구)

  • Kang, Jin Han;Kim, Jong Hyun;Hur, Jae Kyun;Woo, Koo
    • Pediatric Infection and Vaccine
    • /
    • v.7 no.1
    • /
    • pp.129-135
    • /
    • 2000
  • Purpose : We previously reported the short-term immunogenecity and safety of 47 passaged Oka strain live attenuated varicella vaccine in healthy children in 1997. Now, we conducted this two-year follow-up study to confirm the maintenance of immunity, the occurrence of natural varicella infection and the activation of vaccine induced latent infection on the same vaccine. Methods : 99 children who had been immunized by 47 passaged Oka strain live attenuated varicella vaccine in 1997 were followed up by questionnaire, and 46 children out of study group were followed up serologically. They were asked to report any instance of varicella or herpes zoster since they had been immunized. If there was any evidence of varicella or herpes zoster, they should be clinically or serologically confirmed by doctor. Also, those patients' parents were asked to report any instance of varicella or herpes zoster in their family, playmate, kindergarten, school, or other settings. The immunity to VZV was confirmed by EIA and FAMA test. Results : 6 recipients developed breakthrough varicella after exposure to VZV in family, kindergarten and school during follow-up period. However, clinical features of those patients were very mild and self limited without therapy. And none of the recipients developed herpes zoster during this observation period. The results of EIA test showed that study subjects were all seropositive except one, and the antibody titers and GMT of FAMA test were seropositively maintained in all subjects. Statistically, the antibody titers of EIA and FAMA test confirmed two years after vaccination were higher than those results confirmed one month after vaccination. Conclusion : Our study results suggest that the immunity of 47 passaged Oka strain live attenuated varicella is well maintained until 2 years later after vaccination, and mild natural infection after exposure to VZV can be occurred with low rate. There were not developing zoster in study vaccine after vaccination for two-years.

  • PDF

Contamination of operator's clothing by aerosols during scaling (스케일링 시 에어로졸에 의한 술자의 의복 오염도)

  • Kang, Kyung-Hee;Kim, Ye-Jin;Min, Ji-Yeon;Park, Seul-Gi;Woo, Ju-Hee;Goong, Haw-Soo
    • Journal of Korean Academy of Dental Administration
    • /
    • v.5 no.1
    • /
    • pp.31-37
    • /
    • 2017
  • Recently interest in infection control is increasing in hospitalsnfection control has become more important in the overall health care practiceental hospital also requires thorough infection control. There are various kinds of vectormedical clothing. Contaminated clothing of a hospital staff can be a vector of nosocomial infecton. actual case of nosocomial infecton caused by contaminated medical clothing, nursing students were measuring contamination levels of uniforms and pathogenic microorganism wdetected in front of the uniform and pocket. There is also a high risk of exposure to contamination in the dental hospital. We conducted a study to enhance awareness about infection and proper clothing management by comparing before and after contamination of clothing caused by aerosols produced during scaling. Subjects were scaling operators' uniforms in the department of dental hygiene, K University located in Daejeon. Before scaling, the uniform was sterilized by autoclavecaling was performed times in the same place (an average of 60 minutes per person, a total of 180 minutes). ive parts of the uniform (sleeves, chest, belly, thigh, edge of pants) contracted Rodak-plate for 15 seconds. After incubating the contacted Rodak-plate at 37℃ incubator, contamination levels by measuring the number of colonies. As a result, all parts increased number of colonies. ontamination order chestedge of pants thigh belly sleeves. Increase rate of colonies was also high in the order chest edge of pants thigh belly sleeves. This study showed seriousness of clothing contaminationcaused by aerol produced during scalingcontamination of clothing can be a path to nosocomial infecton. According to th study, infection control for clothing as well as dental instruments should be implemented and thorough infection control training needed for dental staff. In further researches, practical infection prevention supplementing clothing management method.

A Tapping the usefulness of Whole Blood Interferon-${\gamma}$ Assay for Diagnosing Tuberculosis Infection in Children (소아 결핵 감염 진단에 있어서 결핵 특이항원 자극 Interferon-${\gamma}$ 분비능 측정의 진단적 유용성)

  • Soon, Eu-Gene;Lim, Baek-Keun;Kim, Hwang-Min;NamGoong, Mee-Kyung;Cha, Byung-Ho;Uh, Young;Chun, Jin-Kyong
    • Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
    • /
    • v.68 no.5
    • /
    • pp.280-285
    • /
    • 2010
  • Background: $QuantiFERON^{(R)}$-TB Gold In Tube (QFT-G IT) has been used for diagnosing latent tuberculosis infection and active tuberculosis (TB) since 2007. However, there has not been enough data on QFT-G IT for universal use in children. In this study, we evaluated the clinical usefulness of the QFT-G IT in pediatric practice. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the clinical records of 70 patients younger than 18 years of age who had taken QFT-G IT and had a tuberculin skin test (TST) between July 2007 and July 2009 at Wonju Christian Hospital. The subjects were divided into two groups, asymptomatic TB exposure group and disease group. Four patients who were taking immunosuppressants during the study period were excluded. Results: A total of 66 immunocompetent children were included in this study. Among 27 asymptomatic children who had contact histories of TB, 6 (22.2%) were found to be positive by QFT-G IT. Eleven (40.7%) and 5 (18.5%) children were found to be positive by TST with cutoff values of ${\geq}5mm$ and ${\geq}10mm$, respectively. Agreement was fair to good between QFT-G IT and TST (${\kappa}=0.59$: cutoff value ${\geq}5mm$, ${\kappa}=0.7$: cutoff value ${\geq}10mm$). In disease group, 14 patients (35.9%) were diagnosed with active tuberculosis, 8/14 (57.1%) were positive on TST and 9/14 (64.3%) on QFT-G IT. The positive rate of acid-fast bacilli smear, TB-polymerase chain reaction, and culture for tuberculosis was 11% (1/9), 27.3% (3/11) and 33.3% (3/9), respectively. Conclusion: Our data support that the QFT-G IT can be used as an additional diagnostic tool for latent and active tuberculosis infection in children.