• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
• /
• v.26 no.2
• /
• pp.116-126
• /
• 2023

Purpose: This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence and risk factors of infant dyschezia as well as pediatrician awareness regarding this disease in Indonesia. Methods: This is a two-part cross-sectional study, which was divided into study A and B. Study A: Parents whose infants were under 9 months old and attended well-baby clinics were recruited at two randomly selected primary health centers. Parents also provided information on the infant's previous medical history, and socio-demographic and family details. The Rome IV criteria was translated and validated to be used for diagnosis of infant dyschezia. Study B: Randomly selected pediatricians were surveyed by using a questionnaire to evaluate their knowledge regarding infant dyschezia. Results: The prevalence of infant dyschezia based on the result of this study was 11.8%. Three risk factors had a significant relationship with infant dyschezia i.e., the number of children in the family (odds ratio [OR], 5.619; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.194-14.390; p<0.001), complementary food diet (OR, 4.238; 95% CI, 1.902-9.443; p<0.001), and social-emotional disturbance (OR, 5.670; 95% CI, 2.550-12.609; p<0.001). The percentage of pediatricians correctly diagnosed infant dyschezia was 71.5%. Most pediatricians agreed that they did not perform any diagnostic testing (79.7%) and only provided education in cases of infant dyschezia (58.5%). Conclusion: The prevalence of infant dyschezia identified in our study was higher than that in other neighboring Asian countries, with the highest prevalence observed in infants 7-9 months old. Being an only child, receiving complementary food diet, and sociao-emotional disturbances were significant risk factors of infant dyschezia.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
• /
• v.24 no.2
• /
• pp.244-244
• /
• 2021

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
• /
• v.62 no.5
• /
• pp.149-154
• /
• 2019

The World Health Organization recommends that infants should be exclusively breastfed for the first 6 months of life to provide optimal nutrition in this critical period of life. After this, infants should receive nutritionally adequate and safe complementary foods while breastfeeding continues for up to 2 years of age or beyond. For nonbreastfed infants, infant formula is an available option to provide the nutrition needed. Infant formula is usually prepared from industrially modified cow's milk and processed to adjust for the nutritional needs of infants. However, cow's milk is one of the most common causes of food allergy, affecting 2%-5% of all formula-fed infants during their first year of life. One strategy to prevent cow's milk allergy in nonbreastfed infants is the use of partially hydrolyzed formula (pHF) in high-risk infants, which are infants born in families with atopic disease. However, based on an epidemiological study, approximately half of the infants who develop allergy are not part of the at-risk group. This is because the non-at-risk group is significantly larger than the at-risk group and the non-at-risk infants have approximately 15% risk of developing allergies. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of partially hydrolyzed whey formula (pHF-W) in nonbreastfed infants and determine whether pHF-W can prevent atopic disease in high-risk infants and can be used as routine starter formula regardless of the allergy risk status.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
• /
• v.24 no.3
• /
• pp.316-324
• /
• 2021

Purpose: The use of soy-based infant formula has increased widely in infants with cow's milk allergy (CMA). This study aimed to provide evidence on the growth pattern of CMA infants fed with soy-based infant formula in an Indonesian setting. Methods: A multi-site, intervention study was conducted among full-term and normal birth weight CMA infants. Within six months, the subjects were provided with a soy-based infant formula. Weight, height, and head circumference were measured at baseline, weeks 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, and 24. Adverse events were recorded by scoring atopic dermatitis and symptom-based clinical scores. Results: Based on the World Health Organization growth chart, we found that most of subjects had normal nutritional status for weight-for-age, length-for-age, weight-for-length, and head-circumference-for-age. There were statistically significant differences between baseline and end-line for weight-for-age, length-for-age, weight-for-length, and head circumference-for-age nutritional status. No allergic symptoms or intolerance toward soy formula were observed at the end of the intervention period. Conclusion: These results show that infants fed with soy-based infant formula have a normal pattern of growth.

• Child Health Nursing Research
• /
• v.10 no.3
• /
• pp.361-366
• /
• 2004

Purpose: This descriptive study was conducted to illuminate, from the nursing point of view, the infant care act, which was revised recently and to suggest a desirable direction of its enforcement decree and regulations. Method: This study was carried out through literature review and a collection of child care experts' opinions. Result: The most remarkable changes in infant care act and the suggestions for a desirable direction of its enforcement decree and regulations are as follows: It can be said that the law on 'health', 'nutrition' and 'safety' for a child care center was improved to the level of act from the level of enforcement regulation. In the enforcement regulation on the distribution of nurses in child care centers, it is desirable that nurse's aids are excluded. It is recommended that every child care center should have a nurse or a health care manager and/or an emergency caretaker. In the curriculum for child care, the subjects on child health care should be an essential subject, not elective. Conclusion: Child care act should be reformed under the discipline of first priority to child health. Every nurse and nursing professor should have interest and earnestness in child care and conduct related studies.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
• /
• v.19 no.4
• /
• pp.229-235
• /
• 2016

Purpose: To study whether breastfeeding and breastfeeding status during gluten introduction influences the age at diagnosis of celiac disease (CD). In addition to study, whether the timing of gluten introduction influences the age at diagnosis of CD. Methods: It was a hospital based observational study. Total 198 patients diagnosed with CD as per modified European Society of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition (2012) criteria, aged between 6 months to 6 years were included. Detail history taken with special emphasis on breastfeeding and age of gluten introduction. Standard statistical methods used to analyze the data. Results: $Mean{\pm}standard$ deviation age of onset and diagnosis of CD in breastfed cases was $2.81{\pm}1.42$ years and $3.68{\pm}1.55$ years respectively as compared to $1.84{\pm}1.36$ years and $2.70{\pm}1.65$ years respectively in not breastfed cases (p<0.05). Those who had continued breastfeeding during gluten introduction and of longer duration had significantly delayed onset of disease. The age at onset of CD was under one year in 40.42% of the cases, who had started gluten before 6 months of age compared to only 12.58% of those who had started gluten later (p<0.001). The proposed statistical model showed that two variables, i.e., breast feeding status during gluten introduction and age at gluten introduction positively influencing the age at diagnosis of CD. Conclusion: Delayed gluten introduction to infant's diet along with continuing breastfeeding, delays symptomatic CD. However, it is not clear from our study that these infant feeding practices provide permanent protection against the disease or merely delays the symptoms.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
• /
• v.14 no.6
• /
• pp.654-666
• /
• 2020

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to evaluate how breastfeeding and complementary nutrition practices of mothers of 0-24-month-old children comply with the World Health Organization (WHO) recommendations for infant and young child feeding and to compare the results with selected demographic parameters related to the mother and child. SUBJECTS/METHODS: The research sample comprised mothers (n = 250) with children less than 2 years old. Data were obtained via questionnaire and were analyzed using SPSS 20.0 package program. The Pearson χ² or Fisher's exact tests were used for assessing relationships between categorical variables. The one-sample t-test was used for comparisons with reference values. RESULTS: Most mothers (97.2%) breastfed their babies immediately after birth. The mean time to breastfeeding after delivery was 47.8 ± 14.8 minutes, and 40.8% of the mothers complied with the WHO recommendation. Furthermore, 59.8% of the mothers exclusively breastfed their children for 6 months (mean 5.2 ± 1.5 months). The mean duration to the start of providing complementary food was 5.8 ± 0.6 months, and 76.1% of mothers who complied with the WHO recommendation. Only 12.3% of mothers breastfed their children for at least 12 months (mean 7.7 ± 3.3 months). On average, mothers gave cow milk to their children for the first time at 10.1 ± 1.7 months and honey at 11.8 ± 2.3 months. The mothers' rates of compliance with the WHO recommendations on cow milk and honey feeding were 32.0% and 71.6%, respectively. The rate of mothers who complied with the WHO minimum meal frequency recommendation was 88.3%. CONCLUSIONS: We suggest that the WHO recommendations on this subject will be realized more fully by emphasizing the importance of the positive effects of breastfeeding until the age of 2 years and of a timely start of complementary food provision. Such changes will affect child health over the long term.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
• /
• v.1 no.3
• /
• pp.433-440
• /
• 1996

This study was carried out using a questionnaire in order to investigate factors affecting the status and the method of infant feeding in Incheon area. The subjects were 126 monthers of infants ranging from 3 months to 18 months. The results are : the percentages of those feeding colostrum and breast milk has decreased in comparison with the previous results. But the percentage of breast-feeding gets higher in a case where colostrum or breast milk is first fed after delivery. Also frequency and birth order of child plays a part : the more frequently monthers try to feed breast milk in the earliest period of feeding, the more they keep breast-feeding, and the latter-born(the second-born or the third born) children get more chances to be breast-fed than the first-born. Another noticeable factor is what babies feed on during hospitalization. if they get fed more breast milk than infant formula while they are in hospital, they tend to keep feeding on breast milk after they come back home. Breast-feeding group have good knowledge and information abut the importance of breast-feeding. The data shows that they believe the superiority of breast milk.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
• /
• v.4 no.1
• /
• pp.113-122
• /
• 1994

This study was designed to assess the current status of infant feeding through an retrospective survey on feeding method. The survey was executed for 417 mothers bringing up a child below 24 months in Seoul and Kyunggi-Do province from September to October, 1993. Analysing a few influential environmental factors while assessing the level of knowledge today's mother have on infant feeding. Incidence of breast feeding was 27.8% of the interviewed mothers, which showed lower percentages than those of previous surveys. This research proved the major influencing factor generally depended on its mother rather than babies. Generally mothers knew the information of infant feeding, but their knowledge actually didn't work. The source of mothers' informations on the infant nutrition showed the grandmother, books and magazines, doctor were many by the order. among the reasons of resent formula and mixed feeding, lack of breast milk' was the commonest as 50.5% and the next reason was 'because of job' as 12.6%.

• Journal of the Korean Dietetic Association
• /
• v.14 no.3
• /
• pp.229-242
• /
• 2008

This study examined foodservice management performance in child-care centers and suggests ways in which meal service quality can be improved. Questionnaires were distributed to 51 child-care facilities. The majority of respondents were facility directors (dietitians) and their facility type was tax-paid (92.2%). The dietitian response rate was 51.0%, and the majority (96.2%) were hired with co-management status, visiting a facility once a week (76.0%). Only 52.1% of the facilities had menu planning by a dietitian, and improvements were needed in terms of planning menus with standardized recipes, especially for infant meals. The monthly food cost per child was 47,394 won, and the labor cost for a co-management dietitian was 3,670 won per child, indicating 21.8% and 1.8% of the tuition fee, respectively. Other necessary improvements included: more reliable food purchasing management, securing additional foodservice equipment, and better sanitation management. In addition, respondents rated the following as requirements to ensure high quality meal service: 'modernized foodservice equipment and facilities', 'government financial support', and 'information on nutrition and foodservice management provided by dietitians'. Based on the study results, the following are recommendations for improving meal service quality in child-care centers: Dietitian placement should be extended to facilities of over 50-capacity in addition to their current placement in facilities of over 100-capacity, and co-management dietitians should have their control span restricted to two facilities instead of five. Finally, nationwide nutrition support plans and nutrition education programs should be developed and implemented by dietitians, and their roles should be extended to foodservice mangers as well as nutrition teachers.