• Journal of Music and Human Behavior
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.29-62
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• 2006

The early development of an infant is crucial due to the enormous impact it has throughout an infant's life. Therefore, it is important to understand the development process of an infant and provide a high-quality educational environment so that an infant can progress at an innate pace to learn how to exercise, understand, speak, socialize, and empathize as well as having a balanced growth. When educating an infant, joy is a substantial factor in the formation of trust and development of relationship that makes education efficient. Music can be an effective means to offer a fun atmosphere vto the infant in which it stimulates active participation of the infant and development of a variety of dimensions to the infant's development. Also, the purpose of music therapy education is utilizes to plan for the different age groups' level of understanding of music and allow the infant to have a positive experience and develop properly. The purposes of this study are as following: to examine characteristics according to an infant' developmental steps thoroughly, to suggest interventions using music therapy education to stimulate development of an infant, to prove that infants age 3 to 6 obtain the necessary ability and skill through the effective educational therapy through music, and finally to create a music program for educating infants or music therapy. This study has examined theories of the music approach targeting infants age 3 to 6 and made character observations of infant' Motor, Cognition, Communication, Socialization, and Emotions. With the basis of the above theory, the different levels of development has been divided, specific goals has been set up according to the levels, and various music therapy education for infants have been created. The music therapy education activity has been approved by five professionals who are renown in their specific field. They made comments that the development levels were properly divided in the paper. They also commented that the music program is adequate for achieving the goal of each developmental level and it stimulates the different levels of an infant's development. In conclusion, the study reflects that the approach of music therapy education stimulates the different levels of infant development. Music therapists can utilize this music program to help handicapped children identify characteristics of progress and develop at their own ability.

• Journal of Korean Academic Society of Home Health Care Nursing
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.5-24
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• 2001

The purpose of this study was to develop a parenting intervention program and determine the efficacy of the program with low-birth weight infants and their mothers. Nine dyads for the experimental group and twelve dyads for the control group discharged from the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit of a University Hospital in Seoul were recruited for the study. For the intervention group, programmed education and support which focused on the maternal sensitivity of the infant's behavior. rearing environment. motherinfant interaction and infant care were given to each subject. Individual counseling and home visits were provided at discharge, one week after discharge. and one and three months of corrected age in every infant. Structured questionaires were administered and feeding interactions were videotaped and coded by a blinded certified observer. A Quasi-experimental design was conducted for this study. Postpartum depression, maternal self esteem. infant care burden, HOME. mother-infant interaction, and infant development were measured. Results were in favor of the intervention versus the control group. On the Beck depression inventory, intervention mothers showed decreasing trends in depressive symptom vs control mothers although, there were statistically no significant differences between the two groups at each time. The mean score of experimental group was 11.55(mild depression state) at discharge and became 8,6(normal state) at 1 month of corrected age. On the other hand, the mean score of the control group was 13.92(mild depression state) at discharge and became 14.0. Maternal self esteem in both groups improved over time. Infant care burden in both groups was also shown to increase over time. There was a significant difference between the two groups in HOME(p=.0340) at 3 months of corrected age. HOME scores of the experimental group and the control's were 31.10 and 25.58, respectively. Mothers' emotional and language responses were significantly high in the intervention group compared with the control group(p=.0155). Intervention group (53.33) showed a significantly high quality of motherinfant interaction compared with the in control group (42.80)(p =.0340). Intervention group mothers appeared have a better quality of mother-infant interaction behaviors. On the other hand, there was no statistical difference in the infant part between groups. Intervention group infants had higher trends in a general developmental quotient: although, there was no statistical difference between groups. The general developmental quotient of intervention infants was 102.56 and control's was 91.28. However, the developmental quotient of the domain of 'individuality-sociality' was higher in the intervention group infants compared with the control's(p=.0155). The concerns identified by parents revealed two domains of an infants' health management -knowledge and skills in caregiving of lowbirthweight-infants, characteristics of lowbirthweight infants, identifying a developmental milestone, coping with emergency situations and relaxation strategies of mothers from the infant care burden. Interview data with the mothers of low-birth weight infants can be used to develop intervention program contents. Limited intervention time and frequency due to time and cost limitations of this study should be modified. The intervention should be continuously implemented when low-birth weight infants become three years old. An NNNS demonstration appeared to be a very effective intervention for the mothers to improve the quality of mother-infant interactions. Therefore intervening in the mothers of low-birth weight infants as early after delivery as possible is desirable. This study has shown that home visit interventions are worthwhile for mothers only beyond the approach as an essential factor in ability of facilitating a growth fostering environment. In conclusion. the intervention program of this study was very effective in enhancing the parenting for the mothers of low-birth weight infants, resulting in health promotion of low-birth weight infants. The home-visit outreach intervention program of this study will contribute to the health delivery system in this country where there is a lack of continuous follow-up programs for low-birth weight infants after discharge from NICU, if it is activated as part of the home visit programs in community health systems.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.116-120
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• 2014

Inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor (IMT) is rare mesenchymal solid tumor that consists of proliferating myofibroblasts with an inflammatory infiltrate background. It has a very low prevalence in infants and occurs mainly in children and young adults. IMT are mainly located in the thoracic cavity, but intra-abdominal lesions are rare. IMT can exhibit locally aggressive neoplastic processes and metastases similar to malignancies, so, have clinical importance. Herein, we describe two infantile intra-abdominal IMT cases presenting with incidentally found palpable abdominal mass. A 4-month-old male infant had IMT at the ileal mesentery and a 5-month-old male infant had IMT at liver. Both cases were successfully treated by complete surgical resection without complication or recurrence. Considering the biological behavior of the intermediate type of neoplasm in IMT, we expect good survivals when achieving appropriate surgical resection without adjuvant therapy in infantile intra-abdominal IMT.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.41 no.6
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• pp.733-741
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• 2011

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify factors influencing maternal identity of Korean primiparas. Methods: The data were collected by a self-report questionnaire in 2006. The participants were 210 healthy primiparous women who delivered at one of three medical centers and revisited the outpatient department for follow up between 4 to 6 weeks after childbirth. Data were analyzed using the SPSS WIN 17.0 program with descriptive statistics, t-test, one way ANOVA, Pearson correlation coefficient, and stepwise multiple regression. Results: Maternal identity was significantly correlated with Taekyo accomplishment, the culturally based prenatal preparation (p<.001). Transitional gratification to motherhood (p<.001), postpartum depression (p<.001), childcare stress (p<.001), infant temperament (p<.001), and social support (p<.001) were also significantly correlated with maternal identity. The stepwise multiple regression analysis showed that maternal identity was significantly predicted by transitional gratification to motherhood, infant temperament, childcare stress, and Taekyo accomplishment. These variables explained 31.0% of the variance of maternal identity. Conclusion: The results of this study suggest that postpartum nursing interventions to promote maternal identity should focus on reinforcing education and support for reducing childcare stress and infant difficulty, and increasing transitional gratification to motherhood. Also, prenatal encouragement and education for improving Taekyo accomplishment may be helpful to promote maternal identity after birth.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.48 no.3
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• pp.335-348
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• 2018

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify parental coping strategies in the face of early infant and toddler injury, and to provide basic data for a parental education program and the most desirable directions it should take. Methods: A Q-methodology to analyze the subjectivity of each item was used. Thirty-four Q-statements were derived from a literature review and interviews. Forty-seven parents were classified into a shape of normal distribution using a 9-point scale. Collected data were analyzed by the pc-QUANL program. Results: Five types of parental coping in early infant and toddler injury were identified. Type I was "hospital treatment focused", type II was "Improving the safety of the child's environment", type III was "expression of negative emotion", type IV was "taking the lead in problem solving", and type V was "Interrogating the person in charge of the situation in which the injury occurred". Conclusion: The results of this study indicate that different approaches to educational programs can be used for parents in early childhood injury.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.285-293
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• 2003

Purpose: This study was conducted to identify behavioral items for Korean infants under 24months by naturalistic observation. These items will be the basis for developmental scale for Korean infants. Method: Data were collected by observing and interviewing fifty one infants and their mothers during the period from November 15 to December 14, 2003. Raw data in descriptive form were obtained by unstructured naturalistic observation, and were reformed to behavioral items through discussion with professors in pediatric nursing and experienced nurses in child care department. Also, behavioral items were classified into five developmental areas. Result: Total number of behavioral items was two hundreds and thirty eight. 52 items for motor development, 66 items for personal-social, 40 items for hearing and speech, 41 items for eye-hand coordination, and 39 items for performance. Conclusion: This is meaningful that fundamental items for Korean developmental scale for infants were identified by observing behaviors of Korean infants. On the basis of these items, average age will be calculated for passing each item by testing Korean infants. We hope to develop Korean infant developmental scale as a final outcome in the future research.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.45-55
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• 1979

The purpose of this study is to investigate to what extent and how the infant's Object Attachment occurs. For this purpose, 28 mothers with their infants showing or having shown this phenomenon were interviewed. They were selected by the whole scale smpling method from 310 household -wives living at a delux Apt. in Seoul. The results are summarized as follows : 1. About 27% of the infants aged between 6 months and 6 years turned out to show this phenomenon. 2. Qulits, bed clothes, pillows and blankets, which infants have been closely contacted since their babyhood, were the major source of attachment objects. In general, these objects were proved to have soft, wasm, smooth, and glassy tactile sensation. 3.This phenomenon, in average, appeared since 13 months after birth, About 50% of the whole began to show this phenomenon between 9 and 14 month after birth. 4. Half of the infants didn't show a change of attachment strength, but as for the other half, the attachment strength increased after one year of age, and decreased after three years of age, as the social period commenced. 5. Infants needed attachment objects especially when they were driven by sleep, sense of emptiness, and monotonous or boring feeling. 6. There were little difference between Object Attachment behavior and motherinfant attachment behavior except "babbling", "using her as a base for exploration". Those behaviors did not appear in Object Attachment. 7. mothers said that their children's attachment objects played the role of substitute mother, pacificater, warmer, friend , etc. And they attributed this phenomenon's appearance to lack their physical contact with, ocnstant and warm care toward, their children or bottle feeding.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.53 no.8
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• pp.790-794
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• 2010

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to test the efficacy of treating the pain among newborn infants associated with a medical procedure with sucrose with regard to overall physiological and behavioral stability. Methods: 103 newborn infants were enrolled in this study. The control group (n=63) did not receive any treatment. The experimental group (n=40) received 2 mL of 24% sucrose solution two minutes before a routine heel stick. The pain was assessed by measurements of physiological changes [e.g. pulse rate, oxygen saturation, salivary cortisol (hydrocortisone)] and behavioral changes [e.g. crying time, and the neonatal infant pain scale (NIPS) for neonates]. Results: There were no differences among the groups with respect to physiological changes associated with the pain from the procedure. However, there were significant group differences in behavioral changes to the pain. In the control group, the median crying time was 13 seconds, while in the experimental group, the median crying time was 3.5 seconds ($P$=.000). In the control group the median NIPS score was 4, while in the experimental group the median NIPS score was 2 ($P$=.000). Conclusions: These findings suggest that sucrose can be an effective method for the management of stress responses in infants with regard to behavior. However, this treatment had no significant physiological effects.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.29-38
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• 2003

A three-year longitudinal design was employed to ascertain whether different types of behavioral inhibition(i.e. traditional, peer-social) were stable from toddler to preschool age(2-4 year), and whether inhibited temperament and/or parenting style would independently and interactively predict children's subsequent social and behavioral outcomes. At time 1, 113 toddlers (55 males, 58 females) and their mothers were observed in the traditional inhibition paradigm. At time 2, 36 4-year-old children were observed with unfamiliar peers in the nontraditional inhibition paradigm. Maternal ratings of psychological functioning of children and maternal behaviors were also obtained for both time 1 and 2. Results showed that behavioral inhibition was not stable from toddler to preschool age. Maternal authoritative behaviors at age 2 were negatively associated with preschooler's social reticence. Toddler's behavioral inhibition was negatively associated with maternal authoritative behaviors at age 4. In a cross-lag correlation analysis, maternal authoritative behaviors appeared to affect child's behavioral inhibition more strongly than the other way around.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.39 no.1
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• pp.137-149
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• 2001

Matemal behaviors of Korean mothers of one-year-old infants (26 boys and 21 girls) were observed at home. Mothers were from middle to upper-middle class families in Seoul. Trained observers visited the infant's home for 3 to 4 hours and observed infant-mother interactions in natural situation. After the home visit, observers sorted the Maternal Behavior Q-set into 9 piles, from most characteristics to least characteristics of the mothers. In general, Korean mothers were quite sensitive and responsive in their interactions with one-year-old babies. Mothers interpreted baby's cues correctly, noticed when baby was distressed, and slowed pace down to wait for baby's response. Maternal behaviors were somewhat different according to whether they interacted with boys or girls. Mothers of boys were observed to be less sensitive in their interactions than mothers of girls. Mothers of boys were more unaware of or insensitive to baby's signs of distress, their responses were more delayed, and provided baby to constant and unphased barrage of stimulation thus made baby overwhelmed. In contrast, mothers of girls enjoyed face-to-face interactions, slowed pace down, and their interactions revolved around baby's tempo and state.