• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.84 no.2
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• pp.134-139
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• 2021

Background: Intrapleural urokinase is one of the most widely used fibrinolytic agents in the treatment of complicated parapneumonic effusion (CPPE). However, little research has been performed on the optimal urokinase dosage. The aim of this study was to evaluate the treatment efficacy of half dose urokinase compared with conventional dose urokinase. Methods: We retrospectively enrolled 92 patients with CPPE or empyema who underwent intrapleural urokinase treatment at two tertiary hospitals. Patients received antibiotics, chest tube drainage, and other treatments as part of routine care. The primary outcome was the treatment success rate in the half dose urokinase group (50,000 IU daily for maximal 6 days) and the conventional dose urokinase group (100,000 IU daily). Treatment success was defined as clinical and radiological improvements without surgical treatment or re-admission within one month. Results: Forty-four patients received half dose urokinase, whereas 48 patients were treated with conventional dose urokinase. Both groups were relatively well matched at baseline, excluding higher serum white blood cell count and higher empyema prevalence in the half dose urokinase group. The treatment success rate was not different between the two groups (p=0.048). There were no differences in the rate of in-hospital death and surgical treatment, hospitalization duration, and indwelling catheter duration. In the multivariate analysis, urokinase dose was not a predictor of treatment success. Conclusion: Half dose intrapleural urokinase is equally effective conventional dose urokinase in treating patients with CPPE or empyema.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.20 no.5
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• pp.480-485
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• 1997

The absorption profile of phenytoin Na emulsion were examined compared to that of phenytoin suspension after oral administration in the rat. The corn oil-in-water emulsion, particle size of $184{\pm}$57.8 nm, was prepared using a microfludizer, and phenytoin Na added by shaft homogenizer. The phenytoin emulsion or suspension, 100 mg/kg, were intubated intragastrically using oral dosing needle and blood samples were withdrawn via an indwelling cannula from the conscious rat. Plasma concentrations of phenytoin were measured with HPLC using phenacetin as an internal standard. The plasma concentration versus time data were fitted to a one compartment open model and the pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated using the computer program, Boomer. The phenytoin plasma concentrations from the emulsion at each observed time were about 1.5-2 times higher than those from the suspension, significantly at time of 5, 6 and 7 hr after administration. The absorption $(k_a)$ and elimination rate constant $(k_e)$ were not altered significantly, however the AUC increased from 65.6 to $106.7{\mu}ghr/ml$ after phenytoin suspension or emulsion oral administration, respectively. From an equilibrium dialysis study, the diffusion rate constant $(k_{IE})$ was considerably higher from the phenytoin Na emulsion $(0.0439 hr{-1})$ than phenytoin suspension $(0.0014 hr{-1})$.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Rural Architecture
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• v.4 no.3
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• pp.23-37
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• 2002

Buddhist Architecture should be set for worship and an ascetic life, which is its main function as it is a religious facility and its space and form can be considered as means to achieve efficiently a religious function. Every religion concludes its religious function through its ideas and form of faith based on scriptures and religious precepts. The thing should be paid attention to from this point of view is how Buddhist doctrines are reflected on the architecture and the background recognition about the fundamental doctrines and religious system should be preceded to clarify it. Existing researches have studied the characteristics of Buddhist temples on the point of functional view and architectural spacial view through phenomenal ways. Though fruitful results bore about the Korean space through that way, more internal viewpoint is required to clarify the fundamental regularities and spatial concepts indwelling in temple architecture. Considering what structural elements were required to compose one space in traditional Korean architecture is the fundamental subject and important. This thesis searches architectural characteristics through inquiring about the main building and annexes and understanding symbolic characteristics about the arrangement of the Buddhist statue and solemn things in the Buddhist temples of tangible cultural assets or above located in Seoul area.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.36 no.7
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• pp.1193-1203
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• 2006

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to describe the current status of utilization and costs of home health nursing care by the levels of medical institutes in Korea. Method: A secondary analysis of existing data was used from the national electronic data information(EDI) of 148 home health agencies for 6 months from May to Oct 2005 in total. Result: The 148 agencies had multiple services in cerebral infaction, essential hypertension, sequoia of cerebrovascular disease, type 2 diabetes mellitus, etc.. The highest 10 rankings of 76 categories of home health nursing services were composed of 96.4% of the total services, such as simple treatment, inflammatory treatment, urethra & bladder irrigation, inserting indwelling catheter etc., in that order. The highest 20 rankings of 226 categories of home examination services were composed of 77.0% of the total home examination services. In addition, the average cost of home health care per visit was 46,088 Won (${\fallingdotseq}$ 48 $, 1 $=960 Won). The costs ranged from 74,523 Won (${\fallingdotseq}$78 $, loss of chronic kidney function, N18) to 32,270 Won (${\fallingdotseq}$34 $, other cerebrovascular diseases, 167). Conclusion: Results suggest that client characteristics of hospital based HHNC are not different from community based HHNC or visiting nursing services for elderly. The national results will contribute to baseline data used to establish a policy for the home health nursing care system and education.

• Biomedical Science Letters
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.245-251
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• 2004

Microbial infection provokes one of the most serious complications to the patients with indwelling catheters. Ciprofloxacin (CFX) was added into the catheter materials (polyurethane or silicone) during the manufacturing process to avoid the microbial infection. Efficacy of the catheters containing CFX was investigated by using the in vitro zone of growth inhibition test method. The catheters made of polyurethane or silicone exhibited a strong antimicrobial activity against the major catheter-related microorganisms (S. aureus, S. epidermidis, P. aeruginosa and E. coli), when CFX was incorporated into the catheters. Fetal bovine serum (FBS) did not affected antimicrobial activities of the polyurethane catheters with CFX loading of 0.5 and 1.0％ (W/W) against S. aureus and S. epidermidis. However, the polyurethane catheters with 1.0％ (W/W) of CFX loading showed a significantly (P<0.05) reduced antimicrobial activity against E. coli when the catheters were exposed to FBS. Silicone catheters with 1.0 and 1.5％ (W/W) of CFX loading demonstrated effective antimicrobial activity against S. epidermidis for at least 2 weeks. These results suggest that the use of catheters containing ciprofloxacin could be effective in preventing catheter-related infections.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.32 no.7
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• pp.648-652
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• 1999

Background: Bullectomy through a transaxillary minithoracotomy have been widely used in the treatment of primary spontaneous pneumothorax. Material and Method: From September 1997 to September 1998, 22 consecutive cases of those who underwent transaxillary mini thoracotomy with Finochieto rib spreader(group F) and 24 consecutive cases with Naruke thoraco-opener(group N) at Taegu Fatima Hospital were reviewed retrospectively to compare the clinical results of transaxillary minithoracotomy with different rib spreaders in the opera tive treatments of primary spontaneous pneumothorax. Result: There were no significant differences in operative time, hospital stay, postoperative hospital stay, the duration of the indwelling chest tube, and the number of postoperative recurrences and complications in the two group. CONCLUSION This technique may be useful in the operative treatments of primary spontaneous pneumothorax.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.29 no.8
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• pp.910-915
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• 1996

The bullectomy through transaxillary minithoracotomy and video assisted thoracic surgery(VATS) have been widely used in treatment of spontaneous pneumothorax. The study comprised a retrospective review of 1 13 consecutive cases of whom underwent bullectomy through transaxillary minithoracotomy at Shinchon Severance Hospital(group T) and 129 consecutive cases of whom underwent thoracoscopical bullectomy at Youngdong Severance(group V) between January 1992 to Jun 1994. This study compare the clinical and economic resuts of group T and group V There were no significant differences for operation time, indwelling periods of chest tube, hospital stay, complication rate and rate of recurrence in the two groups. The times of parenteral analgesics use and treatment cost were significant less in group T.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.28 no.5
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• pp.471-474
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• 1995

A total of 20 patients underwent bullectomy in the spontaneous pneumothorax between October 1993 and August 1994. The patients were divided into two groups: Control group; the patients who received with mid-axillary approach[n=10 , Experimental group; the patients who received with video-assisted thoracic surgery [n = 10 . The results were as follows; 1. The total sex distribution was male predominence [M :F=6:1 . Mean age of control group was 31.6$\pm$ 10.1 age and experimental group was 24.3$\pm$ 5.5 age. 2. The operative times were 117.0 $\pm$ 32.6min in control group and 102.5$\pm$ 38.4min in experimental group [not significant . 3. The indwelling period of postoperative chest tube and hospital stay were 4.5$\pm$ 2.6 days and 8.3 $\pm$ 1.8 days in control group, $1.5\pm$ 0.5 days and 3.1 $\pm$ 0.3 days in experimental group[p=0.0018, < 0.0001 . 4. In control group, injection times of pain-killer were 1.7$\pm$ 0.7 times/day at operative day and 0.4$\pm$ 0.6times/day at postoperative 1 day. In experimental group, there were 0.3$\pm$ 0.7times/day at operative day and 0.1 $\pm$ 0.3times/day at postoperative 1 day[p=O.O002 at operative day, not significant at postoperative 1 day .

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.47 no.4
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• pp.473-486
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• 2019

In the aquatic environment, microorganisms are predominantly organized as biofilms. Biofilms are formed by the aggregation of microbial cells and are surrounded by a matrix of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) secreted by the microbial cells. Biofilms are attached to various surfaces, such as the living tissues, indwelling medical devices, and piping of the industrial potable water system. Biofilms formed from a single species has been extensively studied. However, there is an increased research focus on multispecies biofilms in recent years. It is important to assess the microbial mechanisms underlying the regulation of multispecies biofilm formation to determine the drinking water microbial composition. These mechanisms contribute to the predominance of the best-adapted species in an aquatic environment. This review focuses on the interactions in the multispecies biofilms, such as coaggregation, co-metabolism, cross-species protection, jamming of quorum sensing, lateral gene transfer, synergism, and antagonism. Further, this review explores the dynamics and the factors favoring biofilm formation and pathogen transmission within the drinking water distribution systems. The understanding of the physiology and biodiversity of microbial species in the biofilm may aid in the development of novel biofilm control and drinking water disinfection processes.

• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.73-80
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• 2005

Open Housing System ideas were developed in Korea in the 1980s to satisfy the demand for variety indwelling spaces. This domestic attempt to apply open building principles was highly restricted and was applied only in support of middle-large size apartments rather than small size apartments. One of the problems was the conventional design of building structures. It was difficult to effectively satisfy the various lifestyles and transformation of dwellings because existing apartments were designed using a concrete wall structure approach, in which room sizes and arrangements were fixed by the placement of structural concrete walls. This was the result not only of structural analysis (other structural designs were possible) but also the result of the idea that the standard plan was suitable for a stable society and was easier to implement, and that change in social standards and technical upgrading was not going to happen. This study presents an apartment concept in which open building design methods were applied to satisfy the problem of various lifestyles and household sizes and preferences for small apartments. This concept also helps to create a more effective and long lasting building which decreases construction waste, saves resources and protects the environment by enabling the building to accommodate combining, increasing / decreasing, changing location or changing usage of rooms.