• Environmental and Resource Economics Review
• /
• v.16 no.3
• /
• pp.723-738
• /
• 2007

This paper draws some implications from Logarithmic Mean Weight Divisia Method (LMWDM) on the sources of $CO_2$ emission changes in the manufacturing sectors of Korea, UK, and USA. The sources of change in industrial $CO_2$ emission of a country, as manifested by production scale factor, structural factor, and technical factor, summarizes the forces behind the change in $CO_2$ emissions in each country's manufacturing sector. There are three observations. First one is that Korea's emission is increasing while USA and UK are experiencing reduction or stabilization of $CO_2$ emission in the manufacturing sector. Second implication is that the technical factor affecting $CO_2$ emission in Korea does not help much, or even hinder, the reduction of $CO_2$ emissions, comparing to USA and UK. Third one, which is the combined result of the first and the second one, is that Korea's increasing trend in aggregate $CO_2$ emission throughout the periods in consideration is mainly due to the failure in technical progress, or the deterioration in the structure of within subcategories, or both. The policy implications is clear. The obvious prescription is to launch a nation-wide policy drive which can revert these adverse trends.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
• /
• v.36 no.4
• /
• pp.249-255
• /
• 2017

BACKGROUND: Globally, mulberry (Morus sp.) is exploited for feeding leaf to silkworms in order to obtain silk fiber or for animal feedstock production. Also, mulberry fruit is known to a by-product that was produced from mulberry tree after harvesting leaves for silkworm rearing, as a yield and consumption of mulberry fruit was increased, it has been fixing to a newincome crop. Mulberry leaves and fruits are used for the health benefits of human beings. Mulberry contains various bioactive components, such as alkaloids and flavonoids. Mulberry flavonoids are an important part of the diet because of their effects on human nutrition. The flavonoids in mulberry leaf and fruit of 'Suhyang'(Morus alba L.) were determined. METHODS AND RESULTS: Flavonoids for mulberry leaf and fruit of 'Suhyang' were analysed using ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography coupled with diode array detection and quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-DAD-QTOF/MS)technique. An UPLC-DAD-QTOF/MS system was used, and identification of mulberry leaves constituents was carried out on the basis of the complementary information obtained from LC spectra, MS ions, and MS/MS fragments. The mulberry leaf (16 flavonoids) and fruit (9 flavonoids) were isolated and analyzed from Suhyang using UPLC-DAD-QTOF/MS chromatogram. To the best of our knowledge, Quercetin 3-O-(6"-O-malonyl) glucoside and quercetin 3-O-rutinoside (rutin) was detected on the highest content in leaf and fruit, respectively and further research will be devoted to evaluate their biological activity. CONCLUSION: Obtaining information about the concentration of functional materials in mulberry leaves could contribute to the development and promotion of processed, functional products and offer possible industrial use of 'Suhyang', holding promises to enhance the overall profitability of sericulture.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
• /
• v.5 no.2
• /
• pp.373-377
• /
• 1994

A mechanism for the synthesis of benzophenone from oxidation of diphenylmethane under Aliquit 336 phase transfer catalyst is investigated in this study. The production rate of benzophenone increased with the increasing amount of Allquat 336 and potassium tert-butoxide. At low concentrations of diphenylmethane and oxygen, the reaction order was first with the concentrations of diphenylmethane and oxygen respectively, but it approached to zero order at high concentrations. Tert-butyl alcohol, by-product of the reaction, inhibited the formation of benzophenone. Experimental results fit fairly well to the following initial reaction rate equation derived from reaction mechanism. $$({\gamma}_{BP})_0={\frac{k_1k_3k_5[QCI]_0[DPM]_0[PTB]_0[O_2]_0}{k_2k_4[TBA]_0+k_2k_5[O_2]_0+k_3k_5[O_2]_0[DPM]_0}}$$

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
• /
• v.19 no.2
• /
• pp.199-204
• /
• 2008

Hemicellulose, consisteing of pentose as xylose and mannose, is usable as high octane fuels and heavy oil additives if depolymerized to monomer unit. In this study, thermochemical degradation by pyrolysis-liquefaction of hemicellulose, the effects of reaction temperature, conversion yield, degradation properties and degradation products were investigated. Experiments were performed in a tube reactor by varying reaction temperatures from $200^{\circ}C$ to $400^{\circ}C$ at 40 min of reaction time. The liquid products from pyrolysis-liquefaction of hemicellulose contained various kinds of ketones. Ketones, as 2,3-dimethyl-2-cyclopenten-1-one, 2,3,4-trimethyl-2-cyclopentan-1-one, and 2-methyl-cyclopentanone, could be used as high-octane-value fuels and fuel additives. However, phenols are not valuable as fuels. Combustion heating value of liquid products obtained from thermochemical conversion processes of hemicellulose was in the range of 6,680~7,170 cal/g. After 40 min of reaction at $400^{\circ}C$ in pyrolysis-liquefaction of hemicellulose, the energy yield and mass yield were as high as 72.2% and 41.2 g oil/100 g raw material, respectively.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
• /
• v.23 no.4
• /
• pp.399-404
• /
• 2012

The objective of this study was to investigate the efficient pretreatment method for bioethanol production from rice hull. Ammonia and sodium hydroxide as an alkaline solution and dilute sulfuric acid as an acidic solution were used in a batch reactor under high-temperature and high-pressure conditions. The highest enzymatic saccharification efficiency of 82.8% and ash removal rate of 94.7% were obtained in the dilute sulfuric acid treated sample after the sodium hydroxide solution treatment. The enzymatic saccharification efficiencies and ash removals of pretreated rice hull samples have very similar variation tendency. This means that the maximum obstructive factor for the enzymatic saccharification of rice hull is the ash (silicate) content in biomass. The findings suggest that the combined sodium hydroxide-dilute sulfuric acid treatment system under high-temperature and high-pressure conditions is a promising pretreatment method to enhance the enzymatic saccharification of the silica-rich biomass.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
• /
• v.23 no.3
• /
• pp.326-332
• /
• 2012

Among the samples prepared by various pre-treatment methods, the one pretreated by dilute sulfuric acid showed the highest glucose yield in the enzymatic hydrolysis. Statistical analysis of enzymatic hydrolysis revealed that the glucose yield was in proportion to the enzyme dosage, the ratio of the pre-treated sample to the buffer solution, and the reaction time and that the effect of enzyme dosage was predominant in the experiment range. In addition, the glucose yield was estimated to be 76.1% at an optimal enzymatic hydrolysis condition. In a separate hydrolysis and fermentation (SHF), Saccharomyces cerevisiae converted over 80% of glucose from the enzymatic hydrolysis of pre-treated wasted corn stalk by dilute sulfuric acid to bioethanol with 37% of ethanol yield and 0.42 $g/L{\cdot}hr$ of productivity. In the simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF), 59.5% of conversion from glucan to ethanol and 0.20 $g/L{\cdot}hr$ of productivity were achieved. In both SHF and SSF, approximately 88 g of bioethanol could be obtained from 1 kg of wasted corn stalk. The possible amount of bioethanol in Gangwon province were estimated to be 1.9 kiloton with the assumption of the 50% of collection ratio.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
• /
• v.24 no.1
• /
• pp.10-17
• /
• 2013

Heavy oil residue upgrading process was being used in conventional refinery process. Recently, as the importance of non conventional energy development is growing up, the commercial projects of heavy oil upgrading are getting more active than before. For having competitive business model in the resource competition, non conventional energy development should be considered as an important business strategy. In developing oil sands, extra heavy oil, and shale gas, canadian oil sands and extra heavy oil have great importance in substitution of conventional oil consumption. In oil sands development, the bitumen, which is extracted from oil sands, has great value after upgrading or refining process. Similar process is being used current conventional refinery process. The bitumen is highly viscous hydrocarbon. This bitumen includes impurities which can not be treated in conventional refinery process. As this reason, specified process is needed in bitumen or extra heavy oil upgrading process. Moreover, there will be additional specified facilities in the process of production, transportation and marketing. In oil sands, there are various kinds of commercial upgrading process. Extraction, dilution, coking and cracking method were being used commercially.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
• /
• v.41 no.2
• /
• pp.167-172
• /
• 2009

The principal objective of this study was to determine the optimum manufacturing conditions of egg white with high foaming property for the production of angel food cakes. The egg whites were desugarized and powdered at predetermined pHs and drying temperatures. The physicochemical properties of the produced cakes were measured and sensory evaluations were conducted on a 9-point scale. The volume and textural properties of cakes produced from spray-dried egg whites did not differ from those of the cakes prepared from the control egg whites. The pH of batter and the specific gravity of foam and batter with egg white powder at pH 6.74/66.5$^{\circ}C$ did not differ from those of the control, whereas the one prepared with commercial powder lost the characteristics of cake to a significant degree. The overall acceptance scores of egg white powder of pH 6.74/66.5$^{\circ}C$ and commercial powder were 6.25 and 2.33 as compared to the control (6.42). These results indicate that the egg white powder that was desugarized, pH-adjusted to 6.74, and dried at 66.5$^{\circ}C$ might be utilized to prepare angel food cakes with the desirable physicochemical and sensory attributes.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
• /
• v.33 no.3
• /
• pp.200-206
• /
• 2005

A bacterium with high productivity of poly-$\gamma$-glutamic acid (PGA) was isolated from the traditional Korean seasoning, ChungKookJang. The 16s ribosomal RNA sequence of isolated strain showed 97.6, 98.9 and $90.3{\%}$ of similarity to those of Bacillus sp. WL-3, Bacillus subtilis; ENV1 and B amy-loliquefaciens (T), respectively. Accordingly, this bacterium was identified as a Bacillus sp. However, some biochemical characteristics of this strain were different from those of B. subtilis: D-xylose fermentation and glycogen utility were negative. Maximum production of PGA was achieved when it was grown aerobically in a culture medium containing glutamic acid ($3{\%}$) and fructose ($4{\%}$) as carbon sources. The volumetric yield of PGA reached up to 27 g/l in the optimum culture medium. These results suggest that the present strain can be applicable for industrial purposes such as a prototype strain for food or cosmetics industry.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
• /
• v.47 no.4
• /
• pp.396-402
• /
• 2004

For industrial application to manufacturing functional foods for health using browned oak mushroom, we examined its reducing power, inhibitory effect on intracellular reactive oxygen species, phenolic compounds and phytates contents, modulatory effects on NO radical and matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP9) generation by activated macrophages, and antimutagenicity in order to evaluate the functionality of browned oak mushroom for health. While overall ethanolic extracts have higher reducing power than aqueous extracts, browning reaction was found to increase reducing power by up to 28% at a 3.32 mg/ml sample concentration. Browning reaction also increased phenolic compound content by about 73% compared to raw mushroom. However, any significant change in phytate content could not be detected. At a concentration of $100\;{\mu}g/ml$, treatment of ethanolic extract of oak mushroom increased NO generation over 43% in LPS-stimulated macrophage. On the contrary, the aqueous extracts rather decreased it over 17% at the same sample dose. However, any solvent extract from browned oak mushroom seems not to cause any change in both NO production and MMP9 activity. In addition, browning reaction did not allow any significant change in suppressive effect on mitomycin C-induced mutagenesis as examined with SOS chromotest. These results suggest a possible use of browned oak mushroom with unmarketable quality as a material for development of a variety of processed functional foods for health.