• Animal Bioscience
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• 제34권8호
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• pp.1415-1424
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• 2021

Objective: Portable laser methane detectors (LMDs) may be an economical means of estimating CH₄ emissions from ruminants. We validated an LMD-based approach and then used that approach to evaluate CH₄ emissions from indigenous dairy cows in a dryland area of Ethiopia. Methods: First, we validated our LMD-based approach in Simmental crossbred beef cattle (n = 2) housed in respiration chambers and fed either a high- or low-concentrate diet. From the results of the validation, we constructed an estimation equation to determine CH₄ emissions from LMD CH₄ concentrations. Next, we used our validated LMD approach to examine CH₄ emissions in Fogera dairy cows grazed for 8 h/d (GG, n = 4), fed indoors on natural-grassland hay (CG1, n = 4), or fed indoors on Napier-grass (Pennisetum purpureum) hay (CG2, n = 4). All the cows were supplemented with concentrate feed. Results: The exhaled CH₄ concentrations measured by LMD were linearly correlated with the CH₄ emissions determined by infrared-absorption-based gas analyzer (r² = 0.55). The estimation equation used to determine CH₄ emissions (y, mg/min) from LMD CH₄ concentrations (x, ppm m) was y = 0.4259x+38.61. Daily CH₄ emissions of Fogera cows estimated by using the equation did not differ among the three groups; however, a numerically greater milk yield was obtained from the CG2 cows than from the GG cows, suggesting that Napier-grass hay might be better than natural-grassland hay for indoor feeding. The CG1 cows had higher CH₄ emissions per feed intake than the other groups, without significant increases in milk yield and body-weight gain, suggesting that natural-grassland hay cannot be recommended for indoor-fed cows. Conclusion: These findings demonstrate the potential of using LMDs to valuate feeding regimens rapidly and economically for dairy cows in areas under financial constraint, while taking CH₄ emissions into consideration.

• 한국패류학회지
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• 제32권2호
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• pp.95-102
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• 2016

본 연구에서는 육상 수조에서 중간 양성 시 공급되는 상업용 북방전복 배합사료를 저수온이 유지되는 동계기간에 공급량을 다르게 할 시 성장특성을 조사하였다. 실험어는 1년생 전복치패 (평균 각장 $29.14{\pm}2.56mm$, 중량 $2.9{\pm}0.6g$) 를 사용하였으며, 실험구는 총체중에 대한 일일 먹이공급율 (the daily feeding rate about total weight, DFW) 을 각 수조에 수용된 실험전복 치패 (250 마리) 총체중의 0.75%, 1.50%, 2.25%. 3.00%. 3.75%, 4.50%로 공급되도록 총 6개 구간을 설정 (0.75 DFW, 1.50 DFW, 2.25 DFW, 3.00 DFW, 3.75 DFW, 4.5 DFW) 하였으며, 실험구는 모두 2반복으로 실시되었다. 실험기간인 동계기간에 평균수온은 $9.7{\pm}3.27^{\circ}C$이었으며. 월별 각장과 각장 성장률 (AGRSL) 및 순간성장률 (SGRSL) 은 1월에는 1.50 DFW 와 2.25 DFW, 3.75 DFW 가 0.75 DFW, 3.00 DFW 보다 유의적으로 높았으며 (P < 0.05), 월별 체중변화 3월에 3.75 DFW 가 모든 실험구보다 유의적으로 높았고 (P < 0.05), 월별 중중률변화에서는 3.75 DFW 가 실험구보다 0.75 DFW 와 1.50 DFW 보다 유의적으로 높았다 (P < 0.05). 열단위성장계수 (TGC) 에서는 1월부터 급격히 낮아졌으며, 3.75 DFW 가 모든 실험구보다 높은 값을 보였다, 1월에는 3.75 DFW 가 0.75 DFW, 1.50 DFW 보다 높았으며 (P < 0.05), 다른 실험구와 유의적 차이는 없었다. 2월에는 3.75 DFW 가 2.25 DFW, 4.50 DFW 를 제외한 모든 실험구보다 유의적으로 높았고 (P < 0.05), 3월에는 3.75 DFW 가 4.50 DFW 를 제외한 모든 실험구보다 높았다 (P < 0.05). 월별 사료효율에서는 12월에 0.75 DFW 가 모든 실험구보다 유의적으로 높았으나 (P < 0.05), 이후 1월을 제외한 2월과 3월에는 모든 실험구간 유의적 차이는 없었다. 따라서, 본 연구에서는 북방전복 치패를 육상수조에서 동계기간 내 사육 시 상업용 배합사료는 일정량 이상을 공급하는 것이 육중량을 유지 또는 일부 증가시킬 수 있으며, 향후 동계기간의 사료공급율에 따른 육중량의 변화가 수온상승기에 가져올 수 있는 성장 변화를 연결하여 조사할 필요가 있을 것으로 판단된다.

• 한국잠사곤충학회지
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• 제36권2호
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• pp.130-137
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• 1994

천잠의 사육환경을 구명하기 위하여 사료자원, 기상환경 및 사육방법등에 관하여 조사한 결과를 다음과 같이 요약한다. 1. 천잠의 실내사육에 있어 사육온도는 항온보다 변온이 좋은 편이며, 치잠기 25~26$^{\circ}C$, 장잠기 22~23$^{\circ}C$ 범위가, 사육습도는 치잠기 80~90%, 장잠기 60~70% 범위가 적당한 것으로 나타났다. 2. 천잠사육에 있어 광조기는 유충의 성장에 미치는 영향이 크지 아니하였다. 3. 귀잠시기는 빠른것이 늦은 것보다 유충시기에 단축되는 경향이 있으며 질도 양호한 것으로 나타났다. 4. 사료수종은 상수리나무가 밤나무보다 더 적합한 것으로 나타났다. 야생수보다 재배수가 사육성육이 더 좋았다. 5. 천잠을 옥외사육으로 전환하는 시기는 빠를수럭 작황이 불안정해 지는 경향을 보였다.

• 한국동물학회지
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.51-56
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• 1970

Studies on the feeding and resting behavior of Culex pipiens pallens, a possible vector of Japanese encephalitis in Korea, was carried out at Kobu-Ri, Kobu-Myon, Chongup Kun. Cholla Pukdo in 1967. 1. Indoor and outdoor human biting collections showed that 47.3 per cent Culex pipiens pallens were collected indoors and 52.7 per cent outdoors. 2.Feeding occurred throughout the night from dusk to dawn, with the peak period from 23:00-24:00 hours outside the house and from 24:00-01:00 hours inside. 3. Culex pipiens pallens females preferred man for their blood feeding to domestic animals. The results of human and cow biting collections showed that the feeding ratio between man and cow was 2.1 to 1. As to the feeding preference to the domestic animals, the ratio among cow, pig and horse was 7.3 to 5.1 to 5.4 4. Daytime resting collections showed that large numbers of Culex pipiens pallens females rest inside the house, especially in the bed room and the chicken pen. As temperatures increased, fewer mosquitoes resting indoors and more mosquitoes rest ing outdoors were caught. By means of sweep-net collections at outdoors resting places, a small number of Culex pipiens pallens mosquitoes were caught in such places as grass fields, vegetable fields, barley fields, bean fields, culverts, bomb shelters, and so on. A comparison between number of mosquitoes collected resting during the day in bedrooms and verandahs with resting collections in the same places at night showed that more mosquitoes were present at night. It was observed that the majority of the unfed females rested before feeding at night.

• 한국정보통신학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국정보통신학회 2017년도 추계학술대회
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• pp.55-56
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• 2017

본 논문에서는 동일면 도파관(CPW; coplanar waveguide) 급전 방식을 이용하여 실내 디지털 TV(DTV)용 광대역 루프 안테나를 설계하였다. 제안된 루프 안테나는 정사각형 루프와 중앙 급전점을 연결하는 두 개의 원형 섹터로 구성되며, 아래쪽 원형섹터에 CPW 급전선로가 삽입된 형태이다. CPW 급전선로는 DTV응용을 위해 75옴 포트 임피던스와 정합하도록 설계되었으며, 중간 주파수 대역에서 임피던스 정합을 개선하기 위한 슬롯이 접지면에 추가되었다. 최적화된 안테나를 FR4 기판에 제작하고 특성을 실험한 결과, 전압 정재파비(VSWR; voltage standing wave) < 2인 대역이 463-1,280 MHz으로 DTV 대역에서 동작하는 것을 확인하였다.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제45권1호
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• pp.101-112
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• 2003

봄에 태어난 한우 암송아지 60두를 방목전의 농후사료 급여수준 및 개량초지에서의 방목유무에 따라 5개 처리(T1: 전기간 우사 내 사육, 농후사료 체중의 1.5%, T2: 방목전 농후사료 체중의 0.5%, 방목, T3: 방목전 농후사료 체중의 1.0%, 방목, T4: 방목전 농후사료 체중의 1.5%, 방목, T5 : 방목전 농후사료 체중의 2.0%, 방목)를 두어 450일간 사양 시험한 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. 전기간의 일당증체량은 T5, T4, T1, T3 및 T2가 각각 0.465, 0.428, 0.423, 0.387kg 및 0.322 kg으로 방목전 육성기의 농후사료 급여수준이 증가할수록 높았으며, 방목기의 일당증체량도 방목전 육성기의 농후사료 급여수준이 증가할수록 높았다. 2. 공시기간 동안 kg 증체에 소요된 TDN량은 9.13-9.79kg(평균 9.49kg)이었고, T1, T3, T5, T4 및 T2의 순으로 사료이용성이 높았으며, 방목전 사사기의 농후사료 급여수준이 증가할수록 TDN 이용성이 높았다. 방목기간의 처리구별 kg 증체에 소요된 TDN량은 12.39-12.98 kg(평균 12.68kg)으로 방목전의 농후사료 급여수준에 따른 차이는 없었으나 축사내 사육시 보다 TDN 소요량이 15.6% 증가하였다. 그리고 전기간동안 농후사료에 대한 조사료비율은 57.8-73.6%(평균 63.7%)이었다. 3.성성숙기인 15개월령 체중은 201.2-237.3 kg(평균 223.8kg)으로 육성기 농후사료 급여수준이 증가할수록 증가하였고, 초임시기인 21개월령 체중은 270.2-331.4kg(평균 307.6kg)으로 방목전 사사기의 배합사료 급여수준이 체중대비 0.5% 증가할수록 20.4kg이 증가하였다. 또한 체중 225kg에 도달되는 시기는 14.0-17.6개월령(평균 15.3개월령), 그리고 체중 275 kg에 도달되는 시기는 17.9-21.7개월령(평균 19.4개월령)으로 육성기의 배합사료 급여수준이 체중 대비 0.5% 증가함에 따라 초임시기가 약 1.3개월씩 단축되었다. 이상과 같은 결과들을 종합해 볼 때 봄에 태어난 한우 암송아지를 축사에서 볏짚 위주로 사육할 때의 농후사료 급여수준은 체중의 1.8% 그리고 개량초지에서 방목사육 할 때에는 체중의 1.5%가 적정 수준인 것으로 판단된다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제25권6호
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• pp.886-894
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• 2012

Well-designed housing systems are important from the viewpoint of animal welfare and improvement of meat production. In this study, we investigated the effects of outdoor housing of pigs on their behavior, cortisol levels, and meat characteristics. Two groups that were born and raised in a spacious outdoor pen ($4{\times}10$ m for every two sows) or a minimum-sized standard pen in a piggery ($1.9{\times}2.2$ m for every sow) were studied. When their behaviors at the age of 2 to 3 wk were observed, the number of rooting episodes tended to be larger (p = 0.0509) and the total time of rooting tended to be longer (p = 0.0640) in the outdoor-housed piglets although the difference was not significant. Basal salivary cortisol levels of the outdoor piglets at the age of 4 wk were significantly lower than those of the indoor piglets ($5.0{\pm}0.59$ ng/ml vs. $11.6{\pm}0.91$ ng/ml, 30 min after treatment), although their plasma cortisol levels were similar ($53.3{\pm}3.54$ ng/ml vs. $59.9{\pm}4.84$ ng/ml, 30 min after treatment). When the ears were pierced at weaning, plasma and salivary cortisol levels were increased in both groups, even at 15 min after piercing. However, the increase in the outdoor-housed group was significantly less than that in the indoor-housed group. Throughout their lives, body weight and daily gain of the pigs were not significantly different between the two groups. In a meat taste preference test taken by 20 panelists, saltiness, flavor, and color of the outdoor-housed pork were found to be more acceptable. Moreover, when an electronic taste-sensing device was utilized, the C00 and CPA-C00 outputs ($3.78{\pm}0.07$ and $-0.20{\pm}0.023$), which correspond to compounds of bitterness and smells, respectively, were significantly lower in the outdoor-housed pork ($5.03{\pm}0.16$ and $-0.13{\pm}0.009$). Our results demonstrate that the outdoor housing system for piglets induces natural behaviors such as rooting and suppresses the strongest stress reaction of piglets, which could be important for animal welfare. Moreover, the outdoor housing system might change muscle characteristics and improve pork bitterness, flavor, and color. These changes may be preferred by consumers, increasing the sale of these meats.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• 제40권4호
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• pp.368-372
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• 2015

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to verify the feasibility of using an infrared sensor to measure the body temperature of a sow. We first conducted experiments on three pigs by using three infrared sensors and one indoor temperature sensor. Methods: The three infrared sensors were installed inside our model house and were used to take temperature measurements per second of the backs of the pigs. While feeding, the temperatures of the backs of the pigs were measured at distances of 10 cm, 20 cm, and 30 cm from the infrared sensors. Results: We concluded that the relation between the temperature of the pigs' backs and the indoor temperature was y =0.549x + 18.459 at a measuring distance of 30 cm. The relation was y = 0.645x + 15.461 for a distance of 20 cm and y = 0.760x + 11.913 for a distance of 10 cm. We found high correlation between the indoor temperature and the temperature of the pigs' backs. Conclusions: It is possible to use an infrared thermometer to monitor the temperature of pigs' backs. This system seems to be feasible and effective in monitoring pig temperature. The use of an infrared thermometer will also make daily monitoring easy. In later experiments, the possibility of developing a system that can determine if an error can be corrected by using infrared sensor is explored by considering humidity variables.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제27권9호
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• pp.1319-1327
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• 2014

Two feeding trials were conducted to determine the optimum feeding frequency in growing Korean rockfish, (Sebastes schlegeli) reared at the temperatures of $15^{\circ}C$ and $19^{\circ}C$. Fish averaging $92.2{\pm}0.7$ g (mean${\pm}$standard deviation [SD]) at $15.0{\pm}0.5^{\circ}C$ and $100.2{\pm}0.4g$ ($mean{\pm}SD$) at $19.0{\pm}0.5^{\circ}C$ water temperature were randomly distributed into each of 15 indoor tanks containing 250-L sea water from a semi-recirculation system. A total of five feeding frequency groups were set up in three replicates as follows: one meal in a day at 08:00 hour, two meals a day at 08:00 and 17:00 hours, three meals a day at 08:00, 14:00, and 20:00 hours, four meals a day at 08:00, 12:00, 16:00, and 20:00 hours, and one meal every 2 days at 08:00 hour. Fish were fed at the rate of 1.2% body weight (BW)/d at $15^{\circ}C$ and 1.5% BW/d at $19^{\circ}C$. At the end of 8 wks of feeding trial weight gain and specific growth rate were significantly higher at the fish fed groups of one meal a day and two meals a day at $15^{\circ}C$ and fish fed groups of 1 meal every 2 days at $19^{\circ}C$ were significantly lower than those of all other fish fed groups. Glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase and glutamic pyruvic transaminase of fish fed group at 1 meal every 2 days was significantly higher than those of all other fish fed groups in both experiments. Weight gain, specific growth rate and condition factor were gradually decreased as the feeding frequency increased. The results indicate that growing Korean rockfish 92 and 100 g perform better at $15^{\circ}C$ than $19^{\circ}C$ water temperature. As we expected, current results have indicated that a feeding frequency of 1 meal a day is optimal for the improvement of weight gain in growing Korean rockfish grown from 92 g to 133 g at $15^{\circ}C$ and 100 g to 132 g at $19^{\circ}C$ water temperature.

• 한국전자파학회논문지
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• 제20권11호
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• pp.1225-1232
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• 2009

본 논문은 디지털 TV 실내 수신을 위한 포물선 엣지 형태의 평면 모노폴 안테나를 제안한다. 평면 모노폴과 그라운드의 엣지를 포물선 구조로 하여 광대역 특성을 갖도록 한다. 모노폴과 그라운드 엣지의 곡률을 변화시키면서 자기 상보(self-complementary) 구조에 가깝도록 설계한다. 안테나는 모노폴과 그라운드가 동일 평면상에 존재하며, coplanar waveguide 급전을 사용한다. 유전 상수가 4.4인 FR4 유전체 기판을 사용하였고, 크기는 $200\;mm{\times}40\;mm{\times}1.6\;mm$이다. 470~806 MHz의 디지털 TV 수신 전 대역에서 10 dB 이상의 반사 손실을 얻을 수 있었다. E 평면의 최대 이득은 600 MHz일 때 1.86 dBi, H평면의 최대 이득은 600 MHz일 때 3.86 dBi였다.