• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.51 no.3
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• pp.222-237
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• 2023

Eucalyptus pellita is one of the fast-growing tree species and has become predominant in Indonesian forest plantations. Meanwhile, tree breeding programs with clone development are the best way to provide greater genetic advantages. A better understanding of genetic control on growth and basic density in E. pellita is important for increasing wood productivity and quality. In this study, growth characteristics (tree height, diameter, and volume), basic density and its genetic parameters (heritability, genetic gain and genetic correlation) were determined. The number of clones tested in both trials was 50, divided into 5 blocks, and 5 trees/plot. The results showed that there were significant differences in growth and basic density among clones. There was an interaction between genetics and the environment further indicating the existence of unstable clones. The high heritability was found in tree height (0.82-0.86), diameter (0.82-0.90), and basic density (0.91-0.93). This implies that E. pellita has good opportunities for genetic improvement to increase wood productivity and quality. In addition, the results of genetic correlations among growth characteristics (height, diameter, and volume) and basic density showed positive moderate to highly significant value. It is suggested that these characters may be used to the advantage of the breeder for bringing improvement in these traits simultaneously. Therefore, this study provides important information of the genetic improvement of wood quality in E. pellita in Indonesia.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.46 no.4
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• pp.323-337
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• 2018

Merkusii pine wood (Pinus merkusii) was extensively planted throughout Indonesia, where it is only indigenous in northern Sumatera, by the Dutch during colonial times. The demand for this wood species, especially in the domestic market, has increased notably, despite its limited durability regarding decay resistance. The purpose of this study was to investigate the occurrence of juvenile and mature wood on merkusii pine and to analyze its radial features from pith to bark based on density, shrinkage, static bending in modulus of rupture and modulus of elasticity, fiber length, microfibril angle, and durability. A segmented modeling approach was used to find the juvenile-mature transition. The graveyard test was performed to characterize the termite resistance from pith to bark of merkusii pine. The maturations were estimated to start at radial increments of 15 cm from the pith by fiber length and of 12 cm from the pith by microfibril angle. The projected figures for the proportion of juvenile wood at breast height were around 65%. The results also indicate that the pine wood was $0.52g/cm^3$ in density, 1.45 in coefficient of anisotropy, which indicates its good stability, 7597 MPa in modulus of elasticity, and 63 MPa in modulus of rupture. Natural durability against subterranean termite of the merkusii pine wood was rated to be grade 4 to 0 from pith to bark. However, after being treated by Entiblu and Enborer preservatives, its rating increased to grade 10 to 9.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.43 no.6
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• pp.768-776
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• 2015

This study was performed to understand combustion properties four major Indonesian wood species such as Albizia, Gmelina, Mangium and Mindi were investigated by cone-calorimeter for better utilization of theses wood species. Heat release rate (HRR), total heat release (TSR), specific mass loss rate (SMLR), effective heat of combustion (EHC), time to ignition (TTI), flame time (FT), specific extinction area (SEA), smoke production rate (SPR) and CO compound production rate were measured. HRR, THR and FT were proportional to the density of woods. Albizia showed the highest HRR, while Mindi had the lowest HRR. For SPR, Albizia showed the highest value due to its higher SEA. On the other hand, Mindi had the lowest SPR due to a lower SEA value. The highest smoke emission was for Albizia at the beginning of combustion. After 300 seconds, smoke emission of Gmleina and Mangium was increased greatly. Mangium and Mindi showed the highest total carbon dioxide emission. Expecially, Gmelina released the highest carbon monoxide during the combustion period and presented three times higher $CO/CO_2$ ratio than those of other species due to incomplete combustion.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.41 no.4
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• pp.327-336
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• 2013

Anatomical characteristics of White Jabon (Arthocephalus cadamba) and Red Jabon (Arthocephalus macrophyllus) were investigated by IAWA hardwood feature list. Both species were diffuse-porous, and radial multiple pore with 2~3 rows was mostly observed. Tangential diameter of vessel lumina was 100 to $200{\mu}m$, and vessels per square millimeter were 5 to 20. White Jabon has more vessels than Red Jabon. The number of solitary pore per square millimeter in both species was similar, but more pore multiple was observed in White Jabon. Axial parenchyma diffuse was observed in both species, but axial parenchyma of White Jabon was hardly identified on the cross section. Rays were classified into "body ray cells procumbent with over 4 rows of upright/square marginal cells" type and partly "all ray cells upright and/or square" type on radial section. Ray width 1 to 3 cells and 1 to 2 cells observed in White Jabon and Red Jabon, respectively. Ray height of White Jabon was $420{\mu}m$ and Red Jabon $474{\mu}m$. Fiber length was the range of 900 to $1,600{\mu}m$ in both species, and it showed a tendency to increase from pith to bark. Consequently, it is considered that pore multiple, ray width and axial parenchyma are to be suggested the keys for identification of both species.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.43 no.2
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• pp.248-257
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• 2015

This research focused on the natural durability of twenty one lesser known tropical wood species planted in West Java, Indonesia against subterranean termite (Coptotermes curvignathus). It was observed that both heartwood and sapwood of Kiara payung (Filicium decipiens); heartwoods of Nangka (Arthocarpus heterophyllus), Mahoni (Swietenia macrophylla) and Simpur (Dillenia grandifolia); and sapwood of Bungur (Lagerstroemia speciosa) were rated as resistant (natural durability class II) according to Indonesian standard SNI 01.7207.2006 (BSN 2006). Both heartwood and sapwood of Salam (Syzigium polyanthum), Pasang (Lithocarpus sundaicus), Bisbul (Diospyros discolor), Rukam (Flacourtia rukam) and Trembesi (Samanea saman); heartwood of Puspa (Schima walichii), Bungur, Tanjung (Mimusops elangi) and Angsana (Pterocarpus indicus) were rated as moderately resistant (natural durability class III). Both heartwood and sapwood of Sungkai (Peronema canescens), Pine (Pinus merkusii), Mangium (Acacia mangium) and Afrika (Maesopsis eminii); sapwoods of Mahoni, Puspa and Tanjung were rated as poorly resistant (natural durability class IV). Both heartwood and sapwood of Agathis (Agathis dammara), Durian (Durio zibethinus), Ki sampang (Evodia latifolia) and Jabon (Anthocephalus cadamba); sapwoods of Nangka and Angsana were rated as very poorly resistant (natural durability class V). This reserach showed that woods with lower resistance against C. curvignathus attack (natural durability class IV and V) tend to have lower termite mortality values compared to woods with higher resistance against C. curvignathus attack (natural durability class II and III). Results of the study will provide some valuable information on termite resistance of twenty one lesser known tropical wood species planted in Indonesia.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.84-90
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• 2001

To investigate morphological characteristics of zephyr produced from two bamboo species, Phyllostachys nigra var. henonis and Gigantochloa apus, basic anatomic properties were examined by scanning electron microscopy and image analysis. According to SEM observation, zephyr from Phyllostachys nigra var. henonis was not of uniform in shape and showed macro crack between vascular bundle sheaths. This may be attributes to the sclerenchymatous fibers connected closely, thus resulting in difficult separation of intercellular layer. Zephyr from Gigantochloa apus was of uniform in shape, which may be caused by easy separation of intercellular layer of sclerenchymatous fibers having thin cell wall and large cell lumen. By image analysis in cross section of two species, the ratio of vascular bundle sheaths and cell wall ratio of sclerenchymatous fibers were examined. The ratio of vascular bundle sheaths in Phyllostachys nigra var. henonis was lower than that in Gigantochloa apus. However, cell wall ratio of sclerenchymatous fibers in Phyllostachys nigra var. henonis was higher than that in Gigantochloa apus.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.42 no.6
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• pp.635-645
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• 2014

The anatomical characteristics of eight major wood species planted in Indonesia were investigated to provide valuable information for their effective utilization. The growth-ring boundaries of Damar and Sumatran pine were indistinct. Resin canal was found in Sumatran pine but it was not observed in Damar. Cupressoid pit and taxodioid pit were found in Damar and window-like pit and pinoid pit were observed in Sumatran pine. Tracheid length of Damar and Sumatran pine was shorter than $3,000{\mu}m$. There were uniseriate rays in Damar and Sumatran pine and fusiform ray in Sumatran pine. All the hardwood species observed in this study were diffuse-porous. They had different vessel groups, i.e., solitary pore in Afrika and Simpur Batu, pore cluster in Angsana and mostly 2-4 rows of radial pore multiple in Mahoni. Mindi and Trembesi had mostly 2-3 rows of radial pore multiple with paratracheal parenchyma as aliform and confluent types. Afrika, Mahoni and Simpur Batu showed heterocellular rays which composed of procumbent cells in the body and mostly 1-2 rows of upright and/or square cells in the margin. All ray cells procumbent was observed in Angsana, Mindi and Trembesi. The large rays commonly exceeding 1 mm in height and ray width of 3~6 cells were observed in Simpur Batu. The other five hardwood species showed ray width of 1~3 cells. Vessel number per $mm^2$ of Angsana and Simpur Batu was higher than those of the other hardwood species. The length of wood fiber and tracheid showed a tendency to increase from pith to bark. By IAWA list, fiber length of hardwoods was classified into long in Simpur Batu and short in Angsana and Trembesi.

• Proceedings of the Korea Technical Association of the Pulp and Paper Industry Conference
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• 2006.06b
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• pp.231-237
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• 2006

Grease barrier food containers are commonly used for packaging of fast food, cooked food, and food in general. Greaseproofing is also used for certificate paper and label paper etc. Different pulp raw materials, due to their different fiber morphology and chemical compositions, produce papers of varying characteristics. We used optical photomicroscopy and fiber analysis data to evaluate fiber morphology and traits under various beating conditions in order to understand which pulp raw materials produced superior greaseproofing property when a fluorinated greaseproofing agent was added internally. The experiment studied 9 species of pulps, including 2 softwood (northern pine and radiata pine) bleached kraft pulps which were beaten to 550 and 350 mL CSF, respectively; 3 hardwoods (eucalypts, acacia, mixed Indonesian hardwoods) bleached kraft pulps which were beaten to 450 and 250 mL CSF, respectively; and nonwood fibers of reed, bagasse, and abaca. A fluorinated greaseproofing chemical at 0.12% dosage with respect to dry pulp was added to each pulp preparation and formed handsheets. A total of 67 sets of handsheets were prepared, and their basis weights, thickness, bulks, opacities, wet opacities, air resistance, water absorption and degrees of greaseproofing were measured for an overall evaluation of pulp and freeness on greaseproofing papers. The experimental fiber length, coarseness and distribution characteristics and the greaseproofing results suggest that softwood pulps (radiate pine > northern pine) were superior to hardwood pulps (eucalypts > acacia > mixed Indonesian hardwoods). The unbeaten pulps gave papers with high porosities and nearly devoid of greaseproofing property. Greaseproofing is proportional to air resistance. Among the nonwood fibers, bagasse had the best greaseproofing property, followed by reed and abaca was the poorest. With regards to waterproofing property, hardwood pulps (mixed Indonesian hardwoods > acacia > eucalypts) were better than softwood pulps (northern pine > radiate pine). Among the Nonwood fibers, reed had the highest waterproofing property, and it was followed by abaca, while bagasse had the poorest waterproofing characteristic. In summary, bleached kraft northern pine, eucalypts and reed pulps were best suited for making greaseproofing papers, Freeness of the pulps should be kept at $200{\sim}280mL$ CSF for optimal performance.