• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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• v.55 no.3
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• pp.264-271
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• 2017

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to investigate the differences in bond strength of four different indirect composites to the gold alloy and Ni-Cr alloy according to type of metal surface treatment after water storage. Materials and methods: Type IV gold alloy and Ni-Cr alloy were used for casting alloy while four types of indirect composite resins (Gradia, Tescera Sinfony and in;joy) were used in this study. Metal specimens were produced by casting and total of 240 specimens (60 specimens per one indirect composite group) were prepared. After bonding indirect composite resin and undergoing 24 hours of polymerization, customized jig was attached to the metal specimen and shear bond strength were measured using universal testing machine. Also, differences in shear bond strength before and after water storage for 240 hours were also measured. Results: In the measurement of shear bond strength according to the metal surface treatments, bead group showed high strength followed by loop and flatting group (P<.05). After being stored in water bath for 240 hours, Gradia showed statistically significant high bond strength compared to other indirect composite resins in all groups (P<.05). Conclusion: Shearbond strength was found to be different according to type of metal surface treatment and type of metal used after storage in water. Further studies need to be developed for clinical practices as three are still problems of microleakage, stain or wear.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Building Construction Conference
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• 2003.05a
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• pp.23.2-29
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• 2003

As the bentonite is main material to prevent from collapse of drilling hole at underground excavation works, the quantity of bentonite is increasingly used on construction industry day by day. But, the discarded bentonite that is excessively used at underground excavation works causes various environmental trouble such as soil and water pollution etc. Therefore, this study aims to propose a foundamental report about pozzolan reaction of discarded Bentonite powder by heat-treatment and cooling as concrete mineral admixture. To find out the strength-development properties of mortar with discarded Bentonite powder by indirect cooling & cooling using of water after heat-treatment, the experiments such as flow test, and compressive strength test on curing age of mortar are excuted. As a result of this study, discarded Bentonite powder can be utilized as concrete mineral admixture by heat-treatment and especially, the strength-development properties of mortar mixing with discarded Bentonite powder is superior to the situation of $600^{\circ}C$.60min-cooling using of water.

• PNF and Movement
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.97-104
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• 2021

Purpose: The human body can experience a variety of injuries. As a result, it may be difficult to directly treat the damaged area. In such a case, indirect treatment is required. Indirect treatment is typically PNF treatment. Morphological changes in muscle have been confirmed through several previous studies; however, few studies have analyzed neurological changes. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine how irradiation during resistance exercise using a diagonal pattern effects neurological excitability. Methods: Electromyography was performed on 13 healthy adults. A compound muscle action potential (CMAP) was obtained through a median motor nerve conduction velocity test, which was conducted before and after performing the irradiation exercise and general exercise. Results: Compared to baseline measurements, there was no significant difference in the latency of the irradiation exercise and general exercise. The amplitude of the CMAP measured after the irradiation exercise was significantly higher than after general exercise. Conclusion: Neurological excitability was high in irradiation during resistance exercise using a diagonal pattern. When clinically direct treatment is difficult, it is thought that irradiation can be used indirectly as a technique to induce nerve excitability.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.28 no.5 s.70
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• pp.681-688
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• 1998

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of the surface treatments of resin bases in indirect bracket bonding technique by study of shear bond strengths and failure patterns. Ninety metal brackets were bonded to the stone models of specimens involving bovine lower incisor with light-cured adhesive(Light-Bond). After removal of brackets with the resin base from the stone models, the surfaces of resin bases in thirty brackets were treated with Plastic Conditioner and the surfaces of resin bases in another thirty brackets were treated with sandblaster and the remaining thirty brackets were served as controls. All brackets were transferred to the specimens and bonded using sealant. The shear bond strength was tested on universal testing machine, and failure pattern was assessed with the adhesive remnant index(ARI). The results were as follows: 1. Surface treatments of resin bases with Plastic Conditioner or sandblasting showed statistically higher shear bond strengths than no treatment group. 2. No significant difference in shear bond strength was found between Plastic Conditioner treatment and sandblasting treatment groups. 3. No significant difference in ARI scores was found among the three groups. 4. As the result of correlation analysis between shear bond strengths and hnl scores, failure at adhesive/bracket base interface tends to increase when the shear bond strength was high, but it was not significant statistically. The above results suggest that improvement of bond strength can be obtained by surface treatment of resin base in the indirect bonding technique.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Physical Medicine
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.121-125
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• 2008

Purpose : The objective of this study was conducted to find out the treatment of joint problems. Methods : This is a literature study with books, seminar note and international course books. Results : Passive oscillation and distraction movement therapy is only joint mobilization and pain control. In the joint therapy need muscle strengthening, training of eccentrical control and neurophysiological therapy for joint mobility, stability, stability of mobility and skill. Conclusion : Joint therapy is not only joint mobility but also strengthening of soft tissue. Need the neurophysiological therapy those are use of ventromedial motor nucleus and dorsolateral motor nucleus, reciprocal inhibition, eccentrical muscle contraction training, proprioceptors and exteroceptor for structures and functional activities. For the pain control, reduce swelling, keeping GAGs and functional activities need direct and indirect therapy.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.81-85
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• 2012

Objectives: To describe a clinical case of a patient with chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) who was cured using indirect moxibustion. Methods: A male patient with severe CFS was treated with mainly indirect moxibustion (KI1, CV4 and CV8). The clinical outcome was observed by self-reporting, both visual analogue scale (VAS) and numerical rating scale (NRS). Results: The patient's symptoms matched the criteria for CFS diagnosis. His symptom differentiation was the "Yang deficiency of spleen and kidney". The fatigue feeling and related-symptoms were radically reduced by 14-day treatment. The VAS and NRS score changed from 8.5 and 70 to 3.5 and 35, respectively. Conclusions: This case report provides information on the potential of moxibustion therapy and its application for CFS and fatigue-associated disorders.

• Membrane and Water Treatment
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.299-305
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• 2019

Managed aquifer recharge (MAR) systems are gaining interest as an alternative to conventional water resources. However, when the water recovered in MAR systems, dissolved iron and manganese species may easily oxidize and they cause well screen clogging or require abandonment of extraction wells. In this study, both oxic and anoxic conditions were analyzed to verify the feasibility of the membrane filtration performance under various solution chemistries. The fouling mechanisms of the metal ions under anoxic conditions were also investigated by employing synthetic wastewater. The fouled membranes were then further analyzed to verify the major causes of inorganic fouling through SEM and XPS. The newly suggested anoxic process refining existing membrane process is expected to provide more precious information about nanofiltration (NF) membrane fouling, especially for demonstrating the potential advantages to chemical-free drinking water production for indirect potable reuse.

• Journal of Korean Society of Water and Wastewater
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.299-304
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• 2014

The need of reusing sewage sludge is highly increasing as the amount of domestic sewage sludge is growing and sewage management strategies were reinforced. Accordingly, in this research, we studied the composting possibility of sludge in sewage treatment plant J, using dryer facility with indirect system by conducting component analysis of dried sludge and experiment on cultivating crops. It was observed from the component analysis, that the dried sludge is appropriate for both decomposed manure standard of Ministry of Environment and fertilizer standard of Rural Development Administration. Besides, in the experiment on cultivating lettuce, the experimental group(soil + dried sludge) was superior to the control group(soil + bed soil) in apparent condition of leaves tensity and damage by disease and pest. In case of cultivating tomato, the experimental group showed stronger durability of fruits dangling on stems compared to the control group after 9 weeks. Consequently, the excess sludge dried by indirect heating system in the sewage treatment plant J is appropriate for the standard of both Ministry of Environment and Rural Development Administration and show good result in experiment on cultivating crops therefore it can be reused for composting.

• International Journal of Highway Engineering
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.177-189
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• 2013

PURPOSES: This study aims to suggest a proper left-turn treatment method for the bicycle traffic flow at four-legged intersections. METHODS: Four types of crossing methods are proposed and analyzed : (1) indirect left turn, (2) direct left turn, (3) direct left turn on a Bike Box, and (4) direct left turn on bike left turn lane. The VISSIM simulation tests were conducted based on forty-eight operation scenarios prepared by varying vehicle and bicycle traffic volumes. RESULTS : The results from the four-legged signalized intersections suggest that (1) the indirect left turn is appropriate when vehicle demand is high, (2) the direct left turn is efficient on most traffic situation but the safety is a concern, (3) the direct left turn on a Bike Box is appropriate when bicycle demand is high while vehicle demand is not, and (4) the direct left turn on a bike left turn lane is appropriate when both vehicle and bicycle demand are low. CONCLUSIONS : The direct left turn of bicycle provides more efficiency than the indirect left turn at the four-legged intersections but to apply the methods and to study more, advanced evaluation methods, related law, and insurance programs are needed.

• Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.14-20
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• 2016

Remediation of crude oil contaminated soil is complicate and hard to apply traditional methods because of its persistency, durability, and high viscosity. Therefore, in this study, the efficiency of crude oil contaminated soil remediation was tested by developing a pilot-scale thermal desorption system using the indirect heating method with an exhaust gas treatment. Under optimal condition drawed by temperature and retention time, the remedial efficiency of crude oil contaminated soil and treatability of exhaust gas were analyzed. Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon (TPH) concentration of crude oil contaminated soil was decreased to 69.7 mg/kg on average and the remedial efficiency was measured at 99.60%. Through the exhaust gas, 86.0% of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) was degraded and 97.16% of complex malodor was reduced under the suggested optimum operation condition. This study provides important basic data to be useful in scaling up of the indirect thermal desorption system for the remediation of crude oil contaminated soil.