• 한국대기환경학회지
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• 제30권2호
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• pp.150-160
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• 2014

Greenhouse gas (GHG) and Air Pollution (AP) emission inventories have been constructed and estimated independently up-to-date in Seoul. It causes difficulty in GHG and AP integrated management due to a difference in emission inventories. In this study, we constructed GHG and AP integrated emission inventories for direct and indirect sources in Seoul during the year 2010 in Energy activities for estimating GHG and AP emissions were derived from IPCC guideline, guidelines for local government greenhouse inventories, air pollutants calculation manual, and Indirect Emission Factors (IEF) reported by Korea Power Exchange. The annual GHG emission was estimated as 50,530,566 $tonCO_{2eq}$, of which 54.8% resulted from direct sources and the remaining 45.2% from indirect sources. Among direct sources, transportation sector emitted the largest GHG, accounting for 47.3% of the total emission from direct sources. As with indirect sources, purchased electricity sector only emitted 98.6% of the total emission from indirect sources. The annual AP emission was estimated as 283,701 tonAP, of which 85.9% was contributed by the combined AP emissions of transportation and fugitive sectors. Estimation of individual air pollutant showed that the largest source were transportation sector for CO, $NO_x$, TSP, $PM_{10}$ and NH3, non-energy sector for $SO_x$, and fugitive sector for VOCs. This study found some limitations in estimating GHG and AP integrated emissions, such as nonconforming emission inventories between GHG and AP, and no indirect AP emission factor of purchased electricity, and so on. Those should be further studied and improved for more effective GHG and AP integrated management.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제44권6호
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• pp.1232-1238
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• 2011

아산화질소 ($N_2O$)는 가장 중요한 지구온난화 가스 중의 하나로 농업용으로 시용한 비료의 생물학적인 변환에 의한 것이 가장 큰 배출 원인으로 알려져 있다. 우리나라 농경지로부터 아산화질소의 간접배출 특성 및 배출량을 밝히기 위해 2007부터 2010년 까지 4년간 경남지방의 농업용관정의 지하수 질소성분들을 분석한 결과, 총 질소의 경우 평균 6.91, 질산태질소는 $5.06mg-N\;L^{-1}$이었다. 용존 아산화질소의 농도는 평균 $14.2{\mu}g-N\;L^{-1}$, 중앙값은 $7.8{\mu}g-N\;L^{-1}$, 최고값은 $169.6{\mu}g-N\;L^{-1}$로 분포하였다. 지하수 중의 총 질소나 질산태질소의 농도는 연도나 시기별로 큰 차이가 없었으나 용존 아산화질소 농도는 연도별로는 2009년에 시기별로는 8월이 가장 낮은 결과를 보였다. 우리나라 지하수 중의 $N_2O$-N 농도와 $NO_3$-N 농도비는 평균값이 0.0034, 중앙값이 0.0018이며, 95% 이상이 IPCC 가이드라인의 default 값인 0.015 이하에 분포하고 있어 IPCC가 1996 가이드라인의 농경지 지하유출에 의한 간접배출계수 ($EF_{5-g}$) 0.015 $N_2O-N/NO_3-N$가 우리나라의 환경보다 너무 높게 선정된 것임을 알 수 있었다. 따라서 IPCC의 $EF_{5-g}$ default 값인 0.015 $N_2O-N/NO_3-N$ 대신 우리나라 농경지 지하수 중의 $N_2O$-N와 $NO_3$-N 농도비의 평균값인 0.0034 $N_2O-N/NO_3-N$을 농경지 질소의 지하유출에 의한 아산화질소 간접배출량 평가를 위한 국가고유 배출계수 ($EF_{5-g}$)로 제시코자 하며, 따라서 농경지에서 수계유출에 의한 아산화질소 전체의 간접 배출계수 ($EF_{5-g}+EF_{5-r}+EF_{5-e}$)는 현재 우리나라의 국가 배출량평가에 사용되는 IPCC default값 0.025 $N_2O-N/NO_3-N$ 대신 0.0134 $N_2O-N/NO_3-N$를 제시코자 한다. IPCC의 수계 간접 배출계수인 0.025 $N_2O-N/NO_3-N$을 적용하여 평가한 2008년 우리나라 농경지에서 질소의 수계유출에 의한 아산화질소 배출량은 1,801,576톤 ($CO_2$-eq)이었으나 본 연구에서 제시한 배출계수인 0.0134 $N_2O-N/NO_3-N$을 적용할 경우 964,645톤 ($CO_2$-eq)으로 835,931톤 ($CO_2$-eq)의 온실가스 배출 감축효과를 얻을 수 있었다. 하지만 본 연구에서 제시한 배출계수는 질소 유출경로 중 가장 비중이 큰 지하침출에 의한 배출계수인 $EF_{5-g}$ 뿐으로 우리나라 농경지 아산화질소 간접배출량의 올바른 평가를 위해서는 앞으로 시용된 질소 중 수계를 통한 외부 유출 비율에 관한 default 값인 $Frac_{LEACH}$ (30%), 표면수 유출계수인 $EF_{5-r}$ (0.0075 $N_2O-N/NO_3-N$), 그리고 하천변을 통해 유출되는 계수인 $EF_{5-e}$ (0.0025 $N_2O-N/NO_3-N$ )에 관한 추가적인 연구가 수행되어야 할 것이다.

• 한국주거학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국주거학회 2006년도 추계학술발표대회 논문집
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• pp.328-333
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• 2006

A few methodologies have been recently developed to estimate the environmental affect when various materials and components are used in building life cycle. The direct survey method has limitations to analyze the environmental problems because of the limit of survey scope and cost. Therefore, another indirect method has been developed as alternatives. The indirect method is represented as input-output analysis. This paper aimed at analyzing the estimation the environmental affect of building materials and works at building construction, utilizing the input-output analysis as a indirect estimation method. The results suggested that the building works is overally responsible for the energy consumption and $CO_2$ emission. In other words, Over the 80% of the total consumption and $CO_2$ emission are resulted at the building work.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제29권12호
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• pp.1805-1811
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• 2016

The goal of this study was to estimate the emissions of greenhouse gases (GHG), namely methane ($CH_4$), nitrous oxide ($N_2O$), and carbon dioxide ($CO_2$) from poultry and pig production in South Korea over the last 10 years (2005 through 2014). The calculations of GHG emissions were based on Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) guidelines. Over the study period, the $CH_4$ emission from manure management decreased in layer chickens, nursery to finishing pigs and gestating to lactating sows, but there was a gradual increase in $CH_4$ emission from broiler chickens and male breeding pigs. Both sows and nursery to finishing pigs were associated with greater emissions from enteric fermentation than the boars, especially in 2009. Layer chickens produced lower direct and indirect $N_2O$ emissions from 2009 to 2014, whereas the average direct and indirect $N_2O$ emissions from manure management for broiler chickens were 12.48 and $4.93Gg\;CO_2-eq/yr$, respectively. Annual direct and indirect $N_2O$ emissions for broiler chickens tended to decrease in 2014. Average $CO_2$ emission from direct on-farm energy uses for broiler and layer chickens were 46.62 and $136.56Gg\;CO_2-eq/yr$, respectively. For pig sectors, the $N_2O$ emission from direct and indirect sources gradually increased, but they decreased for breeding pigs. Carbon dioxide emission from direct on-farm energy uses reached a maximum of $53.93Gg\;CO_2-eq/yr$ in 2009, but this total gradually declined in 2010 and 2011. For boars, the greatest $CO_2$ emission occurred in 2012 and was $9.44Gg\;CO_2-eq/yr$. Indirect $N_2O$ emission was the largest component of GHG emissions in broilers. In layer chickens, the largest contributing factor to GHG emissions was $CO_2$ from direct on-farm energy uses. For pig production, the largest component of GHG emissions was $CH_4$ from manure management, followed by $CO_2$ emission from direct on-farm energy use and $CH_4$ enteric fermentation emission, which accounted for 8.47, 2.85, and $2.82Gg-CO_2/yr$, respectively. The greatest GHG emission intensity occurred in female breeding sows relative to boars. Overall, it is an important issue for the poultry and pig industry of South Korea to reduce GHG emissions with the effective approaches for the sustainability of agricultural practices.

• KIEAE Journal
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• 제10권5호
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• pp.123-129
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• 2010

This study aimed at analyzing the trend of carbon dioxide emission for direct and indirect areas by using inter industry relations table between 2000, 2003 and 2005 in the key building materials and components. Results of this study are as follows; First, the material and components for this study was selected in 20 industries of products such as sand, gravel, cement, concrete articles, rebar, and steel bar. Second, among the 20 selected key building materials, the group with the highest carbon-dioxide emission was shown in ready-mixed concrete, concrete articles, and primary aluminum goods. Third, as a result of analyzing the changes to the units of carbon dioxide emission according to passage of time, the number of items which is changed in such as sustained increase or decrease over time was insignificant in carbon-emission change trend.

• 대한환경공학회지
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• 제33권12호
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• pp.874-885
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• 2011

현재 국가 온실가스 배출량 산정은 IPCC 가이드라인을 이용하여 화석연료 사용량을 우리나라의 에너지 분야의 온실가스 배출량 산정에 있어서 전력사용은 간접배출, 기타연료 사용은 직접배출로만 산정하고 있어, 자치단체의 온실가스 감축전략을 수립하기에는 미흡한 점이 있다. 본 연구는 16 개 광역자치단체의 2007년 에너지 사용량을 기초로 에너지 부문(석탄, 석유 제품, 전력, 도시가스)에 의한 온실가스물질의 직접 및 간접 배출량을 산정하였다. 각 지방자치단체의 에너지 분야 온실가스 배출량은 에너지 연료 생산단계에서 발생되는 간접배출량(Indirect Emissions)과 에너지 연료를 사용 했을 때 발생되는 직접배출량(Direct Emissions)으로 나누어 산정하였다. 각 지방자치단체별 직간접 발생량을 합산할 경우, 2007년 국내 에너지 부문 총 온실가스 배출량은 497,083 천톤 $CO_2eq.$이였으며, 간접 온실가스 배출부분에서 전체 발생량의 48%인 240,388 천톤 $CO_2eq.$, 직접 온실가스 배출부분에서 52%인 256,694 천톤 $CO_2eq.$의 온실가스가 배출되는 것으로 나타났다. 이 수치는 현재 기존의 평가방법으로 산정되어진 온실가스 배출량 439,698 천톤 $CO_2eq.$와 약 13%의 차이를 보이고 있다. 따라서 기후변화에 대응하기 위한 자치단체 및 국가 온실가스 감축 전략수립을 위해서는 우리 실정에 맞는 배출계수의 개발과 직, 간접배출을 고려한 체계적인 온실가스 배출량 산정방법의 정립이 필요한 것으로 나타났다.

• 한국정밀공학회지
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• 제21권9호
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• pp.63-68
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• 2004

The high pressure vessels that are constructed by welding process have many welding lines and most of the leakage defects are occurred on these welding lines. The acoustic emission(AE) technique has adopted to detect the defect location and leakage on welding parts, but the AE signal in leakage are incomplete due to the attenuation, reiteration, instability and limit of defect size. To overcome these troubles, the experiments in this study are conducted to measure the indirect media-propagated AE signal perpendicular to the leakage hole. The AE signals that are acquired from the direct and indirect media are analyzed, and the reliability of the indirect media-propagated AE signal are examined experimentally. By AE signal investigation, this method can be adopted to detect efficiently the leakage in welding parts.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제44권6호
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• pp.1207-1213
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• 2011

우리나라 농경지에서의 $N_2O$ 배출량을 1996과 2006 IPCC 방법론에 준하여 직접배출과 간접배출로 구분하여 산정하였다. 배출량 산정을 위한 활동자료는 농림수산식품부의 농림수산식품통계연보를 활용하였고, 배출계수는 1996 IPCC와 2006 IPCC에서 제시하고 있는 기본계수를 활용하였다. 직접배출량을 질소 투입원별로 산정한 결과 논과 밭에서 화학비료 시용에 의한 $N_2O$ 배출량은 각각 159,579 $CO_2$-eq Mg과 976,460 $CO_2$-eq Mg이었고, 축산분뇨 시용에 따른 $N_2O$ 배출량은 1,465,363 $CO_2$-eq Mg이었다. 두과작물의 질소 고정에 따른 $N_2O$ 배출량은 52,395 $CO_2$-eq Mg이었고, 작물잔사 환원에 의한 $N_2O$ 배출량은 14,562 $CO_2$-eq Mg 이었다. 간접배출에 의한 $N_2O$ 배출량을 대기 유출과 수계 유출로 구분하여 산정된 양은 각각 1,415,881 $CO_2$-eq Mg과 1,864,043 Mg이었다. 우리나라 농경지의 $N_2O$ 총배출량은 5,948,284 $CO_2$-eq Mg으로 직접배출량은 44.9%, 간접배출량은 55.1%를 차지하였으며, 경종부문 온실가스 전체 배출량의 48.7%를 점유하였다.

• 한국대기환경학회지
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• 제25권5호
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• pp.410-419
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• 2009

Generally, air pollutant emission at workplace is estimated by two methods: indirect methods using emission factors and direct methods based on CEMS (Continuous Emission Monitoring System). CAPSS (Clean Air Policy Support System) is a representative indirect method and the national air pollutant database of Korea. However, characteristics of some workplaces may create a gap between CAPSS and CEMS data. For improving of emission data accuracy, emission data of CEMS (named CleanSYS) equipped at 138 target workplaces were compared with those of CAPSS. As a result, $SO_x$ and $PM_{10}$ emission levels obtained by CAPSS were lower than those of CleanSYS. $SO_x$ and $PM_{10}$emission ratios were 61.5% and 71.2% lower respectively, showing the biggest gaps. On the other hand, $NO_x$ emission of CAPSS was higher by 10.4%. $SO_x$ showed the biggest difference in 'Energy industry combustion' and $NO_x$ did in 'Production Process' within the SCC category. $PM_{10}$ presented a large gap in 'Manufacturing industry combustion.' The differences in $SO_x$ between the two systems occurred because some large-size facilities lack pollution controllers or efficient pollution controllers. Based on this study, CAPSS emission database of Korea will improve accuracy through adopting CEMS emission system, which enables more efficient national atmospheric policies and workplace management.

• Environmental Engineering Research
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.266-276
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• 2017

A life cycle impact assessment was applied in an industrial waste incineration plant to evaluate the direct and indirect environmental impacts based on toxicity and non-toxicity categories. The detailed life cycle inventory of material and energy inputs and emission outputs was compiled based on the realistic data collected from a local industrial waste incineration plant, and the Korean life cycle inventory and ecoinvent database. The functional unit was the treatment of 1 tonne of industrial waste by incineration and the system boundary included the incineration plant and landfilling of ash. The result on the variation of the impact by the unit processes showed that the direct impact was decreased by 79.3, 71.6, and 90.1% for the processes in a semi dry reactor, bag filter, and wet scrubber, respectively. Considering the final impact produced from stack, the toxicity categories comprised 91.7% of the total impact. Among the toxicity impact categories, the impact in the eco-toxicity category was most significant. A separate estimation of the impact due to direct and indirect emissions showed that the direct impact was 97.7% of the total impact. The steam recovered from the waste heat of the incineration plant resulted in a negative environmental burden.