• The Korean Nurse
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• v.33 no.5
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• pp.63-75
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• 1995

The need of oriental nursing role is recently increasing. The implication of this trend is enormous not only for the need of independent of independent oriental nursing intervention. Hence, this study was designed to describe the characteristics of oriental nursing activity and identify the meaning of nursing activity in oriental hospital. A total of 24 nurses were selected by convenience sampling from eight units at one oriental hospital. A total of 168 data were collected using minute-by-minute recording during nurse s work shift. The data were analyzed using nova and scheffe method as post-hoc test The results of this study are as follows; 1. the category of nursing activity in oriental hospital 74.4% of nursing activity was the patient-oriented nursing care. The nursing activity included others (18.28%), the function-oriented nursing care (7.07%), and staff-oriented care (0.2%). 29.1 % of the patient-oriented nursing care was the direct care, and 24. 5 % of the patient-oriented nursing care was the indirect care. There was a lack of patient education and the communication patient. 2. Nursing activity in oriental hospital by characteristics 1) Nursing activity by unit For patient-oriented nursing care, there was a statistically significant difference among 8 units. In the critical care unit, the patient-oriented nursing care was mostly performed. For function-oriented nursing care, there was statistically significant difference among 8 units. In the physical therapy unit, the function-oriented nursing care was mostly performed. 2) Nursing activity in oriental hospital For all kinds of nursing activity, there was a statistically significant difference between shifts. In night shift patient-oriented nursing care, function-oriented nursing care, and other kinds of nursing care was mostly performed. Patient-oriented nursing care included indirect care, treatment set management, and the breaktime. In day shift, staff-oriented nursing care was performed. 3) Nursing activity in oriental hospital For all kinds of nursing activity, there was not a statistically significant difference by day. The day has not impact on nursing activity. 3. the meaning of activity in oriental hospital The results of this study show that the patient-oriented care was vital check, input! output check, medication, bedsore prevention, nasogastric feeding, oral care, catheterization care, perinatal care, nursing care associated with acupuncture and moxacautery, observation (fever, sweating), heat and cold application communication with patent and family, and patient room management In conclusion, two issues associated with the findings of the research appeated to be involved in the difficulty of nursing activity in hospital. The first issue was the nursing care in oriental hospital provided by nurses who have a limited understading of the principles of oriental medicine. The second issue was the deficiency of systematic guideling for oriental nursing activity. The findings suggest the need to develop the systematic guideline for oriental nursing activity. The need of continuing education for nurses who work in the oriental hospital, and the need of nursing education including oriental nursing are critical.

• Journal of Korean Clinical Nursing Research
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.95-105
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• 2010

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the difference between direct and indirect nursing activity times according to the grade of nursing management fee. Methods: The subjects of this study were 324 working nurses at the time of 3rd grade and 319 working nurses at the 2nd grade of nursing management fee in one university hospital. Nursing activity time was measured in April and May, and in September and October of 2008 for comparison. The data were analyzed by SPSS win using frequency and t-test. Results: Direct nursing care activity time per one patient was significantly higher at 2nd grade than 3rd grade in day shift (t=-2.55, p=.012). Direct nursing care workload per one nurse was significantly lower at 2nd grade than 3rd grade in evening shift (t=2.21, p=.030), whereas indirect nursing care workload was lower at 2nd level in night shift (t=2.43 p=.016). Conclusion: The findings from this study showed that higher nurse-to-patient ratio can provide greater amount of direct nursing care activity for the patient. Also, it decreased workload of nurses. The higher nurse-to-patient ratio will be beneficial for promoting quality of nursing care as well as decreasing nurse's heavy workload.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.305-309
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• 1998

The superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity of seven Bifidobacterium spp. strains was examined by an indirect SOD assay method. Some Bifidobacterium spp. showed significant levels of SOD activity. However, we could not observe any significant differences between anaerobic and aerobic cultures. Furthermore, although several Bifidobacterium spp. exhibited some degree of tolerance to paraquat which produces superoxide radicals, the apparent SOD activity of these strains was not correlated with their resistance to paraquat. In addition, when we added increasing amounts of manganese or iron to MRS medium which had been prepared without either of the metal ions, the apparent SOD activity of cell free extracts (CFEs) was increased with increasing concentration of both metal ions. To our surprise, the heat-denatured CFEs also showed nearly identical correlative patterns. Based on these results, the apparent SOD activity was likely due to a nonenzymatic dismutation. These results strongly suggest that high concentration of divalent metal ions ($Mn^{2+}$, $Fe^{2+}$) in MRS medium result in nonenzymatic dismutation which can lead to false positive SOD activities in Bifidobacerium spp.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.53 no.3
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• pp.125-129
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• 2009

H2-M3 (M3) is a unique antigen presenting molecule which provides N-formylated peptide to certain type of T cells. Previous observation indicated that NK cell activity is significantly diminished during listerial infection in $H2-M3^{-/-}$ mice. To explore the possibility that M3 expression directly effect on NK cell activity, we measured NK cell activity with or without stimulation of N-formylated peptide on antigen presenting cells. Results indicated that the expression of M3 is not directly influence on NK cell activity. Further study will be focused on the indirect effect of M3 on regulating NK cell activity.

• International Journal of Railway
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.28-33
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• 2010

The research is to develop cost methodology to support railway managers for identifying principles, tools and methods of activity based management correctly and precisely, and can be useful and effective for managers for realizing their goals. The research result a ministry can be suitable guideline in terms of how to execute activity based management. Since in this research, main and secondary activities are studied completely in the Railway organization, it can be an explanatory research. The research population is headquarter managers and experts of railway organization and the sampling procedure is goal-oriented and judgmental. 74 people were selected by using a formula. All hypotheses were tested in 95% significance level. Meanwhile a proposed process of applying. activity based management was offered.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.7 no.5
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• pp.275-278
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• 2003

Antioxidative activity is an important factor in inhibiting oxidative stress. The usual methods for determining antioxidative activity are time-consuming and cumbersome. They are also indirect processes that use biological material such as brain or liver microsome. This study therefore proposed a new method. Redoxpotential was determined using galvanic cell with or without the addition of various antioxidants or herbal extracts in zinc sulfate solution. The result was compared with the results from the TBA method and the peroxide value from sodium thiosulfate titration. All methods showed significant and dose-dependent enhancement of antioxidative activity by adding ascorbic acid, quercetin, ginseng, or gingko biloba extract. The result of redox potential using galvanic cell showed the smallest standard deviation and took the shortest time among the three methods. Therefore, the antioxidative potential of chemical substances and herbal extracts can be determined simply, directly and accurately in a short period of time using galvanic cell.

• Journal of Technology Innovation
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.153-179
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• 2017

Korean government has granted fixed indirect cost rates to several exceptional R&D programs which is lower than the predetermined rate by the government. It has been needed to evaluate the validity of exceptional R&D programs and determine the optimal indirect costs rate of the programs. This study analyzes the cost structure and explores drivers of indirect costs of exceptional R&D programs and evaluates the validity of current indirect costs rates. Finally, we propose the formulas for indirect costs rates of exceptional R&D programs. We analyze the cost structure of the exceptional R&D programs. Equipments and material costs are 50% in infra building program. Scholarship to students is 43% in HRD program. Equipments and material costs are 50% and R&D activity costs are 31% in international R&D program. Main cost components of evaluation program are salary(37%), R&D execution costs(21%) and R&D activity costs(19%). We propose three formulas of indirect costs for exceptional programs. 1) The cost items with exceptionally large amount are excluded in the base of formula for indirect costs. 2) Fixed indirect cost rate is applied for specific R&D programs. 3) Upper bound is set for the cost items with exceptionally large amount in the calculation of indirect costs rate. Our proposal is expected to contribute to the improvement of the efficiency of national R&D programs.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.55-68
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• 1981

The prime object of the study is to evaluate how much all the students of the Nursing Schools throughout the nation are in comprehension toward the application of nursing process to clinical experience as means of systematic solution of nursing problems. An effort has been made to find out the actual state whether they are in practice of clinical experience in accordance with application of nursing process, over the period of four weeks managing from December 1st to 28th, 1980 and centering on 36 nursing schools, and meanwhile and evaluation, employing the assessment tool used by Bertuccietal, has been made on the nursing process notes recorded by 200 senions out of 21 nursing schools where application of nursing process to clinical experience being in practice. The assessment tool is composed of 5 different criteria in view of patient nursing and authors made an attempt to find out the result of clinical experience on application students in accordance with 5 different scoring criteria and further evaluating all the findings thereof. The findings were disposed of accordance with practice duration and criteria of the specific sudents subject to this finding as to verify the scoring difference in significance and of which the results are as follows: 1) as of now, in 21 (58.2%) out of 36 nursing Schools nursing process in being appliced in clinical experience. 2) Schools that started the application of nursing process to clinical experience amount to - for more than 4 yrs -6 (28.6％) - for 2 to 3 yrs-11s(52.4％) - for 1 yr -4 (19.0％) 3) As for the response upon application of nursing process. To clinical etperience, the largest voice (61.9%) heard was that it is rather difficult beyond the lecturing thereof, to practically apply it outs patients and the second voice (19.1%) turned out to be that it is hard to put in practice owing to uninformed nurses of the process serving in the clinical field. 4) The response. Of the processors assigned to instruction as to the most difficult problem in criteria of nursing process, the largest voice (38.2%) centered on the problem assessment while the second voice (17.7%) on the indirect nursing activity and the objective data respectively and considered to be the easiest was the indirect nursing activity (11.7%). 5) In order for a satisfactory. application of nursing process to clinical experience hence-forth, it has been pointed out that sufficient number of nurses should be supplemented in clinical field (44.1%) and at the same time supplementory education (35.3%) centered around professors be necessary. 6) Of the criteria that record result of nursing process, a significant difference in comprehension of subjective and objective data has been revealed according to the degree of the practice duration of application to clinical experience. For instance, while although poor it may seen, only 74.9% in subjective data and 71.1% in objective data represent the student group in practice for more than 4 years and only 56.3% in subjective data and 66.8% in objective data represent the student group in practice for 2 to 3 years but they still surpass in comprehension over the student group in practice for 1 year attaning only 19.6% in subjective data and 16.8% in objective data (P < 0.005). 7) As for problem assessment, the student group who started application of nursing process for 4 years stand for 37,7% the group for 2 to 3 years started for 25.3% and the group for 1 year started for 5.4%, revealing no significant difference according to duration (P < 0.5) and as poor as to indicate only 22.8% on an overage is in comprehension. 8) On direct and indirect nursing activity, the student group of for more than 4 years in appling nursing process (representing 49.5% in direct nursing activity, 21.4% in indirect nursing activity). Know more about it than the student group of for 2 to 3 years (representing 36.3% in direct nursing activity, 20.8% in indirect nursing activity) but revealed no significant difference. (P ＜ 0.5) 9) The student group applying nursing process for more than 4 years subjective data (74.9%) comprehend were more than objective data (71.1%) but shown no significant difference (P < 0.5). 10) However, the student group applying nursing process for 2 to 3 years comprehend objective data (66.8%) well ever subjective data (55.5%) indicating that 40.9% in average is in comprehension, thereby revealing a significant difference (P < 0.005). 11) On the other hand, the student group applying nursing process to clinical experience for 1 year had revealed themselves as poorly as to comprehend only 11.7% are an average of it, revealing no significant difference (P < 0.5). In consequence of the fore going, I the conductor of the present study, hereby suggest the following points: 1) Application of nursing process to clinical experience be practiced in all the Nursing Schools all over the nation at the earliest possible date in order that scientific nursing be prevailed (as of now only 58.0%), 2) In teaching nursing process, it is desirable to teach specific method of applying to practical clinical situations. 3) In order to meet the end of satisfactory application of nursing process to clinical experience, sufgecient nursing man power be sysplemented in clinical field and at the save time supplementary education by professors is necessary. 4) Sinces the students whose application duration of nursing process to clinical experience is longer comprehend more about it, it is reguired that the schools not yet in practice of the application be promptlyurged to follow. 5) Of the criteria recording nursing process, since it is comparatively hard to comprehend“assessment”and“Direct and indirect nursing activity”, a concentrated instruction is desirable. 6) The students whose duration of application of nursing process to clinical experience falls short of 1 years be put in a concentrated guidance program on individual criterion.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.36 no.5
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• pp.29-46
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• 1998

This study investigates how the consumers utilize the elements of information search and how consumers are satisfied with them. For this study, drives who have bought their own cars in two years were chosen for subjects of investigation. And samples were interviewed with an organized questionaire from July 8 to July 27, 1996. 300 samples were used for the final analysis. The major results from this study are as follows. 1) In general information search, consumers get a great deal of information from a talk their friends, neighbors, or colleagues, and they obtain information from an experienced person or a professional. In using sources of information search, they made the best use of their experiences, which is the sources of internal information, and for the second, they used advertising and the explanation of a salesman. In using the contents of information search, they made the best use of information about the merits and demerits in each attribute. In using the method of information search, the mixed search 1 method was used the most, and the attribute search method was used. 2) The casual relationship between the general satisfaction for the products and the relative variable was investigated. An age, the time pressure, the information of the products had a direct and indirect influence on the general for the products. The perceived risk, the number of inquiring activity, a shop and the buying method had a direct influence on the general for the products. An indirect influence was showed in the general satisfaction for the products through the medium of inquiring activity, a shop, and buying method.

• Proceedings of the Technology Innovation Conference
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• 2002.02a
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• pp.59-89
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• 2002

The rapid diffusion of information and telecommunication (IT) technologies during the recent decennia produced fundamental changes in the economic activity at a global level, resulting in what became coined as the "new economy". However, empirical evidence on the contribution of IT equipment to growth and productivity is at best mixed, with the more or less consistent results on the positive link between the two relating to the United States in the 1990-s. Although the empirical literature on the link between IT investment and economic performance employs a wide variety of methodologies, the overwhelming majority of the studies appears to be employing the assumption of linearity of the IT-performance relationship and predominantly explores the direct nature thereof. In this study we relax both these assumptions and find that the indirect, or aggregate productive efficiency, effects of IT investment are as important as are the direct ones The estimated non-linear nature of the indirect relationship between IT investment intensity and productive efficiency accommodates the concepts of critical mass and complementary (infrastructure) capital offered in the literature. Our key finding is that the world economy′s average level of IT investment intensity remained below the estimated critical mass. Since in this study we developed a methodology that allows one to explicitly measure the critical mass of IT investment intensity, its individual estimation at a country or industrialsector level may help evaluate the extent to which IT investment activity has to be encouraged or discouraged.