• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.67 no.2
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• pp.95-104
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• 2009

Background: The pathophysiologic mechanisms of early acute lung injury (ALI) differ according to the type of primary insult. It is important to differentiate between direct and indirect pathophysiologic pathways, and this may influence the approach to treatment strategies. NF-$\kappa$B decoy oligodeoxynucleotide (ODN) is a useful tool for the blockade of the expression of NF-$\kappa$B-dependent proinflammatory mediators and has been reported to be effective in indirect ALI. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of NF-$\kappa$B decoy ODN in the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced direct ALI model. Methods: Five-week-old specific pathogen-free male BALB/c mice were used for the experiment. In the preliminary studies, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-$\alpha$, interleukine (IL)-6 and NF-$\kappa$B activity peaked at 6 hours after LPS administration. Myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity and ALI score were highest at 36 and 48 hours, respectively. Therefore, it was decided to measure each parameter at the time of its highest level. The study mice were randomly divided into three experimental groups: (1) control group which was administered 50 ${\mu}L$ of saline and treated with intratracheal administration of 200 ${\mu}L$ DW containing only hemagglutinating virus of Japan (HVJ) vector (n=24); (2) LPS group in which LPS-induced ALI mice were treated with intratracheal administration of 200 ${\mu}L$ DW containing only HVJ vector (n=24); (3) LPS+ODN group in which LPS-induced ALI mice were treated with intratracheal administration of 200 ${\mu}L$ DW containing 160 ${\mu}g$ of NF-$\kappa$B decoy ODN and HVJ vector (n=24). Each group was subdivided into four experimental subgroups: (1) tissue subgroup for histopathological examination for ALI at 48 hours (n=6); (2) 6-hour bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) subgroup for measurement of TNF-$\alpha$ and IL-6 in BAL fluid (BALF) (n=6); (3) 36-hour BAL subgroup for MPO activity assays in BALF (n=6); and (4) tissue homogenate subgroup for measurement of NF-$\kappa$B activity in lung tissue homogenates at 6 hours (n=6). Results: NF-$\kappa$B decoy ODN treatment significantly decreased NF-$\kappa$B activity in lung tissues. However, it failed to improve the parameters of LPS-induced direct ALI, including the concentrations of tumor necrosis factor-$\alpha$ and interleukin-6 in BALF, myeloperoxidase activity in BALF and histopathologic changes measured by the ALI score. Conclusion: NF-$\kappa$B decoy ODN, which has been proven to be effective in indirect models, had no effect in the direct ALI model.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.2 no.4
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• pp.348-353
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• 1997

The antimutagenic and cancer cell growth inhibitory effects of methanol extracts from 9 kinds of seaweed were studied in the Ames assay and cell culture systems, respectively. The methanol extracts from the seaweeds of sea lettuce, chlorella, sea tangle, sea mustard, sporophyll of sea mustard, fusiforme, seaweed papulosa, purple laver and ceylon moss showed antimutagenicities against aflatoxin B₁(AFB₁) and N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine(MNNG) in the Salmonella typhimurium TA100. These extracts revealed relatively higher antimutagenicity against AFB₁(indirect mutagen) than MNNG(direct mutagen). Sporophyll of sea mustard and seaweed papulosa exhibited strong antimutagenic activity against AFB₁, and sporophyll of sea mustard, sea tangle and ceylon moss also reduced the mutagenicity induced by MNNG. The sporophyll fo sea mustard exerted the highest antimutagenic activity among the samples treated. The methanol extracts from 9 kinds of seaweed inhibited the growth of two cancer cell lines, AGS human gastric adenocarcinoma cells and HT-29 human colon carcinoma cells. Sea tangle, sea mustard and sporophyll of sea mustard inhibited the growth of cancer cells significantly. These results suggest that various seaweeds show not only antimutagenic activity but also growth inhibitory effect of some cancer cells.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.322-326
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• 2005

IgE-dependent histamine-releasing factor (HRF) is found extracellularly to regulate the degranulation process of histamine in mast cells and basophils and known to play a predominant role in the pathogenesis of chronic allergic disease. HRF has been also identified in the intracellular region of the cell. Previously, we reported that HRF interacts with the 3rd cytoplasmic domain of the alpha subunit of Na,K-ATPase and inhibits Na,K-ATPase activity. Since it is known that estroaen activates the sarcolemmal Na,K-ATPase, we tested whether estrogen recovers the Na,K-ATPase activity repressed by HRF. In this study, we showed that estrogen activates Na,K-ATPase repressed by HRF. RT-PCR and western blot analysis showed that estrogen doesn't reduce the expression level of HRF in HeLa cell, suggesting that this recovery effects of estrogen probably occur via indirect mechanism on HRF and Na,K-ATPase.

• International journal of advanced smart convergence
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.146-154
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• 2018

In this study we investigated antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of Malus Domestica (apple), Pyrus Communis L. (pear), Daucus carota L. (carrot), Brassica oleracea var. (broccoli), Brassica oleracea var. capitata (cabbage) and Raphanus sativus L. (radish), that were obtained from local market. As these are common fruits and vegetables that are widely consumed, we aimed to investigate their beneficial properties especially the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory. The samples were processed by an indirect heating method and their properties were compared to their raw forms. Based on DPPH and ABTS assay, processed samples showed better antioxidant activity compared to raw samples, and processed pear sample had the best antioxidant activity. The anti-inflammatory activities of the samples were also investigated in LPS-treated RAW 264.7 cells. The mRNA expressions of pro-inflammatory mediators and cytokines (iNOS, COX-2, $TNF-{\alpha}$, $IL-1{\beta}$ and IL-6) were assessed by RT-PCR. Processed samples exhibited better inhibition of iNOS, compared to the raw forms. Processed broccoli and cabbage samples exhibited outstanding anti-inflammatory effects. The samples did not exhibit cytotoxicity against RAW 264.7 cells up to 1mg/ mL as shown in the cell viability assay. Taken together, processed broccoli and cabbage samples exhibited the strongest anti-inflammatory properties.

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.95-108
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• 1987

Effects of allopurinol (2mM), a specific inhibitor of xanthine oxidase, on the growth and metabolism of llantoin in dark grown Chinese cabbage (Brassica campestris L.) seedlings were investigated. Allopurinol treatment maintained the fresh and dry weights of cotyledons at higher levels, but inhibited the elongation of hypocotyls and roots of the seedlings. Total nitrogen content in the cotyledons decreased at slower rate by allopurinol. Accordingly, the levels of total nitrogen contents in the hypocotyls and roots, were depressed by the inhibitor. In the cotyledons, allopurinol began to elevate RNA levels after day 3, which it did not affect DNA level throughout the experiment. Activities of xanthine oxidase (XO:EC 1.2.3.2), uricase (UO:EC 1.7.3.3) and allantoinase (AL:EC 3.5.2.5) in the cotyledons were examined. The activity of XO was not detected, but the accumulation of xanthine by allopurinol treatment presented an indirect evidence of the existence of XO in the organ. Allopurinol kept UO activity high up to day 2 after sowing and depressed AL activity throughout the experiment. By allopurinol treatment, allantoin content was kept high over the control both in cotyledons and roots, but it was kept low in hypocotyls. The level of allantoic acid in the 3 organs were shown to be depressed by allopurinol. These results suggest that allantoin and allantoic acid produced by the degradation of stored and newly synthesized RNA are transported from the storage tissue to hypocotyls and roots as important nitrogen sources for the development of Chinese cabbage seedlings.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• v.47 no.7
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• pp.849-858
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• 2015

This study set the pyroprocess facility at an engineering scale as a cost object, and presented the cost consumed during the unit processes of the pyroprocess. For the cost calculation, the activity based costing (ABC) method was used instead of the engineering cost estimation method, which calculates the cost based on the conceptual design of the pyroprocess facility. The calculation results demonstrate that the pyroprocess facility's unit process cost is $194/kgHM for pretreatment, $298/kgHM for electrochemical reduction, $226/kgHM for electrorefining, and $299/kgHM for electrowinning. An analysis demonstrated that the share of each unit process cost among the total pyroprocess cost is as follows: 19% for pretreatment, 29% for electrochemical reduction, 22% for electrorefining, and 30% for electrowinning. The total unit cost of the pyroprocess was calculated at $1,017/kgHM. In the end, electrochemical reduction and the electrowinning process took up most of the cost, and the individual costs for these two processes was found to be similar. This is because significant raw material cost is required for the electrochemical reduction process, which uses platinum as an anode electrode. In addition, significant raw material costs are required, such as for $Li_3PO_4$, which is used a lot during the salt purification process.

• Journal of Nuclear Fuel Cycle and Waste Technology(JNFCWT)
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.367-386
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• 2021

The overestimation and underestimation of the radioactivity concentration of difficult-to-measure radionuclides can occur during the implementation of the scaling factor (SF) method because of the uncertainties associated with sampling, radiochemical analysis, and application of SFs. Strict regulations ensure that the SF method as an indirect method does not underestimate the radioactivity of nuclear wastes; however, there are no clear regulatory guidelines regarding the overestimation. This has been leading to the misuse of the SF methodology by stakeholders such as waste disposal licensees and regulatory bodies. Previous studies have reported instances of overestimation in statistical implementation of the SF methodology. The analysis of the two most popular linear models of the SF methodology showed that severe overestimation may occur and radioactivity concentration data must be dealt with care. Since one major source of overestimation is the use of minimum detectable activity (MDA) values as true activity values, a comparative study of instrumental techniques that could reduce the MDAs was also conducted. Thermal ionization mass spectrometry was recommended as a suitable candidate for the trace level analysis of long-lived beta-emitters such as iodine-129. Additionally, the current status of the United States and Korea was reviewed from the perspective of overestimation.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing Administration
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• v.5 no.3
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• pp.513-524
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• 1999

The shortage of nursing personnel was become one of the most serious problems in operating pediatric oncology nursing unit which was the first pediatric oncology nursing unit in Korea. The purpose of this study was to estimate the optimal number of nursing personnel by calculating nursing care hours. The subjects were 13 staff nurses and inpatients of pediatric oncology nursing unit at Seoul National University Hospital during the period of May 20, 1996, to June 2, 1996. The number of nurses' duty was 132, the number of patients treated was 1288 for these 2 weeks. The tools used for this study were pediatric patient classification indexes and direct & indirect care indexes. Each nurse measured the time that they spent for their activities by self record under the supervision of their nurse manager. The method used to calculate the number of nursing personnel was multiplication of the average number of nursing care hours per patient per day with the number of patients. Percentage, average, t-test, F-test were used for data analysis. The results of this study were as follows : 1) The distribution of patient class : Class I & II none, Class III 86.8%. Class IV 12.9% 2) Direct nursing care hours for a patient per shift according to patient classification: Class III : 27.64 minutes, Class IV : 54.64 minutes The average direct nursing service hours for a patient per shift(3 shift) was 31.54 minutes(94.62 m/day). The average indirect nursing service hours for each patient per duty(3 shift) is 21.3 minutes (63. 91 m/day). 3) The average nursing hours for a patient per duty was 52.80 minutes(2.64h/day). 4) The group of administering medications in direct care activities showed the highest percentage (38.9%). Checking vital signs among observation took the most time am.ong each direct care activity (6.88 minutes for a patient per duty). 5) Charting took the most time of each indirect care activity(52.53 minutes/ duty/nurse). 6) The average personal time per duty is 29.40 minutes, which 'was below 30 minutes of this hospital regulations. 7) The average nursing hours that a nurse provided for a duty was 8.60 hours, which meant that a nurse worked 1.10 hours overtime. 8) Standardizing to a 33 bed to a unit, 17 nurses were needed at the present nursing level.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.41 no.6
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• pp.694-699
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• 2009

The antimutagenic activities of ethanol extracts of Korean and American propolis were tested using Salmonella Typhimurium TA98 with two indirect mutagens of 3-amino-1,4-dimethyl-5H-pyrido [4,3-b]indole (Trp-P-1) and 2-aminoanthracene (2-AA) with S9 mix. Additionally, their antimicrobial activities against acne-related pathogenic strains of Propionibacterium acnes, Staphylococcus Epidermidis, Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were evaluated using both paper disk method and agar dilution method. Ethanol extracts of Korean and American propolis showed strong inhibitory effects, in a dose dependant manner, against the mutagenicities induced by Trp-P-1 and 2-AA. The antimutagenic effect of ethanol extracts of Korean propolis showed significantly higher protective activity than that of American propolis against the Trp-P-1 induced mutagenicity of S. Typhimurium TA98 at the lower concentration ($1-10\;{\mu}g$), but significantly lower protective activity at the higher concentration ($50-200\;{\mu}g$). The antimutagenic effect of ethanol extract of Korean propolis showed significantly higher protective activity than that of American propolis against the 2-AA induced mutagenicity at the concentration of $1\;{\mu}g$, but significantly lower protective activity than that of the American at the higher concentration ($50-200\;{\mu}g$). Both extracts showed strong antimicrobial activities against all the acne-related pathogens tested, with minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) values in the range $1,500-5,000\;{\mu}g/mL$.

• 한국노년학
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.905-922
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• 2018

The purpose of this study was to examine the mediating effects of generativity and ego-integration on the relationship between leisure activity experience and life satisfaction after retirement, and to clarify the structural relationship between variables. In this study, SPSS for window 21.0 program r and AMOS 18.0 were used. First, correlation analysis was performed among the main variables to investigate the relationship between variables. Next, confirmatory factor analysis and fit of hypothesis model were confirmed. Finally, the bootstrapping procedure was conducted to verify the significance of the indirect effect. The main results of this study are as follows. First, leisure activity experience, life satisfaction, generativity and ego-integration were statistically correlated. Second, in the research model, there was a double-mediated effect of the generativity and ego-integration in the married couple's leisure experience and life satisfaction after retirement. The indirect effect that affects life satisfaction was found to be greater through mediation. This study has limitations in collecting data on retirees who have retirement experience or retired husbands who have. The reason for this is that there is a difference in the sense of life satisfaction between the couple and their spouse, and the significance of the path between the variables may also differ. Therefore, the follow-up study suggests the necessity of analyzing only the couple.