• Communications of the Korean Mathematical Society
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.611-621
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• 2005

This paper introduces an ID based authenticated two pass key agreement protocol of Smart[4] which used the Weil pairing. We propose other an ID based authenticated two pass key agreement protocol which using the Tate Pairing. We will compare protocol of Smart with this protocol.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.53 no.2
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• pp.116-124
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• 2023

Objective: The absence of a guideline to refer to developing malocclusions appropriately, may be a contributing factor to the inadequacy of timely interceptive orthodontics provision. This study aimed to develop and validate a new orthodontic grading and referral index to be used by dental frontliners to prioritize the orthodontic referral of developing malocclusion in children based on its severity. Methods: A cross-sectional study involving clinical assessment with 413 schoolchildren aged between 8.1 and 11.9 years was conducted in 2018. All the presenting malocclusion was listed and graded based on a few dental guidelines to produce the draft index. The validity and reliability of the draft index were tested using twenty study models. Face and content validation was carried out using the content validation index and Modified Kappa Statistics. Results: Fourteen dental and occlusal anomalies were identified as components of malocclusion and three grades of referral (monitor, standard, urgent) were included in the final index. The scale-level content validity index average value of 0.86 and 0.87 was obtained for content and face validation, respectively. There was moderate to excellent agreement in the Modified Kappa Statistics for both validations. Excellent inter- and intra-assessor agreement was obtained. The new index displayed valid and reliable scores. Conclusions: The Index for Interceptive Orthodontics Referral was developed and validated for the dental frontliners to identify and prioritize the developing malocclusion in children based on its severity and refer for orthodontic consultation to increase the possibility for interceptive orthodontics.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.16 no.11
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• pp.37-45
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• 2018

Purpose - Recently, large quantities of factors have affected the signing of the Free Trade Agreement between two countries. Due to this background, this paper selects South Korea as an example to explore the determinants of Free Trade Agreement from Asian countries. Research design, data, and methodology - A cross sectional data of 2016 will be employed and some variables such as real income and GDP will be used to run an empirical analysis under the linear probability model, probit model and logit model. Results - The findings show that the Asian countries' exchange rate regime, real income, GDP and so forth can increase the probability of signing the Free Trade Agreement with Asian countries. Conversely, the distance can lower the probability of signing the Free Trade Agreement with Asian countries. Meanwhile, although the Asian countries' import, consumer price index and population also can affect the probability of signing the Free Trade Agreement with Asian countries, the estimated coefficients are not statistically significant at 5% level. Conclusions - According to the empirical results, this paper provides a new scope for South Korea's government to sign the Free Trade Agreement with other Asian countries.

• East Asian Economic Review
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.425-461
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• 2014

This paper analyzes the impact of the Canada-Korea Free Trade Agreement on the basis of the published text and agreed schedule of commitments. We find that the Agreement reinforces existing patterns of comparative advantage between Canada (agriculture and resource-based sectors) and Korea (autos and other industries). The sensitive sectors that held up the deal for years - autos into Canada and beef into Korea - witness major trade gains, but are not unduly disrupted. In both economies, the major output gains otherwise come in non-traded services sectors, driven by income effects. We find that trade diversion effects are quite significant; this lends support for the domino theory of major free trade agreements - since the Korea-EU agreement broke the ice, the pressure has intensified on third parties to re-level playing fields by striking their own deals. The study breaks new ground in modelling services trade by developing policy impacts based on the extent to which the text of the Agreement modifies Korea's and Canada's scores on the OECD's Services Trade Restrictiveness Index and by providing estimates of Mode 3 Services trade impacts. The analysis of the Agreement as negotiated, the present study, in our view, is a step forward in understanding the impact of modern free trade agreements.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Intelligent Systems Conference
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• 2007.04a
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• pp.225-229
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• 2007

We propose some properties of fuzzy p-value and fuzzy significance level to the fuzzy hypotheses testing for vague response data with reflected correlation in survey research, Appling the principle of agreement index, we suggest the methods for fuzzy hypothesis testing by fuzzy rejection region.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Intelligent Systems Conference
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• 2006.11a
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• pp.153-156
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• 2006

We propose some properties of fuzzy p-value and fuzzy significance level to the test statistics for the fuzzy hypotheses testing. Appling the principle of agreement index, we suggest two method for fuzzy hypothesis testing by fuzzy rejection region and fuzzy p-value with fuzzy hypothesis to separately ${\alpha}-level$.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.52 no.4
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• pp.393-402
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• 2007

Remote sensing data can be integrated into crop models, making simulation improved. A crop model that uses remote sensing data was evaluated for its capability, which was performed through comparing three different methods of canopy measurement for cotton(Gossypium hirsutum L.). The measurement methods used were leaf area index(LAI), hand-held remotely sensed perpendicular vegetation index(PVI), and satellite remotely sensed PVI. Simulated values of cotton growth and lint yield showed reasonable agreement with the corresponding measurements when canopy measurements of LAI and hand-held remotely sensed PVI were used for model calibration. Meanwhile, simulated lint yields involving the satellite remotely sensed PVI were in rough agreement with the measured lint yields. We believe this matter could be improved by using remote sensing data obtained from finer resolution sensors. The model not only has simple input requirements but also is easy to use. It promises to expand its applicability to other regions for crop production, and to be applicable to regional crop growth monitoring and yield mapping projects.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.9 no.6
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• pp.637-643
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• 2015

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Malnutrition in the elderly is a serious problem, prevalent in both hospitals and care homes. Due to the absence of a gold standard for malnutrition, herein we evaluate the efficacy of five nutritional screening tools developed or used for the elderly. SUBJECTS/METHODS: Elected medical records of 141 elderly patients (86 men and 55 women, aged $73.5{\pm}5.2years$) hospitalized at a geriatric care hospital were analyzed. Nutritional screening was performed using the following tools: Mini Nutrition Assessment (MNA), Mini Nutrition Assessment-Short Form (MNA-SF), Geriatric Nutritional Risk Index (GNRI), Malnutrition Universal Screening Tool (MUST) and Nutritional Risk Screening 2002 (NRS 2002). A combined index for malnutrition was also calculated as a reference tool. Each patient evaluated as malnourished to any degree or at risk of malnutrition according to at least four out of five of the aforementioned tools was categorized as malnourished in the combined index classification. RESULTS: According to the combined index, 44.0% of the patients were at risk of malnutrition to some degree. While the nutritional risk and/or malnutrition varied greatly depending on the tool applied, ranging from 36.2% (MUST) to 72.3% (MNA-SF). MUST showed good validity (sensitivity 80.6%, specificity 98.7%) and almost perfect agreement (k = 0.81) with the combined index. In contrast, MNA-SF showed poor validity (sensitivity 100%, specificity 49.4%) and only moderate agreement (k = 0.46) with the combined index. CONCLUSIONS: MNA-SF was found to overestimate the nutritional risk in the elderly. MUST appeared to be the most valid and useful screening tool to predict malnutrition in the elderly at a geriatric care hospital.

• Journal of Korean Society of Water and Wastewater
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• v.19 no.5
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• pp.632-638
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• 2005

Membrane fouling index such as Silt Density Index (SDI) and Modified Fouling Index (MFI) is an important parameter in design of the integrated RO/NF membrane processes for drinking water treatment. In this study, the effect of particle, membrane and feed water characteristics on membrane fouling index were investigated systematically. Higher fouling index values were observed when filtering suspensions with smaller particle size and higher feed particle concentration. Larger membrane resistance due to smaller pore size resulted in an increased membrane fouling index. The variations of feed water hardness and TDS concentrations did not show any impact on fouling index, suggesting that there were no significant colloidal interactions among particles and thus the porosity of particle cake layer accumulated on the membrane surface could be assumed to be 0.36 according to random packing density. Based on the experimental observations, fundamental membrane fouling index model was developed using Happel Cell. The effect of primary model parameters including particle size ($a_p$), particle concentration ($C_o$), membrane resistance ($R_m$), were accurately assessed without any fitting parameters, and the prediction of membrane fouling index such as MFI exhibited very good agreement with the experimental results.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.20 no.1 s.37
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• pp.60-65
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• 1999

We have conducted a study of the interobserver reliabilities of Modified Barthel Index and Motor Assessment Scale with 30 patients hospitalized with strokes in the department of circulatory internal medicine, Sang Ji University Oriental Hospital. The observations were performed by two staff and residents in the circulatory internal medicine department. Raters were assigned in random pairs to individual patients. Evaluations were performed independently by the two observers. In order to minimize the impact of fluctuations in the patients' clinical status, the second set of observations immediately followed the first. Each patient was used for only one pair of evaluations. The results were as follows. 1. Mean kappa value of 13 items in Modified Barthel Index(MBD was 0.742, which indicated excellent interobserver reliability. The kappa values indicated almost $perfect({\kappa}:\;0.81-1.00)$ for 4, substantial for $9({\kappa}:\;0.61-0.80)$, and moderate for $2({\kappa}:\;0.41-0.60)$ of 13 items. All items. except Grooming item, showed statistically significant interobserver agreement(p<0.01) 2. Mean kappa value of 8 items. except General tonus, in Motor Assessment Scale(MAS) was 0.823, which indicated excellent interobserver reliability. and this value of Motor Assessment Scale was more high than MBI' s value. 0.81. The kappa values indicated almost perfect for 5, substantial for 3 of 8 items. All items showed statistically significant interobserver agreement(P<0.01).