• Transactions of the Korean Society of Automotive Engineers
• /
• v.16 no.1
• /
• pp.52-63
• /
• 2008

The side collision reconstruction algorithm is developed using three dimensional car crash analysis. Medium size passenger car is modeled for finite element analysis. Total 24 side collision configurations, four different speed and six different angle, are set up for making side collision database. Deformation index and degree index are built up for each collision case. Deformation index is a kind of deformation estimate averaging displacement of side door of crashed car from finite element analysis result. Angle index is constructed measuring deformed angle of crashing car. There are two kinds of angle index, one is measured at driver's side and the other is measured at passenger's side. Also a collision analysis information in side of cars is used for giving a basis for scientific and practical reason in a reconstruction of the car accident. The analysis program, LS-DYNA3D is utilized for finite element analysis program for a collision analysis. Those database are used for side collision reconstruction. Side collision reconstruction algorithm is developed, and applied to find the collision conditions before the accident occurs. Three example collision cases are tried to check the effectiveness of the algorithm. Deformation index and angle index is extracted for the case from the analysis result. Deformation index is compared to the established database, and estimated collision speed and angle are introduced by interpolation function. Angle index is used to select a specific collision condition from the several available conditions. The collision condition found by reconstruction algorithm shows good match with original condition within 10% error for speed and angle. As a result, the calculation from the reconstruction of the situation is reproducing the situation well. The performance in this study can be used in many ways for practical field using deformation index and degree index. Other different collision situations may be set up for extending the scope of this study in the future.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
• /
• v.24 no.3
• /
• pp.155-158
• /
• 2008

Site index is the essential tool for forest management to estimate the productivity of forest land Generally, site index equation is developed and used by relationship between stand age and dominant tree heights. However, there is a limit to use the site index equation in the application of variable ages, environmental influence, and estimation of site index for unstocked land. Therefore, it was attempted to develop a new site index equations based on various environmental factors including site and topographical variables. This study was conducted to develop regional site index equations based on the relationship between site index and soil factors for Pinus densiflora. Environmental factors that obtained from GIS application, were selected by stepwise-regression. Site index Equation was estimated by multiple regression from selected factors. Four environmental factors were selected in the final site index equations by stepwise regression. It was observed that coefficients of determination for site index equations were ranged from 0.34 which seem to be relatively low but good enough for estimation of forest stand productivity. The site index equations developed in this study were also verified to be useful by three evaluation statistics such as model's estimation bias, model's precision and mean square error type of measure.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
• /
• v.8 no.2
• /
• pp.97-106
• /
• 2006

Site index is an essential tool to estimate forest productivity. Generally, a site index equation is developed and used from the relationship between stand age and dominant tree heights. However, there is a limit to the use of the site index equation in the application of variable ages, environmental influence, and estimation of site index for the unstocked forest. Therefore, it has been attempted to develop a new site index equation based on various environmental factors including site, climate, and topographical variables. This study was conducted to develop a site index equation based on the relationship between site index and environmental factors for the species of Pinus koraiensis in Yangpyung-Gun, Gyunggi Province. The influence of climatic factors (temperature and solar irradiation ratio), topographical factors (elevation, slope, ratio of slope to valley and aspect) and soil profiles (soil depth by layer and soil consistency) on site index were evaluated by multiple regression analysis. Five environmental factors were selected in the final site index equation for Pinus koraiensis. The site index equation developed in this study was also verified by three evaluation statistics: model's estimation bias, model's precision, and mean square error of measurement. Based on the site index equation, the number of productive areas for Pinus koraiensis were estimated by applying GIS technique to digitized forest maps. In addition, the distribution of productive areas was compared with the areas of current distribution of Pinus koraiensis. It is expected that the results obtained in this study could provide valuable information about the amount and distribution of productive areas for Pinus koraiensis reforestation.

• The Korean Journal of Health Service Management
• /
• v.7 no.2
• /
• pp.93-100
• /
• 2013

This study sought to explore the relationships between health behavior, oral health behavior and community periodontal index away the adult in korea. The date of 'The fifth korean national health and nutrition examination survey 2010' was analyzed for this study. The questionnaire was measured regarding health behavior, oral health behavior, community periodontal index and socio-economic characteristics. For statistical analysis, the SPSS 19.0 for Windows was used. We determined frequencies, percentage and determining statistical significance using multiple regression analysis. General characteristics showed differences in community periodontal index associated with residence, gender, age, income level, education, division of basic livelihood security. Health behavior showed differences in community periodontal index associated with smoking, AUDIT. Oral health behaviors showed differences in community periodontal index associated with dental care treatment, utilization of dental hospitals, dental check up, tooth brushing, use oral health supplies. In conclusion, in order to reduce community periodontal index of the adult, the importance and needs of periodontal status should be emphasized. periodontal status related education and program for the adult should be operated.

• Journal of the Korean Data and Information Science Society
• /
• v.28 no.3
• /
• pp.635-645
• /
• 2017

In this paper, we propose batting index prediction models of 2017. Due to the insufficiency of KBO pitchers data, batting index prediction models of 2016 has been developed based on elected eight batting index collecting the past three years data of MLB and KBO. It has been found that this prediction model fits well to both MLB and KBO, and the KBO model fits better than MLB in some cases. Using these prediction models, we analyzed and compared 2016's estimated values for the batting index of MLB and KBO. With the relation results between batting index prediction and batter's age for MLB and KBO, it can be determined that there is no relationship between the significant batting index and ages.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
• /
• v.15 no.4
• /
• pp.151-179
• /
• 2003

The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of total knee replacement to arthritis patients in pain intensity and functional impairment. For this study, over 50-year-old 30 patients who had osteoarthritis and 69 patients who got total knee replacement at the one of the departments of orthopedics in Daegu were interviewed from June, 2002 to March, 2003. The results of this study were as follows : First, pain intensity was decreased to experimental group after operation than control group(P<.01) And the presence of crepitation was also decreased to them(P<.05). On the other hand there's no significant difference was noted in the presence of stiffness, degree of flexion contracture and extension contracture between two groups. Second, over 91 days group after operation and visitor's group of physiotherapy unit were better than others in Level of knee function(P<.01). Third, over 91 days group after operation and visitor's group of physiotherapy unit were higher than others in Barthel Index of knee function(P<.01). Forth, over 91 days group after operation and visitor's group of physiotherapy unit were higher than others in Level of IADL(P<.05). Fifth, over 91 days group after operation and visitor‘s group of physiotherapy unit were higher than others in Katz Index of knee function(P<.01). Sixth, although Old Ages' Activity Index seemed to get better as time goes by, there's no statistical difference. Seventh, over 91 days group after operation and visitor's group of physiotherapy unit were higher than admission group and under 30 days group after operation in Social Activity Index(P<.05). Eighth, the function of the knee was connected with the abilities in the activity of the old and the social skill. The Barthel index was connected with the function of the knee joint and the activities of the old and Katz index. IADL function was connected with the activities of the old and the social activity. The Katz index was connected with the Barthel index. The activity of the old was connected with the Barthel index, the functional score of the knee joint andthe IADL score. The ability of social skill was connected with the activity of the old, IADL score and the function of the knee.

• Proceedings of the KSRS Conference
• /
• 2008.10a
• /
• pp.348-357
• /
• 2008

The classification of the effect of ionospheric disturbances on the radio occultation signal amplitude has been introduced based on an analysis of more than 2000 seances of radio occultation measurements per formed with the help of the CHAMP German satellite. The dependence of the histograms of variations in the radio occultation signal amplitude on the IMF variation index has been revealed. It has been indicated that it is possible to introduce the radio occultation index characterizing the relation between ionospheric disturbances and solar activity. An amplitude radio occultation (RO) method is proposed to study connection between the ionospheric and solar activity on a global scale. Sporadic amplitude scintillation observed in RO experiments contain important information concerning the seasonal, geographical, and temporal distributions of the ionospheric disturbances and depend on solar activity. The probability of strong RO amplitude variations (RO $S_4$ index greater than 0.2) in the CHAMP RO signals diminishes sharply with the weakening of solar activity from 2001 to 2008. The general number of RO events with strong amplitude variations can be used as an indicator of the ionospheric activity. We found that during 2001-2008 the daily globally averaged RO $S_{4a}$ index depends essentially on solar activity. The maximum occurred in January 2002, minimum has been observed in summer 2008. Different temporal behavoir of $S_{4a}$ index has been detected for polar (with latitude greater than $60^{\circ}$) and low latitude (moderate and equatorial) regions. For polar regions $S_{4a}$ index is slowly decreasing with solar activity. In the low latitude areas $S_{4a}$ index is sharply oscillating, depending on the solar ultraviolet emission variations. The different geographical behavoir of $S_{4a}$ index indicates different origin of ionospheric plasma disturbances in polar and low latitude areas. Origin of the plasma disturbances in the polar areas may be connected with influence of solar wind, the ultraviolet emission of the Sun may be the main cause of the ionospheric irregularities in the low latitude zone. Therefore, the $S_{4a}$ index of RO signal is important radio physical indicator of solar activity.

• The Korean Journal of Financial Management
• /
• v.13 no.1
• /
• pp.341-357
• /
• 1996

Some empirical studies have shown that asset prices respond to announcements of economic news, however, others also have found little evidence. This study assesses how market participants of the S&P 500 Index Futures reacted to the U.S. economic news announcements. For this purpose, using a GARCH (Generalized Autoregressive Conditional Heteroscedasticity) model, we use several U.S. news variables, its each surprise component and interest rates. We find that some economic news variables affected significantly on the S&P 500 Index Futures. In other words, we find that weekend variable, lagged volatility, and surprise component of trade deficit increased level of volatility. However, interest rate, M1, unemployment announcements caused the variance of the S&P 500 Index Futures to reduce, and each of the surprise component of M1 and trade deficit increased it. The result suggests that resolution of uncertainty, through economic news announcement, while, in some cases, causes market participants to reduce their forecast of volatility, a large difference between the market's forecast and the realization of the series causes the volatility to increase.

• Journal of Fisheries and Marine Sciences Education
• /
• v.26 no.5
• /
• pp.1108-1118
• /
• 2014

The purpose of this study was to spread the education of human creativity program and its possibility of consistency, and its application to school system by exploring the evaluation system that determines the valuable and useful decisions. This study was based on the evaluation system according to CIPP model regarding the program's general ideas and its role. The interest of the education of human creativity was increasing as well as its progress of program, and we searched 13 figures and 55 evaluation index according to increase the program's effectiveness and nation-wise situation of evaluation model. The conclusion of this study was that the human creativity program's evaluation was composed of six compartments. And the context evaluation was composed of three evaluation models and eleven index, and input evaluation was composed of three evaluation model and 15 index, while process evaluation is composed of three evaluation models and thirteen evaluation index. Lastly, output evaluation had four evaluation model and sixteen index.

• Tribology and Lubricants
• /
• v.30 no.3
• /
• pp.189-198
• /
• 2014

This paper presents the results of an experimental investigation of the correlation between the lubrication characteristics of an engine and its fuel economy. Improving the lubrication characteristics of the engine oil is one of the most efficient ways to improve a car's fuel economy. The methods to accomplish this include lowering the viscosity, adding a friction modifier and optimizing the shear stability index of a viscosity index improver. In addition, it is necessary to use different methods to reduce the friction to individual lubrication areas, because different lubrication regimes are used for different engine parts. The experimental investigation in this study is based on design of experiments ; this paper presents the results of a modified Sequence VID test, which is an ASTM standard test used to measure the effects of automotive engine oils on the fuel economy of passenger cars. The results demonstrate the effects of the following lubrication factors on the fuel economy : the low temperature cranking viscosity, high-temperature high shear (HTHS) viscosity, friction modifier, polymer type and shear stability index of the viscosity index improver. Moreover, this study involves an analysis of variance based on design of experiments. The test results show that the HTHS viscosity, friction modifier and shear stability index of the viscosity index improver are more effective than the other factors. Therefore, lowering the viscosity, adding a friction modifier and optimizing the shear stability index of a viscosity index improver should be considered to improve fuel economy.