• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.31-40
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• 2023

This paper investigates the effect of independent directorship on the firm performance of Chinese listed companies under the impact of the global COVID-19 epidemic. The study starts by assessing the relationship between independent director-related characteristics and firm performance, then mines independent director characteristics variables, collects variable data, proposes reasonable hypotheses, and constructs a data model. 1597 companies listed on Shanghai and Shenzhen stock index, China, from 2020 to 2021 has been selected as the research sample. An empirical study on the relationship between independent directors' characteristics and firm performance was conducted using SPSS25. The results show that under the impact of the global COVID-19 epidemic, the proportion of independent directors on the board of directors, the age of independent directors, the remuneration of independent directors, and the overseas background of independent directors in Chinese listed companies have a negative relationship with the current firm performance, while the proportion of female independent directors and the part-time rate of independent directors do not have a positive effect on firm performance. The findings of this study strongly imply that independent directors' characteristics play a significant role in corporate governance and firm performance in Chinese listed companies and that the external environment has an impact on how well independent directors can carry out their duties.

• 무역상무연구
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• 제39권
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• pp.59-85
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• 2008

An independent bank guarantee(aka an independent guarantee) is provided as an security on a principal obligor's performance of his obligation, and a guarantor should pay the guaranteed amount only upon a beneficiary's written demand. A standby letter of credit has been used in the United States, since it was construed that a bank should not issue a guarantee. There was wide misunderstanding that a standby letter of credit differs from an independent bank guarantee. However, a standby letter of credit is the same security as an independent bank guarantee, and in international business a standby letter of credit is not differentiated from a independent bank guarantee. An independent bank guarantee are independent from the underlying contract, unconditional, and irrevocable. And a guarantor should pay upon written demand without proving a principal obligor breaches the underlying contract. These features of an independent bank guarantee has been abused in international transactions. Thus it has been proposed that some exceptions to the features of an independent bank guarantee should be allowed. United Nations Convention on Independent Guarantees and Standby Letter of Credit(1995) stipulates some exceptions to payment obligation. Export bond insurance, a part of export insurances, operated by the Korea Export Insurance Corporation under the Export Insurance Act, is used as a security for unfair calling by a beneficiary under an independent bank guarantee. Most of the export subsides by the government are prohibited under WTO's Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures. However, as export insurance is allowed under the WTO, it operates a significant role in enhancing the export. In the event that export bond insurance is provided for a guarantor, an obligor who is subject to recourse by a guarantor, can be exempt from the recourse in case of unfair calling. The Korea Export Insurance Corporation, an insurer, bears unfair calling risk by a beneficiary. Generally it is understood that a demand shall be made before the expiry of an independent bank guarantee. However this is not absolutely true, it shall be decided by URDG, ISP98, the governing law.

• 대한원격탐사학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한원격탐사학회 2003년도 Proceedings of ACRS 2003 ISRS
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• pp.496-498
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• 2003

Signal is composed of the independent components that can describe itself. These components can distinguish itself from any other signals and be extracted by analysis itself. This algorithm is called Independent Component Analysis (ICA) and image signal is considered as linear combination of independent components and features that is the weighted vector of independent component. This algorithm is already used in order to extract the good feature for image classification and very effective In this paper, we'll explain the method of stereo matching using independent component analysis and show the experimental result.

• 한국전산응용수학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국전산응용수학회 2003년도 KSCAM 학술발표회 프로그램 및 초록집
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• pp.16.1-16
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• 2003

A subset S of vertices of a graph G is independent if no two vertices of S are adjacent by an edge in G. Also we say that S is maximal independent if it is contained In no larger independent set in G. A planted plane tree is a tree that is embedded in the plane and rooted at an end-vertex. A (k＋1) -valent tree is a planted plane tree in which each vertex has degree one or (k＋1). We classify maximal independent sets of (k＋1) -valent trees into two groups, namely, type A and type B maximal independent sets and consider specific independent sets of these trees. We study relations among these three types of independent sets. Using the relations, we count the number of all maximal independent sets of (k＋1) -valent trees with n vertices of degree (k＋1).

• 대한전기학회논문지:시스템및제어부문D
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• 제52권1호
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• pp.64-75
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• 2003

Medical image segmentation is the process by which an original image is partitioned into some homogeneous regions like bones, soft tissues, etc. This study demonstrates an automatic medical image segmentation technique based on independent component analysis. Independent component analysis is a generalization of principal component analysis which encodes the higher-order dependencies in the input in addition to the correlations. It extracts statistically independent components from input data. Use of automatic medical image segmentation technique using independent component analysis under the assumption that medical image consists of some statistically independent parts leads to a method that allows for more accurate segmentation of bones from CT data. The result of automatic segmentation using independent component analysis with square test data was evaluated using probability of error(PE) and ultimate measurement accuracy(UMA) value. It was also compared to a general segmentation method using threshold based on sensitivity(True Positive Rate), specificity(False Positive Rate) and mislabelling rate. The evaluation result was done statistical Paired-t test. Most of the results show that the automatic segmentation using independent component analysis has better result than general segmentation using threshold.

• 한국문헌정보학회지
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• 제53권4호
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• pp.399-418
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• 2019

최근 독립출판물에 대한 사회적 관심과 이용자 요구의 증가로 공공도서관을 통한 독립출판물의 장서운영이 확대되고 있다. 그러나 공공도서관에서는 독립출판물의 다양한 형태 사항과 서지정보 제공의 부실 등으로 인하여 장서로 운영하는 데에 어려움을 겪고 있다. 이에 공공도서관에서 독립출판물을 효과적으로 관리를 할 수 있는 방안을 제시하기 위해 공공도서관의 독립출판물 장서 현황 분석과 독립출판물 담당자와의 심층인터뷰를 진행하였다. 그 결과 독립출판물을 효과적으로 관리할 수 있는 방안으로 공공도서관 독립출판물 목록 구축 및 공유를 위한 공동목록시스템 구축, 독립출판물의 다양한 정보를 수집할 수 있는 플랫폼, 독립출판물의 ISBN, ISSN, CIP 발급 지원, 유통시스템의 개선이 필요한 것으로 도출되었다.

• 한국수학교육학회지시리즈C:초등수학교육
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• 제18권2호
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• pp.77-89
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• 2015

영재지도에 대한 지속적인 관심 속에서 '독립연구'가 영재학생들의 학습 양식에 부합하는 교육의 한 가지 형태로 주목을 받고 있다. 이에 본 연구에서는 초등수학 영재학생들의 '독립연구를 위한 점검표'를 개발하고, 이를 적용하여 학생들의 독립연구 산출물에 나타난 특징을 분석하였다. 독립연구 산출물에 나타난 특징을 분석한 결과, 첫째, '독립연구를 위한 점검표'가 학생 스스로 자신의 독립연구 과정을 확인할 수 있는 자기점검 체크리스트로서 역할을 하였다. 둘째, '독립연구를 위한 점검표'의 점검 내용은 영재학생들에게 토론 주제를 제시하여 풍부한 토론을 유도하였다. 셋째, '독립연구를 위한 점검표'는 영재 독립연구 지도교사에게 학생들의 특성에 부합하는 지도 자료로 활용될 수 있었다. 넷째, 학생의 연구주제 및 연구방법에 따라 '독립연구를 위한 점검표'는 선택적으로 활용될 수 있었다.

• 무역상무연구
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• 제71권
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• pp.85-105
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• 2016

Independent guarantee is new financial product developed in international commercial transaction. The nature of independent guarantee is an independent undertaking, which takes the form of documentary transaction. As long as the documents presented by the beneficiary are on their face complying with the terms and conditions of the guarantee, the guarantor is obliged to pay upon the complying presentation. Where parties choose to apply for issue of independent guarantee in international commercial transactions in China, Chinese court shall respect the autonomy of parties. If either the guarantor or the beneficiary is located outside of China, or the facts which cause the establishment, change or cancellation of independent guarantee relationship occurred outside of China, it shall be deemed as foreign related independent guarantee. If the interested parties requests for confirmation of the independence of foreign related independent guarantee, it shall be supported by Chinese court. However, parties dealing with Chinese domestic commercial transaction have not fully realized the severity of independent guarantee liability. The market credit is being cultivated and the financial innovation is being explored at present in China. In order to guard against the systematic and the regional financial risk, before relevant rules are promulgated, Chinese court shall not recognize the independence guarantees issued for the domestic commercial transaction, but treat it as joint liability surety.

• 한국기술혁신학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국기술혁신학회 2006년도 The 1st China-Korea Conference on Innovation Studies
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• pp.59-75
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• 2006

Independent innovation is the key factor to enhance competitiveness in China auto industry. This article is based on current status analysis of China auto industry independent innovation and it points out the problems and causes that exist in the independent innovation process. It also proposes policy and suggestions to accelerate cultivation of independent innovation in China auto industry.

• 대한산업공학회지
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• 제20권4호
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• pp.65-72
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• 1994

An independent set of nodes is a set of nodes no two of which are joined by an edge. An independent set is called maximal if no more nodes can be added to the set without destroying its independence. The greatest number of maximal independent set is the maximum possible number of maximal independent set of a graph. We consider the greatest number of maximal independent set in connected graphs with fixed numbers of edges and nodes. For arbitrary number of nodes with a certain class of number of edges, we present the connected graphs with the greatest number of maximal independent set. For a given class of number of edges, the structure of graphs with the greatest number of maximal independent set is that the two components are completely joined; one consists of disjoint triangles as many as possible and the other is the complete graph with remaining nodes.