• 한국통계학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국통계학회 2003년도 추계 학술발표회 논문집
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• pp.173-177
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• 2003

When we have both a paired data set and two independent data sets, neither a paired t-test nor a two-sample t-test can be used to detect differences between two samples. In order to identify differentially expressed genes in a mixed data set, a new test statistic is proposed.

• 대한치과의사협회지
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• 제52권9호
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• pp.558-569
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• 2014

Sample size determination is critical, but not easy to do. Sample size defined as the number of observations in a sample to be studied should be big enough to have a high likelihood of detecting a true difference between groups. Practical procedure for determining sample size, using $G^*$power and previous dental articles, was shown in this study. Examples involving independent t-test, paired t-test, one-way analysis of variance(ANOVA), and one-way repeated-measures(RM) ANOVA were used. The purpose of this study is to enable researchers with non-statistical backgrounds to use in practice freely available statistical software G*power to determine sample size and power.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제63권6호
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• pp.1443-1452
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• 2021

This study aimed to investigate the effects of the multimodal group intervention that combined animal-assisted therapy (AAT) and integrated play therapy (IPT) on depression and self-esteem in undergraduate university students. The subjects were 40 students attending animal-related and social welfare departments of universities located in a metropolitan city. The multimodal intervention program was conducted for eight sessions (twice a week, 60 min each) in the experimental group. Data analysis was conducted using the independent sample t-test, ANCOVA, and paired sample t-test for pre- and post-test. Therefore, the multimodal intervention program applying AAT and IPT showed positive effects on depression and self-esteem in university students. Based on these results, this study proposed the operation of multidisciplinary education and practical and policy utilization methods to reduce depression among university students and help improve their self-esteem.

• 패션비즈니스
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• 제19권6호
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• pp.14-27
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• 2015

This study explores the comparison of body image, body satisfaction, and clothing behaviors between Korean and British young women. Body image was measured by two methods: visual and verbal. For the data analysis, the Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) Version 16.0 for Windows was used to provide descriptive statistics, an independent sample t-test, and paired sample t- tests were applied in this study. Our results show that Korean and British female college students perceived ideal-body images that were smaller than their self defined body images. The ideal and self-images were significantly different in both groups. Both groups were dissatisfied with their own body size. The study was limited to a small sample size. Future studies using more participants from a more diverse age group and ethnic groups are recommended. The study will help marketers and retailers develop new products and new markets aimed at Korean and British women related to body image and body satisfaction.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제16권3호
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• pp.1981-1988
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• 2015

본 연구의 목적은 승마기구 운동이 만성 뇌졸중 환자의 정적균형 능력에 어떠한 영향을 미치는지 알아보는 것이다. 연구대상자는 뇌졸중 진단을 받은 환자 30명으로서 승마기구 운동군과 대조군으로 무작위 분류하였다. 대조군은 운동치료를 하루에 1회씩 받았으며, 실험군은 하루 1회의 운동치료 외에 별도의 시간에 승마기구 운동을 받았다. 승마기구 운동은 6주 동안 주 3회, 회당 20분씩 실시하였다. 집단 간 비교를 위해 independent t-test를 실시하였고, 집단 내 기간별 비교를 위해 paired t-test를 실시하여 분석하였다. 본 연구의 결과, 운동 후 승마기구 운동군의 눈 감고 선 자세에서는 균형에 유의한 차이가 있었으나, 승마기구 운동군과 대조군의 그룹간 비교에서는 유의한 차이가 나타나지 않았다. 앞으로 승마기구 운동이 뇌졸중 환자의 기능에 어떠한 영향을 미치는지 알아보는 다양한 임상적 연구가 필요할 것으로 생각된다.

• International Journal of Advanced Culture Technology
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.1-6
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• 2019

The central purpose of the current research is to identify how 12-week bodybuilding exercise affects muscle dysmorphia. The research subjects consisted of an experimental group and a control group, each with 16 freshmen at college. MDI(muscle dysmorphic inventory), developed by Schlundt, Woodford, Brownlee(2000) was utilized to collect relevant data, which was analyzed by PASW 18.0. An independent two sample t-test was conducted to see whether there exists any significant difference between the two groups in the pre- and the post-tests. A paired t-test, in turn, was performed to identify whether there is any difference between the two tests for each group. The statistical significance level was set at p<.05. It was found that the experimental group marked a higher level of muscle dysmorphia than the control group in the pre-test. It was also found that muscle dysmorphia of the experimental group increased in the post-test, while no significant difference was manifested in the control group in the post-test.

• 수산해양기술연구
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• 제57권4호
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• pp.302-315
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• 2021

In this study, factors such as improvement of a fishing process and safety, reduction of the labor force and headcount and development of the automation technology for offshore (eel and crab) pot fishing vessels were analyzed. A questionnaire survey was conducted to analyze and select the key factors using independent/paired sample t-test and correlation analysis, and a living lab was operated with ship owners, skippers and experts to discuss practical needs of the site. From the result of questionnaire survey and field requirements, it was possible to understand the level of awareness of ship safety, general safety equipment, fishing work process and fishing safety equipment from the point of view of the field. In addition, there were differences in the measurement results of each items because the working environment and experience were different according to the position of the ship owner and the skipper. The results of the questionnaire survey and various perceptions of field stakeholders were reflected when analyzing the fishing system and fishing process to choose the development equipment applicable to the field. From the analysis results, the selected development equipment based on the fishing equipment and process currently in operation are pot washing device, catch separation and fish hold injection device, length limit regulations and bait ejection device after use, automatic main line winding device, bait crusher, automatic (crab) pot hauling separator and so on.

• PNF and Movement
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.127-134
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• 2013

Purpose : The purpose of this study of normal elderly and stroke patients by comparing the dominant side and recessive side was to evaluate the differents between each Methods : Thirty-two elderly participated in this study. They were classified two groups: stroke patients group and the normal elderly group. Outcome measures were: general characteristics and BMD. General characteristics included age, height, weight and body mass index. BMD was represented in the osteoporosis index, T-score and Z-score. The measurements of bone mineral density were evaluated on the calcaneus region of the dominant and recessive side, using OsteoPro. The data analyzed using SPSS 17.0 software and the Paired-sample T-test and the Independent-sample T-test Results : OI, T-score, Z-score showed no significant differences between dominant side and recessive side in normal elderly group. But stroke patients group showed OI, T-score, Z-score significant differences between paretic side and nonparetic side. Change score subtracted recessive side from dominant side was significant differences between stroke patients group and normal elderly group. Conclusion : There is positive relationship between physical activity and BMD in stroke patients. Therefore, improved physical activity can have a beneficial effect by reducing osteoporosis in stroke patients, considering a positive relationship between physical activity and BMD.

• 융합경영연구
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• 제10권5호
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• pp.15-24
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• 2022

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to find a way to improve and overcome the psychological treatment limited to the negative factors dealt with in psychology from a positive psychological point of view. To this end, this study aims to verify whether a positive psychotherapy program can improve happiness, resilience, and post-traumatic growth along with improvement of psychological symptoms such as depression. Research design, data and methodology: To this end, in this study, mean difference analysis was conducted using t-test on 10 participants in the 16th PPT program and 14 in the control group. Also, after setting the main variables, we tried to confirm the effectiveness through simple regression analysis and multiple regression analysis of the causal relationship model. Results: As a result of the independent sample t-test and the paired sample t-test, it was confirmed that the group participating in the PPT program had higher flourish, happiness, resilience, post-traumatic growth, and lower depression. In addition, as a result of regression analysis, it was confirmed that post-traumatic growth had a positive effect, and that depression was a life-threatening factor. Conclusions: Since the PPT program has a positive effect on the participants with relatively negative psychological symptoms, it is necessary to expand it. In addition, it is necessary to introduce various preventive programs such as PPT as well as traditional psychological treatment for negative symptoms such as depression.

• 한국의류학회지
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• 제38권2호
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• pp.277-292
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• 2014

This study investigated consumers' multi-channel behavior for fashion product purchases and compared perceived risks by channel type. A survey involving male and female college students was conducted in the Daegu and Gyungbuk area in December 2013. A total of 400 responses were analyzed using descriptive statistics, chi-square analysis, independent sample t-test, paired t-test, factor analysis, and reliability analysis. An internet shopping mall was the most frequently chosen retailer type for fashion product purchases and information searches. In addition, respondents also preferred independent branded stores, department stores, and non-branded stores. The number of retailer types for clothing item purchases ranged from 1 to 6 and the average was 3.06. The number of retailer types was significantly higher in women groups according to gender variables. Perceived risk had the highest evaluation score for internet shopping malls. Department stores were recognized as a reliable retailer type. The construct of perceived risk was shown as similar in off-line stores such as department stores, independent branded stores, and non-branded stores. Instead, the construct was differentiated from the case of internet shopping malls. Some insightful suggestions were suggested for future research and industrial marketing plans based on the results.