• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.18 no.8
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• pp.933-940
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• 2009

Recently, wind power generation is an emerging industry expanding its market rapidly thanks to the increasing need to solve the scarcity of fossil fuels and the risk of potential global warming. Wind power generation has shown to be an effective response plan to global warming, showing the most price competitiveness among the renewable energy sources by its higher efficiency. Therefore wind energy has attracted considerable attention as the industrial growth drive for the next generation. Considering Korea's high dependence of overseas energy resources, the importance of wind power is growing as the most effective alternative energy source to ensure energy security as well as becoming a key strategic industry for exports. In this study, the social and economic effects of the wind power industry is discussed and the current status and the future prospects of the wind energy market is also examined.

• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
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• v.43
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• pp.481-507
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• 2009

Along with continuous increase in international investments encouraged by wide spread bilateral investment treaties (BIT) including free trade agreements (FTA), international investment disputes have been also increasing. This means that a host State, an importer of foreign investments, and a investor who exports its investment to foreign State, need to take measures to prevent international disputes arising from international investment or to prepare for the arbitration for resolving the disputes. Under these circumstances, this paper compares ICSID arbitration rules and UNCITRAL arbitration rules in respect of (i) the institution of arbitration, (ii) the appointment of arbitrators and the composition of arbitral tribunal, and (iii) the procedures for, and the form of, arbitral awards. On base of this comparison, this paper further suggests certain practical issues that the host State's government and the foreign investors should be aware of in order to be ready for the resolutions of disputes by ICSID or UNCITRAL arbitrations.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.11 no.11
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• pp.89-99
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• 2013

Purpose - The purpose of this research was to examine the regulation and distribution channel of second-hand goods in cross-border trade in order to propose methods of protecting consumers through the international standardization of the intensifying second-hand trade and resource recycling. Research design, data, methodology - This study first defines several concepts relevant to research in international second-hand goods. Second, a questionnaire and interviews were conducted with manufacturers of second-hand toner cartridges and automobile parts to identify the current status of export and manufacturing. Results - The study proposes the international standardization of second-hand goods and waste to protect consumers and promote efficient resource recycling. Conclusions - The results of the study reveal that second-hand goods (except automobiles) do not have an HSK code to use for import/export data collection. Though used car exports are declining, used cars are increasing. Collecting data on used car parts is impossible because the buyers purchase and ship the second-hand parts.

• Asian Journal of Innovation and Policy
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.30-54
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• 2018

Tech start-ups and their ecosystems are gaining increasing prominence globally and so are in India, due to their potential to contribute to employment generation, innovations, productivity, national income and exports. Against this backdrop, this article analyzes the key characteristics of tech start-ups relative to traditional start-ups and modern start-ups in India. Further, the salient features of tech start-up promotion policies initiated by the government of India and government of Karnataka as well as the current regional and sectoral distribution of start-ups is elucidated. Subsequently, the structure and components of entrepreneurial ecosystems currently under evolution in the metro cities of India are examined. Finally, the key factors contributing to the growth of different ecosystem components and its implications for the future growth of tech start-ups are outlined.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Aviation and Aeronautics
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.164-170
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• 2020

Recently, the aviation industry faced a major crisis due to the impact of COVID-19. However, despite the sluggish passenger transportation, the cargo transportation sector is relatively maintained or increasing depending on the item. In this study, we will look at the trends before and after COVID-19, focusing on the cargo export field, which is a concern of the aviation industry. First, it analyzes the entire air cargo and then analyzes the trends of each item and country in detail. In particular, it examines the process of changes in air transport costs, which increased significantly immediately after COVID-19, and conducts future trends and prospects in the cargo export field. As a result of the study, some characteristics of air cargo exports before and after COVID-19 were found in an analysis by item and country, and transportation costs varied according to route distance.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• v.16 no.7
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• pp.2459-2472
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• 2022

With the increase in copyright content exports to overseas markets due to the recent globalization of the Korean culture, the added value of the Korean digital content market is increasing at a significant rate. As such, as the size of the copyright market increases, different piracy sites have emerged that generate profits by illegally distributing works without the permission of the copyright holders, resulting in direct and indirect damage to these copyright holders. The existing copyright detection methods used in public institutions for solving this problem are limited, while the piracy sites are ever-changing. Methods are being continuously developed to achieve better detection results. To this end, it is possible to detect the latest infringement site domain by detecting the infringement site domain that is constantly changed through the search engine. This paper proposes an improved piracy site detection method using a search engine to prevent the damage caused by piracy sites.

• Journal of Arbitration Studies
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.253-275
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• 2006

Ever since the open and reform policy in 1987, China has adopted the socialistic market economy system and has been moving forward in economic reform. This gradually expanded their market economy. The open and reform policy achieved the highest average annual GDP growth rate of 9% and helped the country maintain high growth. China's economic growth in recent years has a lot to do with the international trading and direct investment by foreign corporations. China's entry into the WTO dramatically increased their amount of capital and investments due to their aggressive investments with foreign corporations. It is quite amazing that investments in China has been constantly increasing while the direct investments worldwide is decreasing. Moreover, increase in such investments is contributing to China's job creation, as well as, the expansion of international trading. When international economic exchange started between Japan and China in the 1970s, it was in the form of aid for developing countries, hence the collection of the investment was out of the question. It was in the 1990s that Japan started the full-scale investments with China and it was mostly centered in transfer of the production base. Japanese corporations aim was to mass produce goods less expensively using abundant and cheap labor and to sell them to Japan and other countries. The amount of Japan's exports and imports compared with China is increasing every year but the trade deficit has gone into the red. The dollar amount has been decreased from $ 27 billion in 2001 to $ 18 billion in 2003. The problems and damages in the system of justice and administrative confrontation that Japanese corporations are facing are continuously at a stand-still even after China's entry into the WTO. It has been 20 years since Japan's advance in China and during that period, the Japanese corporations brought many changes ranging from exports/imports to direct investment. Although Japan's new corporations tend to be located in the mid-western part of China, rather than the coastal areas, the region itself is not the cause for the confrontation. The problem stems from the Japanese treating the Chinese as if they were Japanese because they look similar due to their Asian ancestry. In reality the Chinese have completely different ways of doing business. Here we will take a look at the international trading and direct investment of Japanese corporations in China and study the conflicts that occurred in business transactions with China through real examples.

• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
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• v.30
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• pp.123-144
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• 2006

MERCOSUR (Southern Cone Common Market, Latin American trade organization established in 1991, full members: Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay, and Uruguay; associate members: Bolivia, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Venezuela) is the world's third largest economic union. It is a vital region that Korean corporations should enter to preoccupy the Latin American market. Since China and Japan are recently moving strongly to advance into MERCOSUR, Korea needs to work out measures to cope with the situation. In trading with MERCOSUR, it is very important to establish a strategic base in the market from a long-term perspective rather than to approach the market only as an exporting market. From this viewpoint, Korea should regard MERCOSUR as a market with which it should cooperate in terms of resources, beyond a market from which it imports raw materials. Helped by its advancement strategies varying according to regional markets and price competitiveness, China is bolstering its market share in these regions. In addition, China has built production bases focused on electric and electronics products. It is also increasing its investments in MERCOSUR as a stable raw material-providing base. To make inroads into MERCOSUR successfully, therefore, Korean enterprises should not regard it as a market where it disposes of stock goods, but should instead export technologically competitive goods to this region. Likewise, Korean companies should expand their investments in automotive parts and machinery in MERCOSUR. Furthermore, Korea should closely study international trading policies of MERCOSUR to clear away any possible obstacles of exports to this region and to prepare countermeasures so as to avoid possible damage from import regulations of MERCOSUR.

• Journal of Technology Innovation
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.205-221
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• 2009

Since second half of 1990s, Korean "Han-Ryu" focuses international attention, which means Korean cultural industries increase their exports. However, traditional theories of international trade in cultural industries could not explain this phenomenon of increasing cultural goods from developing countries. Using the fact that Becker(1996)'s 'consumption capital' can increase productivity in cultural industries as well as contribute to form 'taste' for new cultural goods. This study suggests the proper conditions for catching-up of developing countries in cultural industries through comparative statistics.

• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
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• v.75
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• pp.95-116
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• 2017

The global financial crisis has slowed overall growth in the global economy. In addition, uncertainty is increasing in the world economy due to the Trade protectionism, sluggish world trade, and a rise in the rate of interest caused by expansion of fiscal spending by major countries. In this study, we analyzed various factors affecting the container import and export volume, which has a high correlation with export and import of commodities in international trade. In particular, we will examine how exchange rate fluctuations and domestic and overseas economic conditions affect container imports and exports. For the empirical analysis, monthly time series data were used from January 2000 to January 2017. We use the Error Correction Model (VECM) for the empirical analysis and the GARCH model for the exchange rate fluctuation. As a result, container export and import volume had a negative relationship with exchange rate and exchange rate volatility, which had a positive effect on domestic and international economic conditions. However, the effects are different before and after the financial crisis.