• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.67-88
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• 1986

This study attempts to explain the income and consumption problems of urban low-income consumers and to explore factors of their poverty. For the purpose of this study, interviews were conducted with 124 low-income home managers. All the subjects live in Seoul and Inchon. The major findings are: First, low-income families seriously suffer from low income and small property. And the degree of economic hardship is the most serious with wife-working families whose husbands have no job or are dead. Second, low-income consumers have low budgeting and purchasing skill. Third, low-income consumers have 'doing' orientation but have fatalistic value orientation. This study suggests that it is necessary to develop an integrative measurement of economic hardship. It also suggests that low level of low-income consumer's skill can be well explained in terms of man-nature value orientation.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.16 no.11
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• pp.29-36
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• 2018

As the digital informatization society deepens, the digital divide of the information - underprivileged becomes increasingly serious social problem. In this study, we analyzed the relationship between digital informatization capacity and satisfaction level of leisure activity in low - income class. For the analysis, we analyzed the relationship between digital informatization level and leisure satisfaction level of the low income class based on the results of the digital information gap survey in 2017. As a result, it was found that there was a positive relationship between digital access and leisure activity satisfaction, such as having a wired / wireless information device at low socioeconomic level and availability of Internet access at all times. Second, digital information capacity level and leisure satisfaction level such as PC usage ability and mobile digital device utilization ability have positive (+) relationship. Third, the level of digital information utilization, such as the use of fixed and mobile Internet, also showed a positive (+) relationship with the leisure satisfaction level of the low income class. This suggests that it is necessary to provide various supports to resolve the digital divide between the low income class and the general public.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.780-785
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• 2010

This research have aimed for analyzing the effect of relative factors on healthy life styles by the income level in a medium-sized city. Especially, the research tried to figure out whether the public health center's health-promotion-activity had different effects on healthy life styles by the income level. The random sampled data of 809 citizens aged between 19 and 69 were analyzed through phone survey by the Korea Gallop inc(surveyed from 2006.10.11 to 10.13). In the low socioeconomic status, the relation between people's positive conception about public health center's health-promoting-program and healthy behavior tendency is low. But in the high socioeconomic status, the relation is high. This result suggest that the effect of public health center's health promotion programs on healthy life styles is different by income level.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.15 no.5
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• pp.582-592
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• 2010

The purpose of this study was to determine the factors related to eating breakfast for middle and high school students in Seoul using the Theory of Planned Behavior. Out of 2,280 questionnaires distributed to 22 schools, 2,060 were returned (90.4% response rate) and 1,899 were analyzed (83.3% analysis rate). Gender, self-perceived household income level and mother's working status were examined as demographic factors. "Attitude", "Subjective norm", "Perceived difficulty in access to breakfast", "Perceived time restriction" and "Self restriction to breakfast" were extracted as psychosocial factors as the results of factor analysis and reliability test using 17 items. In case of middle school students, boys were more likely to skip breakfast than girls. The students perceiving their household income level "low or middle low" were more likely to skip breakfast than those who perceived their household income level "high or middle high". The students whose mother had a job tended to skip breakfast than those whose mother had no job. In case of high school students, the students perceiving their household income level "low or middle low" tended to skip breakfast than those perceiving their household income level "high or middle high". The results of analysis of variance, all the psychosocial factors examined in this study-"Attitude", "Subjective norm", "Perceived difficulty in access to breakfast", "Perceived time restriction" and "Self restriction to breakfast"- were related to the frequencies of eating breakfast during weekdays in both the middle and high school students.

• The Research Journal of the Costume Culture
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.1-18
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• 2011

The purpose of this study is to prepare the base for the development of the high value clothing products with eco-friendly fabric which become the conversation topic recently. In order to collect data, a questionnaire was used. The subject of survey was the adult women in from their 20's to 50's. The survey areas were Gyungnam, Busan, Ulsan, and Daegu in Korea. The questions were formed with the results of a preliminary investigation and the contents selectively revised the measurement tools used to the previous studies. To analyze the collected data, $x^2$2-test, t-test, ANOVA were carried out with SPSS. In the result of difference analysis of the actual purchase conditions according to demographic variables, the purchase motives, the purchase items, and the purchase information showed the significant difference according to the demographic variables except monthly income, and the purchase place showed the significant difference to all the demographic variables. The results of difference analysis of post-purchase satisfaction according to the demographic variables and the purchase items were as follows, The post-purchase satisfaction in price showed the significant difference according to age and monthly income. The one in design showed the significant difference according to educational level and occupation. The one in fashion showed the significant difference according to marriage or non-marriage, age, educational level and occupation. The one in the wearing sensation showed the significant difference according to marriage or nonmarriage, age, educational level, occupation. The one in transformation showed the significant difference according to educational level, monthly income, purchase item. The one in laundry and management convenience showed the significant difference according to monthly income and purchase item. Finally, the one in pollution level showed the significant difference according to age, monthly income, occupation, and purchase item.

• Journal of People, Plants, and Environment
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• v.21 no.6
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• pp.461-471
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• 2018

The role of urban agriculture should not be limited as a small-scale crop cultivation activity as it was, but it has to be considered as an entire process of a agriculture activity for the restoration of the city community. This study is based on the assumption that there has been a significant change in urban lifestyle and urban farming preference, considering the overall improvement in standard of living after implementation of five day work week system. It was conducted for urban citizens who were interested in actual urban agriculture for ages 19 and over who visited the Korea Urban Agriculture Exhibition in 2018. Only 115 valid samples were used for the empirical analysis. To analyze the demographic characteristics and effects of urban agriculture, frequency analysis and descriptive statistics were conducted. In order to analyze the reliability and validity of the measurement variables of the effect, the variables that deteriorate the validity were removed and 15 variables of the urban agricultural effect were selected. According to the result of factor analysis, three factors were extracted as follows: socially sustainable effect, negative effect and economically sustainable effect. In order to examine the effects of urban agriculture depending on income level, the one-way ANOVA, which is a statistical technique for verifying differences in the sample means, was performed. The psychological stability of people, the recovery of humanity through communion with nature, and the vitalization of agriculture linked with local agriculture had significant correlations with income level. The negative effect showed no significant correlation with income level. The improvement of the local environment was found to have an impact in relation with income level. We expect that there will be more studies on policies for the new types and models of urban agriculture in order to make it easier for urban citizens to approach it.

• Korean Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.17 no.6
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• pp.1051-1063
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• 2008

This study was to investigate the relationships between stress coping strategies, emotion regulation ability and behavior problems with children from low-income families and middle-income families. Subjects were 171 children from low-income families and 228 children from middle-income families, 4th - 6th grade in elementary school. The major findings are followings: (1) The level of emotion regulation ability in children from low-income families was lower and active stress coping strategies were less than children from middle-income families. In the behavior problem, children from low-income families were higher than children from middle-income families. (2) The stress coping strategies(active/ social support) in children from low-income families were related with internal behavior problem(anxiety /withdrawal). And the emotion regulation ability was related to the children's behavior problem. (3) Regression analysis model showed that emotion-regulation ability was the most influential factor to the children's behavior problem, and children from low-income families with aggressive coping strategy showed hyperactive behavior problem. So, the education/therapy programs for children from low-income families have to be developed and practiced in schools, local children centers and so on.

• Korean Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.441-451
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• 2004

This study categorized the households into four by the comparison of wives' and husbands' earned income, such as one with higher wives' income than husbands' in dual-earner households, with higher wives' income than husbands' in household with unemployed husbands, with lower wives' income than husbands' in dual-earner households, and with lower wives' income than husbands' in household with unemployed wives. This study compared and analyzed the objective and subjective economic well-being, and overall satisfaction of life in those households. Major results are below. First, the amount of expenditures, saving, debt were low in one-earner household with employed husbands, but average propensity to expenditure was high in those households. The amount of saving was low in one-earner households with unemployed husbands, but the average propensity to expenditure and debt were high, resulting in the low status of economic well-being. The amount of saving and monetary assets were high, but average propensity to expenditure and debt were low in households in which wives had higher income than husbands, resulting in the high status of economic well-being. Second, husbands' satisfaction for the level of family income was not different among four groups of households. Wives's satisfaction for those was the lowest when wives' income was higher than husbands', but the highest in households with unemployed wives. Wives' and husbands' expectations for the future economic well-being of the households were negative in households with unemployed husbands. On the other hand, the level of satisfaction of wives and husbands for their life was not different among four groups of households. Finally, four groups of households were discriminated by age of husbands, number of children, debt, and wives' expectation for the future economic well-being.

• Journal of Family Resource Management and Policy Review
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.79-101
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• 2014

The main objective of this study is to explain the differences in intergenerational resource transfers among the middle-aged at various income levels. Analyses of data on financial resource transfers from the 2nd wave of the Korean Retirement and Income Study were conducted. The study sample consisted of 931 middle-aged individuals who had at least one living parent and one child. The data analysis methods were ${\chi}^2$ analysis, one-way analysis of variance(ANOVA), logistic regression analysis, and multiple regression analysis. Financial resource transfers are statistically significant factors explaining the preparation for later life and life satisfaction of middle-aged individuals. The empirical results reveal that the frequency of intergenerational financial transfers was significantly higher in high-income households than in middle- and low- income households. A comparison of high-, middle- and low-income households shows that financial resource transfers had a greater influence on the preparation for later life and life satisfaction of the middle-aged in middle-income households than in low- or high-income households. The level of life satisfaction was dependent upon to whom middle-aged individuals gave financial resources. In the middle-income group, the middle-aged who gave financial resources to their parents were more likely to have higher life satisfaction than those who did not. Receiving financial transfers from parents or children did not have a statistically significant impact on the life satisfaction of the middle-aged in any income-level group.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.47 no.10
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• pp.109-122
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• 2009

This study examined the effects of household head’s worker status change type on household income and household head’s income using a total combined sample of 2,578 households from Korea surveyed in 1998 and 2002 KLIPS(Korean Labor and Income Panel Study). Binary logit regression results showed that household incomes were likely to decrease significantly when household head’s changed worker status from a regular employee, a temporary employee or a daily worker, or an employer or a self-employed to no job status, or from a regular employee to a temporary employee or a daily worker, an employer or a self-employed, or from an employer or a self-employed to a regular employee compared to a regular employee status maintenance. In contrast, household head’s incomes were likely to increase significantly when household head’s changed worker status from a temporary to a regular employee compared to a regular employee status maintenance. Women household heads were significantly associated with the likelihood of the decrease of household head’s income compared to men household heads. Household heads beyond their forties were significantly associated with the likelihood of the decrease of household head’s income compared to household heads in their thirties age-group counterparts. Household heads with education level beyond high school graduation were significantly associated with the likelihood of the increase of household head’s income compared to household heads with the education level of high school graduation. This study shows that a more comprehesive labor policy is needed for achieving sustainable household income inflow.